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Abstract Background Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent comorbidity in children with epilepsy, which management mostly relies on the usual treatments of ADHD, especially methylphenidate. Supplementation with polyunsaturated n‐3 Fatty Acid (PUFA) has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic approach in ADHD without epilepsy but has never been evaluated in epilepsy‐associated ADHD. Methods A multicenter double blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial evaluating supplementation with PUFA, in eicosapentaenoic‐ and docosahexaenoic‐acid form, conjugated to a phospholipid vector (PS‐Omega3) in children aged >6 and

In the energy production and transportation industries, numerous metallic structures may be subjected to at least several billions of cycles, i.e. loaded in the very high cycle fatigue domain (VHCF). Therefore, to design structures in the VHCF domain, a reliable methodology is necessary. One useful quantity to characterize plastic activity at the microscopic scale and fatigue damage evolution is the mechanical work supplied to a material. However, the estimation of this mechanical work in a metal during ultrasonic fatigue tests remains challenging. This paper aims to present an innovative methodology to quantify this. An experimental procedure was developed to estimate the mechanical work from stress and total strain evolution measurements during one loading cycle with a time accuracy of about 50 ns. This was achieved by conducting time-resolved X-ray diffraction coupled to strain gauge measurements at a synchrotron facility working in pulsed mode (single-bunch mode).

Abstract Background The corpus callosum (CC) is a key brain structure. In children with neurodevelopmental delay, we compared standard qualitative radiological assessments with an automatic quantitative tool. Methods We prospectively enrolled 73 children (46 males, 63.0%) with neurodevelopmental delay at single university hospital between September 2020 and September 2022. All of them underwent 1.5-T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including a magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echoes − MP2RAGE sequence. Two radiologists blindly reviewed the images to classify qualitatively the CC into normal, hypoplasic, hyperplasic, and/or dysgenetic classes. An automatic tool (QuantiFIRE) was used to provide brain volumetry and T1 relaxometry automatically as well as deviations of those parameters compared with a healthy age-matched cohort. The MRI reference standard for CC volumetry was based on the Garel et al. study. Cohen κ statistics was used for interrater agreement. The radiologists and QuantiFIRE’s diagnostic accuracy were compared with the reference standard using the Delong test. Results The CC was normal in 42 cases (57.5%), hypoplastic in 20 cases (27.4%), and hypertrophic in 11 cases (15.1%). T1 relaxometry values were abnormal in 26 children (35.6%); either abnormally high (18 cases, 24.6%) or low (8 cases, 11.0%). The interrater Cohen κ coefficient was 0.91. The diagnostic accuracy of the QuantiFIRE prototype was higher than that of the radiologists for hypoplastic and normal CC (p = 0.003 for both subgroups, Delong test). Conclusions An automated volumetric and relaxometric assessment can assist the evaluation of brain structure such as the CC, particularly in the case of subtle abnormalities. Relevance statement Automated brain MRI segmentation combined with statistical comparison to normal volume and T1 relaxometry values can be a useful diagnostic support tool for radiologists. Key points • Corpus callosum abnormality detection is challenging but clinically relevant. • Automated quantitative volumetric analysis had a higher diagnostic accuracy than that of visual appreciation of radiologists. • Quantitative T1 relaxometric analysis might help characterizing corpus callosum better. Graphical Abstract

Introduction Lung cancer (LC) is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its early detection can be achieved with a CT scan. Two large randomised trials proved the efficacy of low-dose CT (LDCT)-based lung cancer screening (LCS) in high-risk populations. The decrease in specific mortality is 20%–25%.Nonetheless, implementing LCS on a large scale faces obstacles due to the low number of thoracic radiologists and CT scans available for the eligible population and the high frequency of false-positive screening results and the long period of indeterminacy of nodules that can reach up to 24 months, which is a source of prolonged anxiety and multiple costly examinations with possible side effects.Deep learning, an artificial intelligence solution has shown promising results in retrospective trials detecting lung nodules and characterising them. However, until now no prospective studies have demonstrated their importance in a real-life setting.Methods and analysis This open-label randomised controlled study focuses on LCS for patients aged 50–80 years, who smoked more than 20 pack-years, whether active or quit smoking less than 15 years ago. Its objective is to determine whether assisting a multidisciplinary team (MDT) with a 3D convolutional network-based analysis of screening chest CT scans accelerates the definitive classification of nodules into malignant or benign. 2722 patients will be included with the aim to demonstrate a 3-month reduction in the delay between lung nodule detection and its definitive classification into benign or malignant.Ethics and dissemination The sponsor of this study is the University Hospital of Nice. The study was approved for France by the ethical committee CPP (Comités de Protection des Personnes) Sud-Ouest et outre-mer III (No. 2022-A01543-40) and the Agence Nationale du Medicament et des produits de Santé (Ministry of Health) in December 2023. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and national and international conference presentations.Trial registration number NCT05704920.

Abstract Wadsleyite is the dominant mineral of the upper portion of the Earth's mantle transition zone (MTZ). As such, understanding plastic deformation of wadsleyite is relevant for the interpretation of observations of seismic signals from this region in terms of mantle flow. Despite its relevance, however, the deformation mechanisms of wadsleyite and their effects on microstructures and anisotropy are still poorly understood. Here, we present the results of new deformation experiments on polycrystalline wadsleyite at temperatures of 1400–1770 K and pressures between 12.3 and 20.3 GPa in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell. We rely on multigrain X‐ray crystallography to follow the evolution of individual grain orientations and extract lattice preferred orientations at the sample scale at different steps of the experiments. A comparison of experimental results of our work and the literature with polycrystal plasticity simulations, indicates that 〈111〉{101} is the most active slip system of dislocations in wadsleyite at all investigated conditions. Secondary slip systems such as [001](010), [100](001), and [100]{0kl}, however, play a critical role in the resulting microstructures and their activity depends on both temperature and water content, from which we extract an updated deformation map of wadsleyite at MTZ conditions. Lastly, we propose several seismic anisotropy models of the upper part of the MTZ, depending on temperature, geophysical context, and levels of hydration that will be useful for the interpretation of seismic signals from the MTZ in terms of mantle flow and water content.

Abstract The MMX infrared spectrometer (MIRS) is an imaging spectrometer onboard MMX JAXA mission. MMX (Martian Moon eXploration) is scheduled to be launched in 2024 with sample return to Earth in 2029. MIRS is built at LESIA-Paris Observatory in collaboration with four other French laboratories, collaboration and financial support of CNES and close collaboration with JAXA and MELCO. The instrument is designed to fully accomplish MMX’s scientific and measurement objectives. MIRS will remotely provide near-infrared spectral maps of Phobos and Deimos containing compositional diagnostic spectral features that will be used to analyze the surface composition and to support the sampling site selection. MIRS will also study Mars atmosphere, in particular spatial and temporal changes such as clouds, dust and water vapor. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying ADHD are still poorly understood, and its diagnosis remains difficult due to its heterogeneity. Metabolomics is a recent strategy for the holistic exploration of metabolism and is well suited for investigating the pathophysiology of diseases and finding molecular biomarkers. A few clinical metabolomic studies have been performed on peripheral samples from ADHD patients but are limited by their access to the brain. Here, we investigated the brain, blood, and urine metabolomes of SHR/NCrl vs WKY/NHsd rats to better understand the neurobiology and to find potential peripheral biomarkers underlying the ADHD-like phenotype of this animal model. We showed that SHR/NCrl rats can be differentiated from controls based on their brain, blood, and urine metabolomes. In the brain, SHR/NCrl rats displayed modifications in metabolic pathways related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress further supporting their importance in the pathophysiology of ADHD bringing news arguments in favor of the Neuroenergetic theory of ADHD. Besides, the peripheral metabolome of SHR/NCrl rats also shared more than half of these differences further supporting the importance of looking at multiple matrices to characterize a pathophysiological condition of an individual. This also stresses out the importance of investigating the peripheral energy and oxidative stress metabolic pathways in the search of biomarkers of ADHD.

The viscoplastic behavior of polycrystalline $\mathrm{Mg}_{2}\mathrm{SiO}_{4}$ wadsleyite aggregates, a major high pressure phase of the mantle transition zone of the Earth (depth range: 410–520 km), is obtained by properly bridging several scale transition models. At the very fine nanometric scale corresponding to the dislocation core structure, the behavior of thermally activated plastic slip is modeled for strain-rates relevant for laboratory experimental conditions, at high pressure and for a wide range of temperatures, based on the Peierls–Nabarro–Galerkin model. Corresponding single slip reference resolved shear stresses and associated constitutive equations are deduced from Orowan’s equation in order to describe the average viscoplastic behavior at the grain scale, for the easiest slip systems. These data have been implemented in two grain-polycrystal scale transition models, a mean-field one (the recent Fully-Optimized Second-Order Viscoplastic Self-Consistent scheme of [1]) allowing rapid evaluation of the effective viscosity of polycrystalline aggregates, and a full-field (FFT based [2, 3]) method allowing investigating stress and strain-rate localization in typical microstructures and heterogeneous activation of slip systems within grains. Calculations have been performed at pressure and temperatures relevant for in-situ conditions. Results are in very good agreement with available mechanical tests conducted at strain-rates typical for laboratory experiments.

Introducción: El estafilococo dorado es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. En Cuba, es un germen a tener en cuenta como causa de infección intrahospitalaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar, clínica y epidemiológicamente, una muestra de pacientes con infecciones causadas por estafilococo dorado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" de Matanzas, durante el período de enero a diciembre del año 2014. La población estuvo constituida por la totalidad de los pacientes hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de infección por estafilococo dorado (120 casos), identificados por el departamento de Microbiología; luego se revisaron las historias clínicas de las cuales se obtuvo la información. Resultados: Existió un predominio del sexo masculino (64,2 %), los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (36,7 %). La diabetes mellitus fue la enfermedad asociada más frecuente (40,8 %) y la mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen comunitario (67,5 %). Los aislamientos predominaron en las muestras tomadas de las lesiones en piel y los hemocultivos con un 50,8 % y 19,2 %, respectivamente. Se evidenció baja sensibilidad a la vancomicina (49,2 %) y al cotrimoxazol (38,3 %). Conclusiones: Las infecciones por estafilococo dorado fueron más frecuentes en pacientes masculinos geriátricos de su origen extrahospitalario. El germen presentó alta resistencia a los antibióticos y de estos, los aminoglucósidos mostraron la mayor sensibilidad antimicrobiana.

Since the 2000s, Greenland ice sheet mass loss has been accelerating, followed by increasing numbers of glacial earthquakes (GEs) at near-grounded glaciers. GEs are caused by calving of km-scale icebergs which capsize against the terminus. Seismic record inversion allows a reconstruction of the history of GE sources which captures capsize dynamics through iceberg-to-terminus contact. When compared with a catalog of contact forces from an iceberg capsize model, seismic force history accurately computes calving volumes while the earthquake magnitude fails to uniquely characterize iceberg size, giving errors up to 1 km3. Calving determined from GEs recorded ateight glaciers in 1993–2013 accounts for up to 21% of the associated discharge and 6% of the Greenland mass loss. The proportion of discharge attributed to capsizing calving may be underestimated by at least 10% as numerous events could not be identified by standard seismic detections (Olsen and Nettles, 2018). While calving production tends to stabilize in East Greenland, Western glaciers have released more and larger icebergs since 2010 and have become major contributors to Greenland dynamic discharge. Production of GEs and calving behavior are controlled by glacier geometry with bigger icebergs being produced when the terminus advances in deepening water. We illustrate how GEs can help in partitioning and monitoring Greenland mass loss and characterizing capsize dynamics.

Introducción: La Enfermedad Renal Crónica es un problema de salud mundial.Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal en el Instituto de Nefrología durante 2016 y 2017.Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal de pacientes fallecidos con necropsia realizada. Se registraron variables demográficas, de laboratorio, las relacionadas con la terapia de reemplazo de la función renal y con el diagnóstico anatomo-patológico. Para cada una de las variables se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas. En el caso de la variable “presencia de sepsis” en las defunciones, fue empleada la prueba de chi-cuadrado para la bondad del ajuste, para probar la hipótesis nula H0: de igualdad de la distribución de las tres categorías de la variable.Resultados: Se estudiaron 48 fallecidos con necropsia, 48,9% del total de fallecidos en el periodo. La correspondencia clínico patológica fue 80,1%. Predominó el sexo masculino, el grupo de edad superior a 60 años y la hipertensión arterial como antecedente. El método de terapia de reemplazo renal más documentado fue la hemodiálisis, mediante catéter venoso central un 87,8%. El 61,8% de los fallecidos recibieron tratamiento hemodialítico por 3 meses o menos. La sepsis fue la segunda causa de muerte precedida por eventos cardio y cerebrovasculares; no obstante, en el análisis de la totalidad de necropsias, la infección asociada directa o indirecta a la muerte tuvo una frecuencia mayor.Conclusiones: La infección directa o indirectamente asociada a la muerte, la hipoalbuminemia y el acceso vascular mediante catéter se relacionan con la mortalidad en el periodo.Palabras clave: mortalidad, enfermedad renal crónica, hemodiálisis, acceso vascular, infección.

Background: Knowledge is increasing about TSC-Associated Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TAND), but little is known about the potentially confounding effects of intellectual ability (IA) on the rates of TAND across age, sex, and genotype. We evaluated TAND in (a) children vs. adults, (b) males vs. females, and (c) TSC1 vs. TSC2 mutations, after stratification for levels of IA, in a large, international cohort.Methods: Individuals of any age with a documented visit for TSC in the 12 months prior to enrolment were included. Frequency and percentages of baseline TAND manifestations were presented by categories of IA (no intellectual disability [ID, intelligence quotient (IQ)>70]; mild ID [IQ 50–70]; moderate-to-profound ID [IQ

Background: Cognitive impairment is the most common neurological manifestation in NF1 and occurs in 30–70% of NF1 cases. The onset and severity of each specific cognitive deficit varies greatly from child to child, with no apparent external causes. The wide variability of phenotype is the most complex aspect in terms of management and care. Despite multiple research, the mechanism underlying the high heterogeneity in NF1 has not yet been elucidated. While many studies have focused on the effects of specific and precise genetic mutations on the NF1 phenotype, little has been done on the impact of NF1 transmission (sporadic vs. familial cases). We used a complete neuropsychological evaluation designed to assess five large cognitive areas: general cognitive functions (WISC-IV and EVIP); reading skills (“L'Alouette,” ODEDYS-2 and Lobrot French reading tests); phonological process (ODEDYS-2 test); visual perceptual skills (JLO, Thurstone and Corsi block tests) and attention (CPT-II), as well as psychosocial adjustments (CBCL) to explore the impact of NF1 transmission on cognitive disease manifestation in 96 children affected by NF1 [55 sporadic cases (29♀, 26♂); 41 familial cases (24♀, 17♂)].Results: Familial and Sporadic form of NF1 only differ in IQ expression. The families' socioeconomic status (SES) impacts IQ performance but not differently between sporadic and familial variants. However, SES is lower in familial variants than in the sporadic variant of NF1. No other cognitive differences emerge between sporadic and familial NF1.Conclusions: Inheritance in NF1 failed to explain the phenotype variability in its entirety. IQ differences between groups seems in part linked to the environment where the child grows up. Children with NF1, and especially those that have early diagnoses (most often in inherited cases), must obtain careful monitoring from their early childhood, at home to strengthen investment in education and in school to early detect emerging academic problems and to quickly place them into care.Trial Registration: IDRCB, IDRCB2008-A01444-51. Registered 19 January 2009.

Blaise K Kutala,1,2 Feryel Mouri,1 Corinne Castelnau,1 Valerie Bouton,1 Nathalie Giuily,1 Nathalie Boyer,1 Tarik Asselah,1,2 Patrick Marcellin1,2 1Service d’hépatologie, Hopital Beaujon-APHP, 2INSERM – University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France Background: The combination of sofosbuvir (SOF) with ribavirin (RBV) or daclatasvir (DCV) or simeprevir (SIM) for the treatment of patients infected by chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have led to significantly increased rates of sustained virological response (SVR). However, there is only limited data regarding factors associated with treatment failure in a “real-life” cohort. Patients and methods: Consecutive treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients F3–F4 were treated with SOF-based interferon-free therapy in our hospital from November 2013 to July 2015. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with sustained virological response 12 weeks after cessation of therapy (SVR12). Results: A total of 167 treatment-naive and 207 treatment-experienced patients were treated and followed up for 2 years (n=383). Overall, 71% were men; among them, 54% had cirrhosis and the median age was 53 years. SVR12 was achieved by 82% of the patients receiving SOF+RBV, 92% receiving SOF+DCV, and 79% receiving SOF+SIM. Metavir F4 and albumin serum were found as independent risk factors associated with treatment failure in groups receiving SOF+RBV (p=0.008 and p=0.001), SOF+DCV (p=0.038 and p=0.043), and SOF+SIM±RBV (p=0.014 and p=0.017), respectively. The most common adverse events were fatigue, nausea, headache, and anemia. Three patients discontinued the treatment due to an adverse event. Conclusion: These findings suggest that 12-week SOF-based regimen plus RBV or DCV or SIM is an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment in CHC patients with fibrosis stage F3–F4. Patients, who display risk factors for cirrhosis, should be referred to an experienced viral hepatitis center. Keywords: sofosbuvir, hepatitis C virus, interferon-free therapies, cirrhosis, advanced fibrosis

The microstructures induced by the laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process have been widely investigated over the last decade, especially on austenitic stainless steels (AISI 316L) and nickel-based superalloys (Inconel 718, Inconel 625). However, the conditions required to initiate recrystallization of L-PBF samples at high temperatures require further investigation, especially regarding the physical origins of substructures (dislocation densities) induced by the L-PBF process. Indeed, the recrystallization widely depends on the specimen substructure, and in the case of the L-PBF process, the substructure is obtained during rapid solidification. In this paper, a comparison is presented between Inconel 625 specimens obtained with different laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) conditions. The effects of the energy density (VED) values on as-built and heat-under microstructures are also investigated. It is first shown that L-PBF specimens created with high-energy conditions recrystallize earlier due to a larger density of geometrically necessary dislocations. Moreover, it is shown that lower energy densities offers better tensile properties for as-built specimens. However, an appropriate heat treatment makes it possible to homogenize the tensile properties.

Documento histórico, século XIX.

Introducción: Las Infecciones asociadas a la Asistencia Sanitaria constituyen un evento negativo para el paciente al determinar aumento de la morbilidad y mortalidad y gastos hospitalarios, comportándose como indicador de la calidad asistencial. Objetivo: Describir las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria que ocurrieron durante 2013 y 2014 en un hospital especializado en la atención del paciente nefrológico. Material y Métodos: Los datos se recolectaron mediante pesquisa activa, revisión de historias clínicas y registro de infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en cada servicio del hospital. En el análisis estadístico se utilizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, y como medidas de resumen, las tasas y porcentajes. Resultados: La frecuencia de infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria fue 8 y 7,5% en cada año de estudio, con predominio de infecciones relacionadas con el acceso vascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis, y la infección del tracto urinario en pacientes instrumentados y cirugía endo-urológica. Los microorganismos más reportados fueron Estafilococcco aureus, Estafilococo aureus meticilino resistente y Escherichia coli. La mortalidad asociada a la IAAS fue de 5,1%, en los 2 años de estudio. Conclusiones: Las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria son las esperadas por la complejidad de los procesos que se realizan en el centro, donde se destacan las infecciones asociadas al acceso vascular y el reporte de microorganismos Gram positivos. Palabras claves: Infecciones, asistencia sanitaria, acceso vascular, paciente nefrológico, microorganismos, Gram positivo, Gram negativo.

The load transfer induced by the elastic and plastic phase anisotropies of a Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al titanium alloy is studied. The microstructure consists in α nodules embedded in elongated β grains. EBSD performed on the alloy shows no crystallographic texture neither for α nor β phase. Tensile tests along the elongation direction, at a strain rate of 2 x 10-3 s-1 give a yield stress of 830 MPa with 13% ductility. Simulations based on an advanced two-phase polycrystalline elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent (EVPSC) model predict that the β phase first plastifies with a sequential onset of plasticity starting from oriented β grains, then and finally oriented β grains. This leads to a strong load transfer from the β grains to the α nodules whose average behavior remains elastic up to high stresses (~940 MPa). However, additional simulations considering exclusively β grains of specific orientation show that the behavior of α nodules is strongly dependent on the β texture in which they are embedded. Especially, in β grains, which plastify the latest, the model predicts the onset of plasticity in favorably orientated α nodules. Moreover, the orientation spread within the β grains can modify the average plastic behavior of α phase. In future, these results will be compared to data obtained from in-situ High Energy XRD and SEM/EBSD experiments.

Se presentó el caso clínico de una mujer de 51 años de edad, fumadora inveterada, con antecedentes de anemia de varios años de evolución y trastornos de la personalidad, tratados en ocasiones con fenotiacinas, que comienza a referir desde hace un mes episodios recurrentes, caracterizados por trastornos del estado de ánimo con elementos melancólicos. Estos problemas fueron percibidos por sus compañeros de trabajo, pero sin darle la debida importancia hasta que, en una mañana, la paciente despierta con una hemiparesia izquierda. Se constató por tomografía axial computarizada una imagen de tumoración cerebral valorada por Neurocirugía, y se sometió a tratamiento conservador por parte de dicha especialidad con radiaciones. Mejorado el cuadro, la paciente fue dada de alta con seguimiento ambulatorio hasta que regresa al hospital dos meses después con fiebre de doce días de duración, vómitos en proyectil, cefalea y estado confusional agudo, decidiéndose su reingreso en el hospital militar de Matanzas. La paciente falleció y en la autopsia se constató un adenocarcinoma renal derecho, pobremente diferenciado con metástasis cerebrales múltiples.

The linguistic situation in 16th-century Brazil was divergent, with a dominant indigenous tongue on the coast and multiple tongues among the tribes of the interior. This article analyses the different stages whereby the dominant indigenous language of the coast became the lingua franca of Brazil: acquisition by the Portuguese, production of a written form, grammaticalisation and publication. The publication of Anchieta’s Grammar in 1595 can be understood in the context of rivalries between settlers and Jesuits regarding the Indian populations. The high death rate among the coastal tribes prompted a new policy whereby peoples from the interior were encouraged to move to the coastal areas, a process that was instrumental in the dissemination of a lingua franca. The debates about grammar and the capacity of the Indians’ tongue to express Christian faith and law should be seen in the context of the bitter struggle between Jesuit missionaries and settlers for control of the Indian populations.

En este artículo se propone una estrategia de gestión didáctica cuyo objetivo es disminuir el insuficiente tratamiento al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las lenguas extranjeras en la educación superior, con énfasis en el pregrado, sobre la base de lo establecido en el Marco Común de Referencia Europeo para las Lenguas, y a partir de la inserción de enfoques novedosos y alejados de métodos tradicionales, en correspondencia con los requerimientos teórico-prácticos y las competencias socio-profesionales y comunicativas exigidas actualmente por dicho Marco de referencia. Para su elaboración se adopta un enfoque de jerarquía-subordinación desde el método sistémico-estructural-funcional. La implementación de esta estrategia ha permitido el fortalecimiento de una dinámica docente más centrada en los estudiantes y el logro de una participación más protagónica y comprometida, a partir de los descriptores del citado Marco, como primer acercamiento a un proceso que requiere aún un perfeccionamiento constante y permanente en su praxis formativa.

For many encephalitis cases, the cause remains unidentified. After 2 children (from the same family) received a diagnosis of acute necrotizing encephalopathy at Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (Tours, France), we attempted to identify the etiologic agent. Because clinical samples from the 2 patients were negative for all pathogens tested, urine and throat swab specimens were added to epithelial cells, and virus isolates detected were characterized by molecular analysis and electron microscopy. We identified a novel reovirus strain (serotype 2), MRV2Tou05, which seems to be closely related to porcine and human strains. A specific antibody response directed against this new reovirus strain was observed in convalescent-phase serum specimens from the patients, whereas no response was observed in 38 serum specimens from 38 healthy adults. This novel reovirus is a new etiologic agent of encephalitis.

Several studies have implicated the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) locus within the 11p15 region in susceptibility to manic depressive illness (MDI). This possibility was further investigated by both parametric (lod score) and nonparametric (affected-pedigree-member and a case-control study) methods of analysis in 11 French MDI families and in a sample of 200 unrelated subjects. Both types of analyses corroborate the implication of this locus, and positive lod scores were obtained in two families, which most likely reflects genetic heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were also performed including available data from published reports. These analyses, which allowed for genetic heterogeneity, substantiated our findings. The combined maximum lod score for all the families studied was 3.68 at θ = 0.00 (number of families: 36) assuming heterogeneity (α=15%,P=0.01). Taken together these results converge to suggest that the risk factors for MDI lie in the 11p15 region with TH being the most likely candidate gene.

Abstract The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), the amphotropic murine leukemia virus (AMLV) and the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) are retroviruses that specifically bind nutrient transporters with their envelope glycoproteins (Env) when entering host cells. Here, we used tagged ligands derived from GALV, AMLV, and HTLV Env to monitor the distribution of their cognate receptors, the inorganic phosphate transporters PiT1 and PiT2, and the glucose transporter GLUT1, respectively, in basal conditions and after acute energy deficiency. For this purpose, we monitored changes in the distribution of PiT1, PiT2 and GLUT1 in the cerebellum, the frontal cortex, the corpus callosum, the striatum and the substantia nigra (SN) of C57/BL6 mice after administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridinium (MPTP), a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor which induces neuronal degeneration in the striato-nigral network. The PiT1 ligand stained oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum and showed a reticular pattern in the SN. The PiT2 ligand stained particularly the cerebellar Purkinje cells, while GLUT1 labelling was mainly observed throughout the cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellar gray matter. Interestingly, unlike GLUT1 and PiT2 distributions which did not appear to be modified by MPTP intoxication, PiT1 immunostaining seemed to be more extended in the SN. The plausible reasons for this change following acute energy stress are discussed. These new ligands therefore constitute new metabolic markers which should help to unravel cellular adaptations to a wide variety of normal and pathologic conditions and to determine the role of specific nutrient transporters in tissue homeostasis.

Performing a complete in-situ strain measurement of polycrystalline thin films using X-ray diffraction is time consuming with most standard diffraction beamlines at synchrotron facilities and not realistic with laboratory diffractometers. Two dimensional detection is shown to enable relatively fast and reliable X-ray strain measurements during continuous in-situ tensile testing of metallic films deposited on polyimide substrates. We show in this paper the advantages to perform this kind of measurements as compared to those with punctual detection.

Transient effects in the creep of polycrystalline ice could play a crucial role for several ice flows (e.g. interaction between Antarctic ice shelves and ocean tides) and also have a major impact concerning deformation mechanisms of ice. During creep deformation of polycrystalline ice, strong stress and strain-rate intragranular heterogeneities are expected. These heterogeneities come from the very large viscoplastic anisotropy of ice crystals (with essentially a single easy plane for the dislocations to glide) which is responsible for the strong mechanical interaction between adjacent grains [1]. In order to go one step further in the quantitative understanding of this process, and to characterize the development of strain heterogeneities at a microscopic (intragranular) scale, we have performed deformation tests on 2-D polycrystalline ice exhibiting columnar grains with controlled grain size. Specimens were submitted to creep test and transient effects, in which both elastic and viscoplastic responses come in play, are investigated. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique, with spatial resolution far smaller than the mean grain size, has been set to get continuous record of the intragranular displacement field during the test [2]. Experimental parameters have been optimized to improve the precision of the DIC results. In parallel, specimen microstructures were analyzed with an automatic ice texture analyzer, before and after deformation, and post-mortem measurements of local misorientations at the intragranular scale were performed. For the first time in ice, this work presents a direct link between grain orientation, strain localization, and lattice distortion at the intragranular scale.

The mechanical behaviour of multilayered W/Cu thin films on polyimide substrate has been investigated at different scales and using complementary X-ray techniques and compared to finite element analysis. Mechanical testing has been carried out using a new biaxial tensile machine which allows for testing in controlled biaxial loading condition. This device has been developed for synchrotron measurements at DiffAbs beamline of the French synchrotron radiation facility (SOLEIL, Saint Aubin).

The paper sets out to show the agency of the Amerindians in the composition and dissemination of the Lord's Prayer in the indigenous language in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Brazil. Drawing on French, Portuguese and Dutch sources, the article shows that mention can be made of Indians, whether identified or anonymous, who played a role in the dissemination of the prayer as it was eventually recorded in manuscripts and sometimes printed, first by the French and then by the Portuguese. In the context of the indigenous and colonial wars of the time, knowing the Lord’s Prayer by heart on the part of the Amerindians was a sign of their alliance with the Whites and could protect them from unjust captivity. It was the intangible mark of their status as Christian Indians. The question of a purely formal knowledge of the text recurs like a leitmotiv in colonial sources. Changing European alliances, between the Portuguese, the French and even the Dutch, the Christian Amerindians were important brokers for the circulation of the text of the Lord's Prayer in colonial Brazil.

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 42 años de edad, de la raza blanca, delgada y que padece hipertensión arterial sistodiastólica de moderada a severa. Refería palpitaciones, sudoraciones, pérdida de peso, cefaleas pulsátiles y elevaciones bruscas de la tensión arterial que alternaban con hipotensión. Presentó dificultad extrema para el control de la tensión arterial desde el punto de vista farmacológico. Como datos imagenológicos se constató una imagen a modo de masa adrenal unilateral con histología de feocromocitoma esporádico bien diferenciado.