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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) took the lives of 17.9 million people each year, which accounted for 31% of all global deaths. Among all kinds of cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis is the most common one. How to prevent and treat thrombosis effectively is a major global medical problem. In the prevention and treatment of thrombosis, fibrinolytic enzyme has great potential. Fibrinolytic enzyme is proteolytic enzyme and is important in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. In this paper, the mechanism of thrombosis formation and fibrinolytic enzymes was reviewed, the sources of fibrinolytic enzymes (marine microorganisms, fermented food microorganisms, plants and animals) and production methods were summarized, and the production methods of fibrinolytic enzymes were summarized and prospected, in order to provide reference for the research in related fields.

The term “cytokine storm” describes an acute pathophysiologic state of the immune system characterized by a burst of cytokine release, systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ failure, which are crucial determinants of many disease outcomes. In light of the complexity of cytokine storms, specific strategies are needed to prevent and alleviate their occurrence and deterioration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a CNC-basic region-leucine zipper protein that serves as a master transcription factor in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis by orchestrating the expression of many antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes. Given that inflammatory response is intertwined with oxidative stress, it is reasonable to assume that NRF2 activation limits inflammation and thus cytokine storms. As NRF2 can mitigate inflammation at many levels, it has emerged as a potential target to prevent and treat cytokine storms. In this review, we summarized the cytokine storms caused by different etiologies and the rationale of interventions, focusing mainly on NRF2 as a potential therapeutic target.