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Interoperability between industrial organizations is a persistent challenge, particularly as the goal is to enable digitalized communications between information and communications technology (ICT) systems operated by different parties. This paper studies how the current interoperability tools and models support the foundations of digitalized business-to-business communication. While the focus area is plant lifecycle information in process industry, covering investment projects as well as operations and maintenance (O&M), the problems can be generalized to all manufacturing. The results of this study suggest that the current interoperability models and standards offer little support for building cross-organizational interoperability with digitalized tools. Thus, there should be consortia that span the enterprises in process industry, aiming to develop the architecture of collaborative business networks that fulfil sustainable interoperability and the related governance. To accomplish this goal, this paper shows what elements exist and what are lacking, mapping these to European Interoperability Framework (EIF). publishedVersion

The future data-driven manufacturing ecosystems build upon data spaces where each participant controls how its own data are utilized. This goal is equally important in machinery where the networks comprise machine fleets and the data use cases range from local edge to various cloud systems and digital business integrations. These systems of systems require efficient, scalable data streaming with decoupled (e.g., publish-subscribe) platforms that enable the flexible connection of data producers and consumers in heterogeneous networks. This paper describes a work in progress about data autonomy, sovereignty, and trust in message brokers in machinery, aiming to contribute to initiatives, such as Gaia-X and International Data Spaces (IDS). First, the paper identifies requirements for platforms and communication that span edge and cloud. Second, it presents a technology survey about data autonomy in open, Internet-cabable brokers. These include Advanced Message Queueing Protocol (AMQP), MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Apache Kafka and Apache Pulsar. It appears that there is little research about data autonomy in brokers and MQTT has the strongest base. The work continues to develop data autonomy into a message broker. acceptedVersion

Interoperable communication technologies are of key importance in production systems with increasing needs for data in their adoption of data-driven methodologies and new, emerging applications. OPC UA PubSub defines an alternative to the traditional client-server communication with a publish-subscribe model for data to cater to scalability and data-driven cloud application needs. In this paper, the OPC UA PubSub model is compared to some other message broker and communication technologies and integrated with an existing message based integration model for evaluating the interoperability. A case example is presented where data payloads and information security practices are integrated using an adapter approach. acceptedVersion

The current advancements of energy, information, communication, and automation technologies and their integration have provided ways for the energy industry to transform into cleaner energy systems. This transition has contributed to the concept called energy internet. The recent energy technologies provide clean energy generation, storage and demand response through distributed energy resources. Information, communication, and automation technologies aim to provide supporting software tools and enabling mechanisms to automate the operation and control of those resources in a coordinated way. Thus, researchers and the software industry are developing software frameworks and platforms to support energy system automation. Commonly, most of the frameworks follow the design principles of either multi-agent systems (MAS) or service-oriented architecture (SOA). However, there are many frameworks and no straightforward criteria to select which one to implement in energy systems’ automation applications to fulfill the energy internet vision. This study provides a conceptual investigation of MAS- and SOA-based software solutions by designing a use case for microgrid application automation considering its expansion for enabling energy internet. Two software frameworks, RIAPS and Arrowhead, have been selected as the candidates of MAS and SOA from the literature study. This study shows that neither MAS or SOA approach alone might not meet the requirements of microgrid automation and energy internet. Consequently, a combined approach of MAS and SOA is proposed. publishedVersion

The ease of software development, maintenance, commissioning and reconfiguration is paramount in industrial systems, because these must be adaptable to changes in customer demand and the evolution of production assets. Such adaptations are a core motivator in the fourth industrial revolution. Additionally, software applications should be able to communicate over the logical and geographical borders of production plants, regardless of software platforms and vendors. However, these issues remains unaddressed in current software tools, although a solution is reachable with a proper software toolkit. As a solution, this article introduces such a toolkit to support the development of industrial software systems. The toolkit implements a communication stack with both a communication protocol and an information model. The long-term goal is to enable all communication in industrial plants with such a toolkit regardless of software products, vendors and platforms. Additionally, the toolkit provides auxiliary tools to help in the development of industrial software, such as services to provide historical data for simulation purposes. As an outcome, the toolkit provides insight about the development needs of industrial communications. publishedVersion

Electricity networks are becoming more complex due to the integration of renewable and distributed energy resources, which necessitates tools to simulate more advanced management methods and multi-stakeholder interactions. To facilitate simulation, this article introduces a distributed communications platform. Unlike earlier platforms, this applies loose coupling and abstract software interfaces, enabling the users to flexibly select and parametrize simulation components. Furthermore, the components can operate on any software runtime. The components communicate via a RabbitMQ message bus, which provides asynchronous publish-subscribe communication. The work is in progress but has a functional prototype, enabling the simulation of an electricity grid and distributed energy resources. The prototypes under development will simulate the management of energy communities and electricity grids including the consideration of energy pricing, demand and weather conditions. The study contributes to the development of zero-emission energy systems and flexibility markets for grid operators and flexibility service providers. acceptedVersion

Conventional industrial communication systems suffer from rigidness, inflexibility and lack of scalability. The environment is heterogeneous as the systems exchange data with a variety communication protocols, some of which are proprietary. This makes it laborious and expensive to reconfigure or upgrade the systems. As the solution, this article proposes a message-bus-based communication architecture to enable information exchange between systems regardless of their geographical location and position within the functional hierarchy of the plant. The architecture not only enables communication to cross the conventional physical borders but also provides scalability to growing data volumes and network sizes. As proofs of concept, the article presents a prototype in three environments: a copper smelter, a steel plant and a distillation column. The results suggest that the message-bus-based approach has potential to renew industrial communications, a core part of the fourth industrial revolution. publishedVersion

In mobile machines, as well as in manufacturing, the overall productivity is essential for business competitiveness. As the operation of a modern mobile machine is affected by various parameters, they need to be tuned to reach an optimal performance – however, due to machine complexity, parameter optimisation is difficult for a typical operator. To enable parameter optimisation locally in machines, this article presents a system architecture to generate information and knowledge from machine fleet data and to utilise them in machine operations in the field. Measurement data is collected and analysed to discover the associations between machine performance and parameter values. While some results are plain statistical distributions, any resulting more sophisticated domain knowledge is stored as rules. Rule-based reasoning enables a zone of interoperation between the information system and domain experts. Once information and knowledge have been generated, they are made available to machines that run the actual parameter assessment application. Results made with forestry data indicate that the system has a considerable potential to improve machine productivity. acceptedVersion

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The modern mobile machinery has advanced on-board computer systems. They may execute various types of applications observing machine operation based on sensor data (such as feedback generators for more efficient operation). Measurement data utilisation requires preprocessing before use (e.g. outlier detection or dataset categorisation). As more and more data is collected from machine operation, better data preprocessing knowledge may be generated with data analyses. To enable the repeated deployment of that knowledge to machines in operation, information management must be considered; this is particularly challenging in geographically distributed fleets. This study considers both data refinement management and the refinement workflow required for data utilisation. The role of machine learning in data refinement knowledge generation is also considered. A functional cloud-managed data refinement component prototype has been implemented, and an experiment has been made with forestry data. The results indicate that the concept has considerable business potential. acceptedVersion

Due to the networked nature of modern industrial business, repeated information exchange activities are necessary. Unfortunately, information exchange is both laborious and expensive with the current communication media, which causes errors and delays. To increase the efficiency of communication, this study introduces an architecture to exchange information in a digitally processable manner in industrial ecosystems. The architecture builds upon commonly agreed business practices and data formats, and an open consortium and information mediators enable it. Following the architecture, a functional prototype has been implemented for a real industrial scenario. This study has its focus on the technical information of equipment, but the architecture concept can also be applied in financing and logistics. Therefore, the concept has potential to completely reform industrial communication. publishedVersion

Performance improvement is a constantly important topic in manufacturing, and mobile work machines are no exception. In some mobile machines, machine behaviour is affected by various device parameters. Their effect can be examined by statistical analysis, but exploiting analysis results during machine operation requires a sophisticated distributed information system. This paper introduces an architecture for such a system suitable for geographically dispersed machine fleets. It covers aspects on data collection, storage, analysis and utilization. Once statistical analysis has been performed, its results are made available for applications that assess machine performance locally during operation. If there is room for improvement in parameter values, the operator of the machine is given suggestions to change them. A prototype implementation is presented. The results show that such an information system has a considerable potential of bringing competitive advantage to machine operators. Besides, added value is also expected to the manufacturer of the machine as performance-related knowledge is augmented. Thus, further service business development is also contributed.

The article Information Exchange Architecture for Collaborative Industrial Ecosystem, written by Petri Kannisto, David Hastbacka and Arto Marttinen, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 15 August 2018 without open access.

To save the environment and costs, there is a clear need to optimise and coordinate large-scale industrial processes, but the task is challenging. Complex plants may run multiple unit processes that are operated with separate control systems, although the processes are interdependent. Often, optimisation requires appropriate scheduling for both continuous processes and batch processes. These requirements of coordination, asynchronism and distributed operation are difficult to conform to with the current tools or systems. Therefore, to ease optimisation, this study suggests a communication platform concept. The platform enables the use of mathematical models to manage and utilise knowledge about production processes. To promote adaptation to actual business cases and their future evolution, the platform design emphasises asynchronism, loose coupling of optimisation modules and systems as well as distributed operation. This work has received particular motivation from copper and steel production, as they both require materials refinement in multiple separate but mutually dependent steps. Several contributions are presented for the platform: requirements, architecture design and two proofs of concept. The results suggest that the concept would bring considerable business value in industrial production.

The performance of mobile machine operators has a great impact on productivity that can be translated to, for example, wasted time or environmental concerns such as fuel consumption. In this paper, solutions for improving the assessment of mobile machine are studied. Usage data is gathered from machines and utilized to provide feedback for operators. The feedback is generated with rules that define in what way different measures indicate performance. The study contributes to developing an architecture to manage both data collection and inference rules. A prototype is created: rule knowledge is managed with decision tables from which machine-readable rules are generated. The rules are then distributed to application instances executed in various locations. The results of the prototype promote several benefits. Rules can be maintained independent of the actual assessment application, and they can also be distributed from a centrally managed source. In addition, no IT expertise is required for rule maintenance so the rule administrator can be a pure domain expert. The results bring the architecture towards a scalable cloud service that combines the benefits of both centralized knowledge and distributed data management.

Efficiency of industrial processes and a high quality of the products can be achieved with advanced monitoring and control solutions. In addition, industrial processes often consume large amounts of energy and through their efficiency and use of resources also have a significant environmental impact. For industrial process optimisation it is necessary to integrate distributed data and functionality into plant-wide coordinating level solutions. From an implementation point of view this is challenging due to different communication protocols and messaging structures. In this paper an integration architecture is proposed that decouples control systems using a message bus mediator approach. The mediator acts as a unified point of access that through adapters facilitates integration of existing control systems to advanced plant-wide data-driven and event-driven control. It is demonstrated with a laboratory case presenting two examples applicable to real-life industrial problems.

In industrial production, there are various environments where the potential efficiency is not reached. In process industry, the production processes include complexity and dynamics, which makes it difficult to the employees to operate them efficiently. Similar issues exist in mobile machinery. Especially inexperienced machine operators work in an inefficient manner, because it takes time to learn to control the machines. In addition, inefficiency occurs even in industrial business processes where information is exchanged. Related to process equipment, this exchange – especially between enterprises – lacks proper tools, which necessitates laborious and error-prone manual communication methods. Fortunately, information systems (ISs) can increase efficiency in all of these environments. To increase efficiency, an approach is to design ISs that manage and utilise related knowledge in a computer-interpretable format. This thesis researches such systems in three environments. First, in the operation of machinery, the studied systems cover two purposes: performance-related feedback for operators and the adjustment of machine parameters. Both require knowledge management that is based on actual performance data. The second environment is industrial processes that receive benefit from operator assistance systems. Assistance eases demanding control tasks and especially plant-wide coordination. The third environment is industrial business collaboration, which lacks a digitalised medium for the exchange of technical information. Such a medium would apply knowledge about ecosystem-wide business practices. Although each of the three environments faces additional issues from distribution and asynchronism, the challenges are manageable with appropriately designed ISs. As ISs are applied to improve efficiency, it is necessary to integrate heterogeneous information sources, which introduces challenges. Even if the information were in a computer-interpretable format, heterogeneity hampers communication. Heterogeneity occurs in various scopes, two of which are considered in this thesis. First, in production plants, ISs utilise heterogeneous, vendor-specific information formats. Common formats should be utilised instead to make systems integration more affordable to implement and maintain. Second, heterogeneity is even more remarkable in communication between enterprises. Enterprises have different practices, which reflects to their systems. Efficient collaboration necessitates the alignment of these differences, which is – fortunately – reachable with appropriate systems. Considering efficiency, this work provides multiple results. The approach is to design suitable architectures for ISs. Regarding ISs, an architecture refers to the high-level structure and common principles that guide more detailed design tasks. An architecture is presented in each publication of this thesis. The publications are related to mobile machinery, production plants and the exchange of industrial technical information between enterprises. Concerning architectures, the publications provide multiple design challenges due to distribution, asynchronism and heterogeneity. In addition to architectures, this thesis introduces a conceptual model that covers the application of knowledge and the related information management tasks in industrial production. The suggested architectural solutions, as well as the conceptual model, are reusable in industrial production. Still, the results indicate that each problem requires careful design to conform to its specific requirements.