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Considering the great desire of consumers to consume traditional dairy products and their reluctance to use factory products, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating different chemical and microbial characteristics of traditional yogurt samples offered in Tuyserkan city and compare it with Pasteurized yogurt. The chemical characteristics including percentage of dry matter, moisture, acidity, pH and fat and microbial characteristics including total bacterial count, coliforms, mold and yeasts, and Staphylococcus aureus were investigated and compared with the pasteurized sample as a control sample. The moisture and dry matter content of the samples varied from 87.8-84.33% and from 12.62 to 15.25%, respectively. The fat content of the yogurts produced was between 2.5-2.9 and thus within the range of semi-fat yogurts according to the national standard. No significant difference was observed between different samples in terms of moisture, dry matter and fat (P>0.05). The acidity (percentage by weight in terms of lactic acid) and pH value of various samples ranged from 0.87-1.81 and 3.68-47.4, respectively and were therefore fully in line with the national standard (at least 0.7). Different samples showed a significant difference in terms of pH and acidity (P < 0.05). The results of microbial characteristics indicate the presence of mold and yeast in all samples (100%), coliform in 83.33% and Staphylococcus aureus in 50% of the samples. Regarding microbial characteristics, a significant difference was observed between traditional and industrial samples. Thus, the industrial sample showed the lowest microbial load compared to the traditional yogurt samples (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is strongly recommended to control the incoming raw milk and observe the sanitary conditions during production, packaging and supply in the production of traditional products. The results of sensory evaluation showed better color and taste for the pasteurized sample and better texture and overall acceptance for the traditional samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Pseudomonas fluorescens is a psychrophilic bacterium that can cause dairy spoilage by producing heat-stable enzymes. Bacteriophages are proved as one of the alternatives to control spoilage bacteria in today's dairy industry. This study aimed to investigate how a previously identified phage YZU_PF006 prevents dairy spoilage caused by P. fluorescens. Results demonstrated that phage YZU_PF006 effectively controlled P. fluorescens growth and production of protease at 7°C and 28°C in milk in a phage concentration-dependent way. Phage YZU_PF006 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100 increased the pH values of milk by 1.43 at 28°C and 0.81 at 7°C, increased the particle size of milk by 2.74 μm at 28°C and 1.74 μm at 7°C. Phage YZU_PF006 reduced the free AA content by 15.36% at 28°C and 32.03% at 7°C, and decreased the contents of Glu (206.678 mmol/L at 28°C and 40.481 mmol/L at 7°C), Phe (94.137 mmol/L at 28°C and 144.137 mmol/L at 7°C) and other amino acids in milk. In contrast, high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that phage YZU_PF006 specifically prevented the growth of Pseudomonas in raw milk at low temperatures. Results demonstrated that phage YZU_PF006 can be used alone or in combination with other control strategies to serve as one of the good antimicrobial candidates to control P. fluorescens contamination in dairy processing environments, and to promote the safety and sensory quality of raw milk and milk products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. This study compared the effect of 2 pasture-based feeding systems, namely a traditional perennial ryegrass (PRG) diet, and a recently introduced, more sustainable multispecies swards (MSS) diet, on the functional lipid profile of raw milk. In addition to the 2 pasture diets, the study uniquely examined the combined effects of breed, namely Holstein Friesian (HF) or Jersey Holstein Friesian (JFX), and lactation stage in Ireland, spanning from March to November. Bulk milk samples (n = 144 yearly) for the 4 groups examined were collected for 4 wk per each of the 9 mo specified. Changes in total fatty acid (FA) and triglyceride carbon number profiles were determined by GC with a flame ionization detector, and those in polar lipids (PL) content by HPLC–evaporative light scattering–MS. Based on multivariate analysis, both diet (34.0% contribution) and breed (19.1% contribution) influenced milk FA on a yearly basis; however, in early lactation there were no differences in FA profile between the groups. In middle lactation and late lactation (LL), the MSS diet increased proportions of nutritionally beneficial n-6 and n-3 PUFA in milk, including C18:3 n-3 (ALA), C18:2 n-6 (LA) and C22:5 n-3 (DPA). Although proportions of ALA and LA increased in MSS milks, the LA/ALA ratio remained around 1 for the 2 feeding systems, confirming the beneficial modulation of LA and ALA in milks from pasture-based diets. Particularly in LL, the milk of JFX cows tended to have increased de novo FA, compared with HF, suggesting implications for techno-functional properties of dairy products such as butter. The milk of PRG HF group showed improved health-promoting properties, with lower thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices on a yearly basis. Regarding techno-functional properties, the PRG HF group resulted in higher oleic acid reflecting in lower spreadability index, suggesting that butter made of this group would be more spreadable, compared with the one made from the other milk groups examined. The triglyceride and PL profiles were mainly affected by stage of lactation. Overall, these results show the effects of cow diet, breed, and stage of lactation on milk lipid profile, with important implications for the nutritional and techno-functional characteristics of dairy products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli (E. coli), especially the Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 strain, poses severe health risks. In rural Ecuador, raw milk consumption heightens contamination risks. This study analyzed 633 raw milk samples from Pichincha and Manabí to assess E. coli O157:H7 prevalence. The samples were enriched using BHI broth, and then specific culture media were used to isolate E. coli O157:H7. The pathogen in the enriched raw milk was identified, and the isolates were specifically confirmed through the application of a newly designed qPCR assay. The novel qPCR assay demonstrated remarkable sensitivity, capable of detecting up to one copy of genetic material, and specificity (no amplification of other bacteria). An extremely high E. coli O157:H7 prevalence of 0.63 (n = 401) was detected, where the province with the highest number of positive samples was Manabí with 72.8% (n = 225/309) and 54.3% (n = 179/324) for Pichincha. In both provinces, the presence of E. coli O157:H7 contamination exhibited a favorable correlation with small-scale farms and elevated temperatures. This research provides valuable data on the microbiological contamination of E. coli O157:H7 present in raw milk, in addition to an improved method that has been demonstrated to be faster, more sensitive, and more specific than conventional and previously published methods, highlighting the associated risk of food-borne infections and pointing out potential shortcomings in the regulation of agricultural practices and the need for periodic monitoring of bacterial contamination levels with updated methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization describes brucellosis as one of the world's leading zoonotic diseases, with the Middle East a global hotspot. Brucella melitensis is endemic among livestock populations in the region, with zoonotic transmission occurring via consumption of raw milk, amongst other routes. Control is largely via vaccination of small ruminant and cattle populations. Due to sociocultural and religious influences camel milk (camelus dromedarius) is widely consumed raw, while milk from other livestock species is largely boiled. To investigate the potential public health impact of Brucella in camels we conduct a cross-sectional study in southern Jordan including 227 herds and 202 livestock-owning households. Here we show daily consumption of raw camel milk is associated with Brucella seropositive status among the study population, ORadj 2.19 (95%CI 1.23–3.94) on multivariable analysis, highlighting the need for socioculturally appropriate control measures; targeted interventions among the camel reservoir being crucial for effective control. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with high prevalence in the Middle East. Here the authors identify camels as an important source of brucellosis among livestock-owning households in Jordan, due to widespread consumption of raw camel milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Milk has been consumed by humans for thousands of years for its nutritional properties. In recent years, raw milk demand has increased, valued for its authenticity and connection to local traditions. However, the consumption of raw milk is not without risks. Among these, microbiological ones are relevant. Although consumers are advised to boil raw milk before consumption, producing farms in Italy are required to meet the microbiological criteria outlined in the Provision of 25 January 2007. In this context, official controls play a crucial role in verifying that farms and raw milk comply with these criteria, safeguarding public health. This study analyzed 355 raw milk samples collected in Liguria between 2014 and 2023. The samples were collected by local veterinary health services from vending machines at seven producing farms. Overall, six samples tested positive for Campylobacter jejuni, and one sample was positive for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Serovar Veneziana. Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, or Escherichia coli O157 were never responsible for non-compliances. Although these findings suggest a low risk in the analyzed region, preventive measures must be implemented by farms to impede milk contamination by these microorganisms. Milk has been consumed by humans for thousands of years for its nutritional properties. In recent years, raw milk demand has increased, valued for its authenticity and connection to local traditions. In Italy, the sale of raw milk is allowed exclusively through direct sale from the producing farm to the final consumer, either at the producing farm itself or through vending machines. However, the consumption of raw milk is not without risks. Among these, microbiological ones are relevant. These can lead to severe symptoms, particularly in vulnerable populations. For this reason, although consumers are advised to boil raw milk before consumption, producing farms in Italy are required to meet the microbiological criteria outlined in the Provision of 25 January 2007. In this retrospective study, the results of the analyses performed on 355 raw milk samples collected in Liguria between 2014 and 2023 for the detection of Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli O157 were analysed to better characterise the associated risk for consumers. The samples were collected during official controls by the local veterinary health services at vending machines of seven producing farms. Overall, six samples tested positive for C. jejuni, while only one sample tested positive for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, Serovar Veneziana. Listeria monocytogenes, S. aureus, and E. coli O157 were never responsible for non-compliances. Interestingly, three of the six samples positive for C. jejuni derived from the same producer. In farms where positive samples were detected, certain structural and/or operational non-compliances were identified. It can be concluded that, although the scenario in question does not present any cause for concern, it is nevertheless essential to implement a series of preventive measures in order to guarantee the safety of raw milk. These measures include the implementation of biosecurity practices, the maintenance of strict hygiene protocols during milking, and the adherence to the cold chain distribution protocol until the final stage of distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is a common cause of mastitis in dairy cows, which results in large economic losses to the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in raw milk in China, assess antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and identify key antibiotic resistance genes carried by the isolates. In total, 350 raw milk samples were collected from large-scale farms in 16 provinces and cities in six regions of China to assess the resistance of E. coli isolates to 14 antimicrobial drugs. Among the isolates, nine resistance genes were detected. Of 81 E. coli isolates (23.1%) from 350 raw milk samples, 27 (33.3%) were multidrug resistant. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the 81 E. coli isolates were resistant to 13 (92.9%) of the 14 antibiotics, but not meropenem. The resistance gene blaTEM was highly distributed among the 27 multidrug-resistant isolates with a detection rate of 92.6%. All isolates carried at least one resistance gene, and 19 patterns of resistance gene combinations with different numbers of genes were identified. The most common gene combinations were the one-gene pattern blaTEM and the three-gene pattern blaTEM-blaPSE-blaOXA. The isolation rate of E. coli in raw milk and the identified resistance genes provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics by clinical veterinarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to estimate the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk and processed milk (pasteurized or UHT) collected from two regions in Italy (Puglia and Basilicata) during a 12-year period: 2012–2023. A total of 1017 milk samples were analyzed first proceeding with screening analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and suspected non-compliant samples (AFM1 concentration higher than 0.042 µg/kg) were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic with fluorimetric detection (HPLC/FLD) confirmation method. AFM1 concentration ≥ 0.005 µg/kg (ELISA limit of quantitation) was detected in 553 of the 1017 milk samples (54.4%). AFM1 levels exceeding the European Union maximum limit (ML) of 0.050 µg/kg were detected in 70 samples, 49 of which were determined as non-compliant samples (4.8%). Particularly high concentrations of AFM1, exceeding 200 µg/kg, were found in four samples, three raw milk and one pasteurized. Regarding this risk exposure study, only the MOE values obtained under "high exposure scenario" were lower than 10,000, while those calculated from the overall mean values resulted as not of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the contamination of aflatoxins by investigating the spatial distribution of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cow feedstuff and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk, and the potential health risks of AFM1 in milk and dairy products. Feedstuff and raw milk were collected from 160 pastures in three climate zones of China from October to November 2020. The results indicated the level of AFB1 and AFM1 ranged from 51.1 to 74.1 ng/kg and 3.0 to 7.0 ng/kg, respectively. Spatial analysis indicated the contamination was mostly concentrated in the temperate monsoon climate zone. On average, the estimated dietary exposure to AFM1 from milk and dairy products for Chinese consumers ranged from 0.0138 to 0.0281 ng/kg bw/day, with the MOE values below 10,000, and liver cancer risk of 0.00004–0.00009 cases/100,000 persons/year. For different groups, the average exposure to AFM1 was highest in the temperate monsoon climate zone and for toddlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the prevalence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 in 353 samples collected in Kirkuk from human stool, animal feces, raw and pasteurized milk, and beef hamburgers. E. coli was isolated using conventional methods and identified with the Enterosystem Kit 18R. Suspected E. coli O157:H7 were confirmed serologically and tested for antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA). The overall prevalence rates of 20.4% for E. coli and 7.9% for E. coli O157:H7 were found, with the highest prevalence in human stool. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 28 E. coli O157:H7 isolates revealed significant resistance and sensitivity patterns, highlighting important implications for public health. The isolates demonstrated complete sensitivity to gentamicin (100%), while also showing high sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (92.86%), ceftriaxone (85.71%), and amikacin (64.29%). Conversely, the isolates exhibited notable resistance to tetracycline (85.71%), ampicillin (75.00%), sulfamethoxazole (71.43%), and streptomycin (67.86%). All the E. coli O157:H7 strains isolated in this study were positive for stx1 and/or stx2, as well as the eaeA gene, and are referred to as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) strains. In order to highlight the genotypic variability among the EHEC E. coli O157:H7 isolates, five virulence profiles were identified, with profile III (stx2, eaeA, and hlyA) being the most common (35.7%). This profile was closely associated with diarrheic humans, while profile V (stx1, eaeA) was prevalent in animal feces and products. These findings may raise awareness of the risks associated with this pathogen, helping to reduce the incidence of E. coli-related diseases and to protect human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt, a widely consumed fermented milk product, is known for its health benefits attributed to the presence of probiotic bacteria. This study explores the impact of starter cultures on the texture and microbiological quality of yogurt. The production involved two types of starter cultures: a commercial culture and an heirloom culture. Various parameters, including chemical analysis of raw milk, yogurt production steps, texture parameter analysis, syneresis, water holding capacity, and microbial analysis, were examined. Statistical analysis was performed to indicate the effect of the type of culture on the production of yogurt. Results indicated that the physicochemical analysis of raw cow milk revealed parameters within recommended quality standards. Significant differences in hardness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience, and syneresis between commercial and heirloom yogurts were found. Microbiological analysis demonstrated higher Lactic acid bacteria counts in commercial yogurt compared to heirloom yogurt. The study provides insights into the influence of starter cultures on textural and microbiological characteristics, emphasizing the importance of standardized production methods for consistent yogurt quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common pathogens in both humans and livestock. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli isolated from raw cow milk and evaluate its antimicrobial resistance rates. A total of 1696 milk samples were collected from Romanian dairy farms from 2018 to 2022. E. coli was isolated on various selective agar media, such as Cled agar and Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep Blood. The identification of E. coli was performed by MALDI-TOF MS. E. coli isolates were tested for their susceptibility against 18 commonly used antibiotics in a disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of E. coli was 22.45% of all isolated pathogens. Antibiogram analysis revealed that 27.51% of E. coli isolates from milk were multidrug-resistant. Resistance was highest for penicillin–novobiocin (87.78%), followed by streptomycin (53.7%). Resistance to six drugs (amoxicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin–cephalexin, marbofloxacin, ampicillin) showed a significant increasing trend over time, while for two drugs (penicillin G-framycetin, doxycycline), a significant decrease was observed. Our results suggest that milk can be a reservoir of bacteria with the potential for infection in humans via the food chain. Furthermore, there is a need for surveillance and monitoring to control the increase in resistance to currently used antimicrobials in dairy farms because the occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolated from milk poses a health hazard to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the variations and alterations in the concentrations of plasmin system components in raw and UHT (ultra-high-temperature) milk under cold stress (WCT ≤ −25 °C), heat stress (THI ≥ 80), and normal (THI < 70 and WCT ≥ −10 °C) circumstances. The findings indicated elevated amounts of plasmin system components in cold-stressed raw milk. While storing UHT milk at 25 °C, the concentrations and activity of plasmin in the milk exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease, peaking around the 30th day. The maximum plasmin level and activity in cold-stressed milk were 607.86 μg/L and 15.99 U/L, respectively, with the beginning of gelation occurring around day 60. The higher activity of plasmin in cold-stressed milk led to the poorer stability and sensory assessment of the milk. However, heat-stressed milk is not such a problem for UHT milk as cold-stressed milk. The findings indicate shortcomings in the quality of cold-stressed milk and its adverse effects on the stability of UHT milk, underscoring the necessity of preventing cold stress in the herd and refraining from utilizing cold-stressed milk as a raw material for UHT production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk and dairy products are an important source of essential nutrients for human health. However, contamination of these foods poses a significant public health concern. In this study, risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) exposure associated with the consumption of traditional milk and dairy products in Fasa, Fars Province, Iran, was carried out. A total of 180 samples, comprising raw milk, boiled milk, cheese, yoghurt, as well as Doogh and Kashk, two traditional fermented milk-based products, were collected during two seasons of summer and winter and then analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The findings indicated that 85.55% of all samples were contaminated with AFM1 with the mean concentration of positive samples as 251.15 ± 71.97 ng/kg (1.10–453.50 ng/kg). The results also showed that in 68.88% of tested samples, the toxin concentration exceeded the limit set by the national standard of Iran and the European Union standard. Dietary exposure value calculated for the study population was 0.13 ng/kg BW/day. Based on calculations resulting from risk characterization, hazard index (HI), liver cancer risk (LCR), and margin of exposure (MOE) for AFM1 were 0.67, 7.6 × 10−4, and 15,291, respectively. For yoghurt consumers, results showed a significant risk for the study population regarding non-carcinogenic and carcinogenicity hazard (HI > 1, LCR > 10−4, MOE < 10,000). Yoghurt showed the highest contribution rate for AFM1 exposure in various dairy products due to its higher consumption rates, followed by milk. Based on these results, there are needs for rigorous monitoring and control of cattle feeds to decrease the risk of contamination with aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a serious threat to veterinary and public health worldwide. We investigated mastitis milk samples for contamination with MRSA and also characterized the MRSA isolates by investigating antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors. Result: We confirmed MRSA in 69 of 201 (34.3%) S. aureus isolates recovered from a total of 300 samples. Of the 69 MRSA, 19 (27.5%) were from subclinical cases, while 50 (72.5%) were from clinical cases. The MRSA showed high resistance to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (100%), trimethoprim (69.6%), and tetracycline (69.6%) while susceptibility was observed for gentamicin (100%), vancomycin (95.7%), and ciprofloxacin (91.3%). Most isolates (65.2%, 45/69) were multidrug resistant. Thirteen antibiotypes (A1-A13) were identified and the most prevalent was A8 (TMPRERTETRAMPRPR)). All MRSA produced haemolysins, caseinase, and coagulase. Lipase, gelatinase and lecithinase were found in 97.1%, 94.2% and 91.3% of isolates respectively. Genotyping revealed coa (100%) and spa (68.1%) genes. We recommend educating dairy farmers on the public health implications of consuming unpasteurized raw milk and the implementation of proper hygiene practices in dairy farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented foods, particularly fermented dairy products, offer significant health benefits but also present serious concerns. Probiotic bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), found in these foods have been strongly linked to the selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study aims to examine the potential risks associated with fermented foods, despite their importance in human nutrition, by analyzing the entire production chain from raw material acquisition to storage. Focusing on cheese production as a key fermented food, the study will investigate various aspects, including dairy farm management, milk acquisition, milk handling, and the application of good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good hygiene practices (GHP) in cheese production. The findings of this review highlight that ARGs found in LAB are similar to those observed in hygiene indicator bacteria like E. coli and pathogens like S. aureus. The deliberate use of antibiotics in dairy farms and the incorrect use of disinfectants in cheese factories contribute to the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in cheeses. Cheese factories, with their high frequency of horizontal gene transfer, are environments where the microbiological diversity of raw milk can enhance ARG transfer. The interaction between the raw milk microbiota and other environmental microbiotas, facilitated by cross‐contamination, increases metabolic communication between bacteria, further promoting ARG transfer. Understanding these bacterial and ARG interactions is crucial to ensure food safety for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antibiotic residues in cow's milk entails high risk for consumers, the dairy industry, and the environment. Therefore, the development of highly specific and sensitive screening tools for the rapid and cost-effective identification of traces of these compounds is urgently needed. A multiplexed screening platform utilizing DNA-directed immobilization (DDI) was developed aiming to detect three classes of antibiotic residues (fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides, and tylosin) prevalently found in milk. Throughout this work, each oligonucleotide sequence was conjugated to a different hapten molecule, while the three complementary strands were immobilized in 24 independent microarray chips on a single glass slide. First, the array was incubated with the pool of hapten-oligonucleotide conjugate site encoded the signal through DNA hybridization. Next, commercial milk samples were incubated with the cocktail of monoclonal antibodies following a secondary fluorophore-labeled antibody which was required for fluorescent readout. Direct sample detection was achieved in milk diluting 20 times in assay buffer. The limits of detection (LODs) reached were 1.43 µg kg−1, 1.67 µg kg−1, and 0.89 µg kg−1 for TYLA, STZ, and CIP, respectively, which represented in raw milk 7.15 µg kg−1, 8.35 µg kg−1, and 4.45 µg kg−1 for TYLA, STZ, and CIP, respectively, that are below the EU regulatory limits. Cross-reactivity profiles were evaluated against the family of structurally related antibiotics in order to demonstrate the capability to detect antibiotics from the same family of compounds. A pre-validation study was performed by spiking 20 blind samples above and below the maximum residue limits established by the EU guidelines. The system was successfully implemented towards randomized sample classification as compliant or non-compliant. The proposed DDI-based immunoarray provides a fast and cost-effective alternative to obtain semi-quantitative information about the presence of three veterinary residues simultaneously in milk samples. Antibody fluorescent microarray based on DDI. The figure shows the main steps involved in the immunoassay. First, the printing of the oligo N4-6down probe over the glass slide, followed by an incubation with a complementary strand conjugated to the hapten and finally the selective recognition using monoclonal antibodies and fluorescent quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of bacterial communities on the quality and safety of raw ewe milk-derived cheeses. Despite reported differences in the microbiota among cheese types and even producers, to the best of our knowledge, no study has comprehensively assessed all potential microbial sources and their contributions to any raw ewe milk-derived cheese, which could suppose great potential for benefits from research in this area. Here, using the Protected Designation of Origin Idiazabal cheese as an example, the impact of the environment and practices of artisanal dairies (including herd feed, teat skin, dairy surfaces, and ingredients) on the microbiomes of the associated raw milk, whey, and derived cheeses was examined through shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Results: The results revealed diverse microbial ecosystems across sample types, comprising more than 1300 bacterial genera and 3400 species. SourceTracker analysis revealed commercial feed and teat skin as major contributors to the raw milk microbiota (45.6% and 33.5%, respectively), being a source of, for example, Lactococcus and Pantoea, along with rennet contributing to the composition of whey and cheese (17.4% and 41.0%, respectively), including taxa such as Streptococcus, Pseudomonas_E or Lactobacillus_H. Functional analysis linked microbial niches to cheese quality- and safety-related metabolic pathways, with brine and food contact surfaces being most relevant, related to genera like Brevibacterium, Methylobacterium, or Halomonas. With respect to the virulome (virulence-associated gene profile), in addition to whey and cheese, commercial feed and grass were the main reservoirs (related to, e.g., Brevibacillus_B or CAG-196). Similarly, grass, teat skin, or rennet were the main contributors of antimicrobial resistance genes (e.g., Bact-11 or Bacteriodes_B). In terms of cheese aroma and texture, apart from the microbiome of the cheese itself, brine, grass, and food contact surfaces were key reservoirs for hydrolase-encoding genes, originating from, for example, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Listeria or Chromohalobacter. Furthermore, over 300 metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) were generated, including 60 high-quality MAGs, yielding 28 novel putative species from several genera, e.g., Citricoccus, Corynebacterium, or Dietzia. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of the artisanal dairy environments in determining cheese microbiota and, consequently, quality and safety. BtzRqvysXYp6yqc11nP1jY Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease often contracted through contact with animals and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Despite being the most common cause of non-malarial acute febrile illness brucellosis is often misdiagnosed in healthcare setups. The global incidence of Brucella infection is reported to be over 2 million cases annually. In Ethiopia, there are varying reports on the prevalence of brucellosis, and just a few researches have been undertaken on the prevalence among febrile patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine sero-prevalence of human brucellosis and associated factors among febrile patients attending Moyale Primary Hospital in southern Ethiopia. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 293 febrile patients attending Moyale Primary Hospital. We used convenience sampling technique. Blood specimen was collected and screened for Brucella antibody using Rose-Bengal plate test and ELISA was used for confirmation of Brucella infection. We used a questionnaire to collect socio-demographic data and to assess associated factors (S1 Table). Bivariate and subsequent multivariable logistic regression was performed to explore associated factors with the prevalence of human brucellosis. Results: The sero-prevalence of human brucellosis in this study was 13% (95% CI: 9.5, 16.5). Majority of the study participants (58.7%) were rural dwellers; 54.6% were male and the age range was from 5 to 80 years (mean = 24.17, SD = ±15.9). Higher number of sero-prevalence was seen among rural residents (19.8%) and male participants (14.40%). Drinking unpasteurized camel milk (AOR = 11.62, 95% CI: 3.85, 17.13; P = 0.000) and rural residence (AOR = 7.21, 95% CI: 2.48, 15.90; P = 0.000) were significantly associated with brucellosis. Consumption of pasteurized milk was shown to have protective effect (AOR = 6.12, 95% CI: 1.26, 29.76; P = 0.025) against brucellosis. Conclusion: The current study showed 13% point prevalence of human brucellosis among febrile patients attending Moyale Primary Hospital. Consuming unpasteurized milk, particularly unpasteurized camel milk, and rural residence was significantly associated with Brucella infection. Awareness creation about the zoonotic nature of brucellosis and the role of unpasteurized milk in the transmission of the disease is important to control human brucellosis. Author summary: Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection that poses significant public health challenges, particularly in pastoralist communities where human-animal interactions are frequent. The disease is often underdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms, which mimic other febrile illnesses, leading to prolonged suffering and potential complications. Understanding the sero-prevalence of human brucellosis and identifying associated risk factors are crucial steps in improving diagnostic strategies and guiding public health interventions. This study focuses on febrile patients attending Moyale Primary Hospital in southern Ethiopia, a region predominantly inhabited by pastoralist communities. By examining the prevalence of brucellosis and exploring the socio-demographic and environmental factors linked to the infection, this research provides valuable insights into the burden of the disease in this vulnerable population. The findings highlight the need for targeted awareness programs, improved diagnostic protocols, and strategic public health measures to mitigate the impact of brucellosis in pastoralist settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm management has a significant impact on microbial composition and may affect the quality of raw buffalo milk. This study involved a diversity analysis and traceability of the microbial communities in raw buffalo milk from three buffalo farms at different management ranks in Guangxi Province, China. The microbial composition of the raw buffalo milk and its environmental sources were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results demonstrated that different management ranks significantly influenced microbial composition in milk, with the primary sources of contamination varying across farms. The env.OPS_17 was the predominant differential bacterium in farm rank A, whereas Enterobacteriaceae, Aerococcaceae, and Planococcaceae were dominant in farm rank B. The Fast Expectation–Maximization for Microbial Source Tracking model revealed that while the sources of microbial contamination varied across farms at different management ranks, the teat and teat liner consistently emerged as the primary sources of microbial contamination in raw buffalo milk. This study provides important insights into how different farm management ranks affect the microbial composition of raw buffalo milk, highlighting the importance of improved management practices during milk production, particularly in cleaning the milking equipment and farm environment, as these are key factors in ensuring the quality and safety of raw buffalo milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two methods for assessing the purity of A2 fermented milk and β-casein genotypes in dairy cows were examined. The need for rapid and precise methods for herd screening and A2 milk quality control justified this study. Accordingly, an ELISA test was developed to identify β-casein A1 in fermented milk, and a commercial Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) was evaluated to determine A2A2 genotypes and the purity of A2 milk. The results demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test in identifying β-casein A1. The LFIA test successfully identified A2A2 genotypes and confirmed the purity of A2 milk, with a minimum detectable contamination of 5% for raw milk and 10% for fermented milk. Both tests exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity, resulting in positive and negative predictive values of 100%. The positive likelihood ratio was infinite, while the negative was zero, indicating a precise and reliable test with no false diagnoses. Compared to traditional genotyping, these methods proved to be more practical and showed potential for large-scale screening. It was concluded that ELISA and LFIA are valuable tools for ensuring the quality and authenticity of A2 milk, meeting the demands of producers and consumers for safe and healthy dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late blowing is a prevalent and costly cheese defect caused by clostridia. In organic cheese production, the use of additives that inhibit the growth of clostridia is prohibited. Furthermore, mechanical methods for the removal of clostridia are impractical in organic dairies due to the small batch sizes involved and separation process temperatures (~55 °C) that are incompatible with the standards required for raw milk cheese production. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sufficient spore reduction can be achieved at lower temperatures (10, 35 °C) with a downsized separator (CSC18-01-077, GEA Westfalia) by varying the process parameters to describe the influence on the suitability of the treated milk for cheese production. In addition to spore reduction, total mesophilic bacteria count, the effects of separation on fat and casein losses, and damage to milk fat globules were assessed, as they can affect the yield and cheese quality. A significant reduction (p < 0.01) in spore concentration and total bacteria count in milk was achieved, regardless of the process parameters employed. Casein losses are reduced at 35 °C compared to 55 °C. The extent of fat loss in the sludge at 35 °C was minimal. The reduction in milk fat globule size was significant. Nonetheless, the results of this study demonstrate that a downsized centrifuge can be employed to augment the quality of small-batch raw milk cheese, particularly at a temperature of 35 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in koumiss produced from raw mare's milk during the fermentation process. E. coli O157:H7 (Group 1), L. monocytogenes (Group 2) and S. aureus (Group 3) were added to the raw mare’s milk that would used to producing koumiss and a combination of all three pathogens (Group 4) was inoculated. These microorganisms were introduced at 106 CFU/mL concentration into the raw mare’s milk, which served as the base for koumiss production. During fermentation, microbiological and chemical analyses were carried out by taking one sample from each group at the 1st, 5th and 24th hours and at the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th days. As a result of analyzes; pH, dry matter, and protein content declined, while titration acidity and alcohol content increased. A positive correlation was found between the bacterial count and the utilized pathogenic microorganisms. Conversely, a negative correlation was observed with the count of yeast molds. Remarkably, the counts of E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus reduced starting from the fifth hour of fermentation and diminished to undetectable levels by the second day. This decline in pathogenic microorganisms below detectable thresholds during the fermentation process was linked to the rise in titration acidity and alcohol content and the decrease in pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 15% of the milk produced in the world comes from buffaloes. In this study, the microbiome and lysozyme activities of buffalo milk in the Tepecik region were investigated. Samples were taken from ten different farms and analyzed. The average lysozyme activities were 59.858 units × 10−3/mL. Taxonomic analyses showed that Lactococcus, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Anoxybacillus, Aeromonas generally constituted the dominant bacterial groups. Low lysozyme activities and Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus values showed that the milk taken from ten farms was mastitis free. The presence of Acinetobacter, Moraxella, Anoxybacillus and Aeromonas bacteria, which pose a pathogenic risk for milk, indicates that proper sanitation of milking machines are required. Pseudomonas, a psychrophilic bacterium, was not detected in most products, but was detected in very small amounts in some products. This work sheds a light on future studies that covers lysozyme activity measurement combined with DNA sequencing for food safety in dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the PRIMA project ArtiSaneFood, the microbiological parameters of several artisanal cheeses produced in the Mediterranean area have been quantified. In this pilot study, we selected four of these artisanal cheese products from Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Morocco to investigate and compare their microbiomes in terms of taxonomy composition, presence of reads of foodborne pathogens, as well as virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were the most represented genera in the Portuguese and Spanish cheeses, Streptococcus in the Italian cheese, and Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Citrobacter in the Moroccan products. The correlation analysis indicated a negative association between the abundance of some lactic acid bacteria (i.e., Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Leuconostoc) and foodborne pathogenic genera, like Escherichia and Salmonella. The analysis of pathogen abundance, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance genes showed a strong clusterization based on the cheese type, confirming that the presence of potential human health risk determinants was higher in the artisanal products derived from unpasteurized milk that underwent spontaneous fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Salmonellosis is among the most common food-born infections, caused by Salmonella spp. bacteria. Present study has investigated the frequency and antibiotic resistance pattern of Salmonella spp. isolated from traditional dairy products and raw milk supplied in Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 350 samples of raw milk and traditional dairy products were randomly collected from July to September 2018. Following culturing the samples, isolates went through biochemical tests for phenotypic identification. Results were confirmed through PCR technique by targeting invA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by means of disk diffusion method. Results: The rate of contamination with Salmonella bacteria was 6.57% in all samples. The PCR assay of all isolates showed that 23 isolates (100%) carried the invA gene. No significant association between the frequency of salmonella spp. and types of dairy and their origin was reported (P>0.05). The highest antibiotic resistance rate among the isolates belonged to tetracycline (34.8%) and the highest sensitivity was seen to imipenem, cefepime, and cefotaxime (each 91.3%). Conclusion: According to our results there has been a rise in multiple drug resistance and contamination rate in traditional dairy products in Yazd province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. In this study, possible reasons for an increased level of free fatty acids (FFA) in UHT-treated full-fat (3.5% wt/wt) milk and its effect on the frothing properties of milk were investigated. Lipolysis of raw milk from 2 different breeds of cattle (Holstein and Jersey) was induced by mechanical stress and kinetics of lipolysis were compared. Frothing capacity and foam stability of shelf-stable milk with different concentrations of FFA were determined, with a good to medium initial foam volume for up to 4 mEq FFA·(100 g of fat)−1 fat and poor foam stability with >2 mEq FFA·(100 g of fat)−1. A combination of mechanical stress and initial condition of fresh raw milk was found to trigger lipolysis and potential sources of mechanical stress during milk processing were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. There is an increasing interest in the microbiota of the dairy value chain, from field to fork. Studies to understand the effects of environmental, feed, and management factors on the raw milk microbiota have been performed to elucidate the origin of the bacteria and find ways to control the presence or absence of specific bacteria. In this study, we explored the microbiota in feedstuff, bedding material, and milk on a Swedish dairy farm to investigate the effects of feeding different silages on bacterial compositions throughout the dairy value chain. We evaluated 3 ensiling treatments: without additive, with acid treatment, and with inoculation of starter culture. The silage treatments were fed as partial mixed rations to 67 dairy cows for 3 wk each, with one treatment fed twice to evaluate if a potential change in milk microbiota could be repeated. The highest average total bacteria counts were found in the used bedding material (9.6 log 10 cfu/g), whereas milk showed the lowest (3.5 log 10 cfu/g). Principal coordinate analysis of the weighted UniFrac distance matrix showed clear separation between 3 clusters of materials: (1) herbage, (2) silage and partial mixed ration, and (3) used bedding material and milk. Surprisingly, the expected effect of the ensiling treatments on silage microbiota was not clear. Transfer of major bacteria from the silages and resulting partial mixed rations to the used bedding material was observed, but rarely to milk. The milk microbiota showed most resemblance to that of the used bedding material. Lactobacillus was a major genus in both feed and milk, but investigations at the amplicon sequence variant level showed that in most cases, the sequences differed between materials. However, low total bacteria count in the milk in combination with a high diversity suggests that results may be biased due to environmental contamination of the milk samples. Considering that the study was performed on a research farm, strict hygienic measures during the feeding experiment may have contributed to the low transfer of bacteria from feed to milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the highlands of East Africa lack the geo-ecological landmarks of Rift Valley fever (RVF) disease hotspots to participate in cyclic RVF epidemics, they have recently reported growing numbers of small RVF clusters. Here, we investigated whether RVF cycling occurred among livestock and humans in the central highlands of Kenya during inter-epidemic periods. A 2-year prospective hospital-based study among febrile patients (March 2022–February 2024) in Murang'a County of Kenya was followed by a cross-sectional human–animal survey. A total of 1468 febrile patients were enrolled at two clinics and sera tested for RVF virus RNA and antiviral antibodies. In the cross-sectional study, humans (n = 282) and livestock (n = 706) from randomly selected households were tested and questionnaire data were used to investigate sociodemographic and environmental risk factors by multivariate logistic regression. No human (n = 1750) or livestock (n = 706) sera tested positive for RVFV RNA. However, 4.4% livestock and 2.0% humans tested positive for anti-RVFV IgG, including 0.27% febrile patients who showed four-fold IgG increase and 2.4% young livestock (<12 months old), indicating recent virus exposure. Among humans, the odds of RVF exposure increased significantly (p < 0.05, 95% CI) in males (aOR: 4.77, 2.08–12.4), those consuming raw milk (aOR: 5.24, 1.13–17.9), milkers (aOR: 2.69, 1.23–6.36), and participants residing near quarries (aOR: 2.4, 1.08–5.72). In livestock, sheep and goats were less likely to be seropositive (aOR: 0.27, 0.12–0.60) than cattle. The increase in RVF disease activities in the highlands represents a widening geographic dispersal of the virus, and a greater risk of more widespread RVF epidemics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Enzootic bovine leukemia is highly prevalent in most dairy farms, and strategies to reduce both vertical and horizontal transmission are being investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the rate of in utero infection, transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to calves through colostrum and milk, and the effectiveness of colostrum and milk pasteurization in reducing BLV transmission to calves. Materials and Methods: This study included four groups of calves from seropositive and seronegative cows. Group 1: Calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 11) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 2: Calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed pasteurized colostrum and milk; Group 3: calves from BLV-positive cows (n = 16) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk; and Group 4: calves from BLV-negative cows (n = 9) were fed unpasteurized colostrum and milk. In utero infection was evaluated using blood samples collected from calves before colostrum ingestion (day 0), and BLV transmission through colostrum and/or milk was evaluated by collecting blood samples after colostrum ingestion (days 1, 7, and 30). Samples seropositive on days 0 and/or 30 were also analyzed for the presence of viral DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Results: All calves born to BLV seronegative cows (Groups 2 and 4) tested negative on days 0 and 30, indicating a lack of virus transmission via tank milk. Among the calves from Group 1, we found one in utero infection, and among the nine calves serologically positive on day 30, we found four positives by nPCR. Within Group 3, we found one in utero infection, and among the 10 calves serologically positive on day 30, we found 7 also positive by nPCR. Conclusion: The transmission of BLV through colostrum is central to the persistence of this virus in dairy cattle. Molecular detection of BLV in seropositive calves during the 1st month of life, followed by culling, may be a valuable eradication strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global issue that poses serious public health risks. This study investigated the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in raw cow milk from 18 farms in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Out of 450 samples, 134 (29.77%) tested positive for E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates (69.40%) to ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and cephalexin, while resistance to norfloxacin was lowest (21.64%). All isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), showing resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes, with a multiple resistance index >0.2. PCR testing detected the blaTEM gene in 74.19% of isolates, the highest among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The blaCMY-1 gene was less prevalent (6.45%), and the tetD gene was rare (2.9%). Positive correlations were noted between antimicrobial resistance and resistance gene presence, with a strong link (r = 1) between ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime resistance. This study highlights the significant presence of MDR E. coli in raw milk, posing a potential public health threat through the food chain. It calls for urgent measures to manage AMR, including prudent antimicrobial use, enhanced surveillance, and targeted interventions in Bangladesh's dairy sector. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern and poses a significant threat to public health. The emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms, including Escherichia coli, also presents a risk of transmission to humans through the food chain, including milk. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in raw milk in the Chattogram metropolitan area (CMA) of Bangladesh and their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 450 raw cow milk samples were collected from 18 farms within the CMA. The isolation and identification of E. coli were performed following standard bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular detection of E. coli and antimicrobial resistance genes was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). This study found 134 (29.77%) milk samples that tested positive for E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) revealed the highest resistance rates (69.40%) to be for ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and cephalexin, with the lowest resistance (21.64%) being for norfloxacin. A significant correlation (r = 1) was observed between ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime resistance among the antimicrobials tested. All E. coli isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), being resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes, with a multiple resistance index >0.2. PCR amplification showed that the blaTEM gene had the highest prevalence (74.19%) among the ESBL and antimicrobial resistance genes tested. In contrast, the blaCMY-1 gene had a lower prevalence (6.45%) among the ESBL genes, while the tetD gene had the lowest prevalence (2.9%) among the resistance genes tested. Positive correlations were observed between antimicrobial resistance and the presence of these resistance genes. This study emphasises the high prevalence of MDR E. coli in raw cow milk and its significant potential impact on public health. It underscores the urgent need for strategic interventions to effectively manage and mitigate AMR in the Bangladeshi dairy sector, focusing on the prudent use of antimicrobials and implementing enhanced AMR surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been isolated from quarter milk samples of dairy cows, raising concerns over transmission to consumers of raw milk. This study investigates whether pre-treatment before dry-off can increase the success rate of dry cow treatment against MRSA. MRSA positive cows were assigned to two treatment groups. Both groups received dry cow treatment with a licensed product. The test group was additionally treated intramammarily with pirlimycin over seven days prior to the dry-off treatment. The use of pirlimycin increased the elimination of MRSA from previously MRSA positive udder quarters significantly (96.0 vs. 53.3%). However, MRSA were still present in noses and udder clefts of cows in MRSA negative quarter milk samples. New infections were observed in some quarters in both groups. Quarters that remained positive carried the same strain as prior to treatment. All MRSA isolates were associated with clonal complex CC398. Resistance to pirlimycin associated with the genes erm(C) or lnu(B) was observed in one isolate each from new infections after calving. Pretreatment supported the elimination of MRSA from the udder but did not eliminate MRSA from other body sites. Using the treatment will not eliminate the bacteria from the herd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas are significant spoilage bacteria in raw milk and dairy products, primarily due to their ability to form biofilms and resist disinfection. This study explored the effects of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with sodium hypochlorite in reducing Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms on stainless steel at various temperatures and ages. Biofilms were formed using P. fluorescens UFV 041 in UHT milk, incubated at 4 °C and 30 °C for 2 and 7 days. Two lytic phages were compared, with UFJF_PfSW6 showing superior activity, reducing cell counts by 0.8 to 2.0 logs CFU/cm2 depending on conditions. Increasing the contact time of the UFJF_PfSW6 phage from 4 to 8 h did not significantly affect the reduction in mature biofilms. The individual treatments of the phage and sodium hypochlorite (100 mg/L) reduced bacterial counts by 0.9 and 0.6 log CFU/cm2 at 30 °C, and 1.3 and 1.2 log CFU/cm2 at 4 °C, respectively. However, their sequential application achieved greater reductions, reaching 1.3 and 1.8 log CFU/cm2 for biofilms formed at 30 °C and 4 °C, respectively. These findings suggest a promising strategy for controlling P. fluorescens in the food industry. Our findings suggest that the UFJF_PfSW6 phage combined with chlorine improves the removal of P. fluorescens biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inappropriate use of antimicrobials in dairy animals can lead to residues in raw milk and in dairy products. Foods containing residues of this nature, whether in the short, medium, or long term, cause serious health harm. Absence of these compounds in foods should be a premise for declaring safety. This systematic review aimed to identify the antibiotic residues most frequently found in raw bovine milk and the methodologies used to detect such residues over the ten years from 2013 to 2023. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed, by searching the Web of Science, PubMed Central, Scopus, and Springer databases. The search strategy identified 248 articles, and after applying the selection and quality assessment criteria, 16 studies were selected. The number of samples analyzed was 411,530, of which 0.21% tested positive for some type of antibiotic. Eight classes and 38 different types of antibiotics were identified. The most common class was tetracycline, with emphasis on sulfonamides and quinolones, which have shown increasing prevalence among residues in milk in recent years. A total of 56.25% of the studies employed rapid kits to detect residues, 18.75% chromatography, and 25% both techniques. Antibiotic residues in bovine raw milk should be a great concern for animal, environmental, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk, recognized worldwide as a nutritious and essential food, is susceptible to fraud that compromises its quality and poses health risks to consumers. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of adulteration in raw milk sold in Shahrekord City during both cold and hot seasons. A total of 100 raw milk samples were collected from distribution centers in Shahrekord and analyzed at the food hygiene laboratory of Shahrekord Azad University. Chemical parameters including water content, sodium bicarbonate, salt, formalin, hypochlorite, detergents, starch, and hydrogen peroxide were assessed for seasonal variations. Results indicated a significant difference in lactose levels between cold and hot seasons, while other parameters showed no statistically significant variance. Moreover, findings revealed a higher incidence of adulteration during the hot season compared to the cold season, with average adulteration percentages across both seasons as follows: water (54%), salt (35%), detergents (34%), starch (25%), formalin (14%), sodium bicarbonate (6%), hypochlorite (4%), and hydrogen peroxide (4%). Given these findings, relevant authorities must intensify oversight and regulatory measures to safeguard public health against milk fraud.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a zoonotic pathogen that exerts huge public health and economic impacts in the world. The severity of illness is mainly related to the serovars involved, the presence of virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns. However, data are scarce on serovars, virulence genes, and AMR among NTS identified from the human-dairy interface in Northwest Ethiopia. Thus, this study investigated the serovars, common virulence genes, and AMR patterns of NTS isolates in the area. The study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 among randomly selected 58 dairy farms. A total of 362 samples were processed to detect NTS using standard bacteriological methods. The presumptive positive colonies were confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight (MALDi-ToF). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence genes, including invA and spvC. A slide agglutination test according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme was employed to identify the serovars of the NTS isolates. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Of the processed samples (362), 28 (7.7%) NTS isolates were detected. When distributed among samples, the proportions were 11.9%, 10.5%, 10.3%, 5.2%, 4.3%, and 1.7% among cows' feces, dairy farm sewage, pooled raw milk, milk container swabs, milkers' stool, and milkers' hand swab samples, respectively. Six serovars were detected with the dominancy of S. Uganda (39.3%), followed by S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (25.0%) and S. Typhimurium (21.4%). Among the 28 NTS isolates, 100% and 21.4% had the virulence genes invA and spvC, respectively. The susceptibility profile showed that 89.3% of the NTS isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and 46.4% were resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant). Among antimicrobials, isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (57.1%), followed by tetracycline (42.9%) and chloramphenicol (35.7%). On the other hand, the NTS isolates were 100%, 96.4%, and 96.4% susceptible to ceftriaxone, azithromycin, and norfloxacin, respectively. In conclusion, we detected NTS from humans, dairy cows, raw milk, dairy utensils, and the environment (sewage), showing the potential of the human-dairy farm-environment nexus in the NTS circulation. These further highlight that the interface is a good point of intervention in the control and prevention of NTS infection. The susceptibility profiles of the isolate necessitate interventions including the prudent use of the antimicrobials. Author summary: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a bacterium that induces mild to severe life-threatening syndromes in humans and animals worldwide. The severity of NTS is affected by the serovars involved, the presence of the virulence genes, and the ability to resist antimicrobials. In this study, we followed an integrated approach involving three key sectors (humans, the food chain (food), animals, and the environment) (one-health approach), which is highly recommended in areas where their interaction is high (dairy farms). This study confirmed that the pathogen was circulating in the human-dairy interface. Six serovars were detected, which were dominated by S. Uganda, S. enterica subsp. diarizonae, and S. Typhimurium. Of the isolates, 89.3% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 46.4% were multidrug-resistant. Hence, our research confirmed that the human-dairy interface is one source of future outbreaks of NTS. The serovars, virulent genes, and resistant character of isolates are suggestive of the tendency of the infection to become more severe and the potential to induce high mortality in the community. Therefore, intervention measures have to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cow milk, which is sometimes consumed raw, hosts a plethora of microorganisms, some of which are beneficial, while others raise food safety concerns. In this study, the draft genome of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae strain Cow102, isolated from raw cow milk used to produce traditional foods in Nigeria, is reported. Result: The genome has a total length of 5,359,907 bp, with 70 contigs and a GC content of 57.35%. A total of 5,244 protein coding sequences were detected with 31% mapped to a subsystem, and genes coding for amino acids and derivatives being the most prevalent. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the strain had new allelic profile assigned to the novel 6914 sequence type possessing capsular and lipopolysaccharide antigen K locus 122 with an unknown K type (KL122) and O locus O1/O2v2 with type O2afg, respectively. A total of 28 resistance-related genes, 98 virulence-related genes, two plasmids and five phages were identified in the genome. The resistance genes oqxA, oqxB and an IS3 belonging to cluster 204 were traced to bacteriophage Escher 500,465. Comparative analysis predicted one strain specific orthologous group comprising three genes. Conclusion: This report of a novel sequence type (ST6914) in K. pneumoniae presents a new allelic profile, indicating ongoing evolution and diversification within the species. Its uniqueness suggests it may represent a locally evolved lineage, although further sampling would be necessary to confirm this hypothesis. The strain's multidrug resistance, virulence gene repertoire, and isolation from animal milk render it a potentially significant public health concern, underscoring the importance of genomic surveillance in non-clinical settings to detect emerging strains. Further research is required to fully characterise the capsular K type of ST6914. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a global zoonosis, mainly spread through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study investigated the presence of C. burnetii in two Sicilian sheep flocks that were affected by occasional reproductive disorders, as reported by the farmers. Blood, milk, ticks, and conjunctival swabs were sampled from both farms. Real-time and traditional PCRs were used to detect C. burnetii DNA, while anti-C. burnetii antibodies were analyzed using an ELISA. In both flocks, C. burnetii DNA was widely detected in blood (7.1% and 3.8% for Farm A and B, respectively), individual milk (20% and 39.4%), two bulk milk samples, swabs (66.6% and 100%), and in all tick pools. Anti-C. burnetii antibodies were found in sera (77.0% and 53.6% for Farm A and B, respectively), individual milk (92.5% and 73.2%), and bulk milk. The study showed widespread pathogen circulation, significant shedding in dairy products, and high environmental contamination. Surveillance and control measures are recommended to mitigate public health risks associated with C. burnetii in dairy sheep farms. Q fever is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, primarily transmitted through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. This study aimed to detect C. burnetii in two Sicilian sheep flocks, with no better defined reproductive disorders reported by the farmers. Blood, individual and bulk milk, ticks, and conjunctival swabs were collected from both flocks (A and B). Real-time and traditional PCRs were carried out to detect C. burnetii DNA and anti-C. burnetii antibodies were searched using an ELISA. In terms of Farm A, C. burnetii DNA was detected in 7.1% of blood samples, 20% of individual milk samples, bulk milk, 66.6% of conjunctival swabs, and in all the examined tick pools. Anti-C. burnetii antibodies were found in 77.0% of sera, 92.5% of individual milk samples, and bulk milk. In terms of Farm B, C. burnetii DNA was detected in 3.8% of blood samples, 39.4% of individual milk samples, bulk milk, 100% of conjunctival swabs, and in all tick pools; anti-C. burnetii antibodies were present in 53.6% of sera, 73.2% of milk samples, and in bulk milk. Our results highlight the high diffusion of C. burnetii in the two outbreaks, with widespread pathogen circulation, significant shedding in dairy products, and high environmental contamination, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures in dairy sheep farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cryptosporidium is an emerging One Health concern that is equally important in the public health and livestock sectors. To fulfill the aims and objectives of this review, data regarding the unique characteristics of Cryptosporidium, its transmission pathways, its life cycle, its prevalence in both humans and animals from the perspective of its zoonotic potential, water- and foodborne outbreaks due to this protozoan parasite, and associated economic losses are briefly discussed, prioritizing the latest research and quantified data. Finally, some strategies for breaking transmission pathways and future research perspectives are discussed, to show the research gaps regarding this ever-increasing threat, which is of great scientific interest. Based on the estimation of global prevalence trends, transmission pathways, and overall burden in cryptosporidiosis, better managemental policies, surveillance programs, and preventive measures can be adopted for safeguarding, following the One Health approach. A sharp rise in the global population and improved lifestyles has led to questions about the quality of both food and water. Among protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium is of great importance in this regard. Hence, Cryptosporidium's associated risk factors, its unique characteristics compared to other protozoan parasites, its zoonotic transmission, and associated economic losses in the public health and livestock sectors need to be focused on from a One Health perspective, including collaboration by experts from all three sectors. Cryptosporidium, being the fifth largest food threat, and the second largest cause of mortality in children under five years of age, is of great significance. The contamination of vegetables, fresh fruits, juices, unpasteurized raw milk, uncooked meat, and fish by Cryptosporidium oocysts occurs through infected food handlers, sewage-based contamination, agricultural effluents, infected animal manure being used as biofertilizer, etc., leading to severe foodborne outbreaks. The only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug, Nitazoxanide (NTZ), provides inconsistent results in all groups of patients, and currently, there is no vaccine against it. The prime concerns of this review are to provide a deep insight into the Cryptosporidium's global burden, associated water- and foodborne outbreaks, and some future perspectives in an attempt to effectively manage this protozoal disease. A thorough literature search was performed to organize the most relevant, latest, and quantified data, justifying the title. The estimation of its true burden, strategies to break the transmission pathways and life cycle of Cryptosporidium, and the search for vaccine targets through genome editing technology represent some future research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming the food system while addressing climate change requires proactive measures based on quantitative projections of anticipated future conditions. A key component of the food system that must be considered during this transformation is food safety, which is the focus of this paper. Milk safety has been selected as a case study. Future milk contamination levels in Europe, in terms of total bacterial counts, are evaluated under various climate change scenarios. Projections from multiple climate models are integrated into a data-driven milk contamination model, validated using data from Malta, Spain, and Belgium. The modeling framework accounts for variability among dairy farms and the inherent uncertainties in climate projections. Results are presented through geographical heatmaps, highlighting coastal and southern areas such as Portugal, Western Spain, Southern Italy, and Western France as regions expected to face the highest bacterial counts. The analysis underlines the significant roles of humidity and wind speed, alongside temperature. It also examines compliance with the regulatory threshold for raw milk, revealing an increased frequency of summer weeks exceeding the threshold of 100,000 colony-forming units. Based on this analysis, regions are classified into low-risk, high-risk, and emerging-risk categories. This classification can guide the selection of farm strategies aimed at meeting future food safety standards. By informing these decisions with the anticipated impacts of climate change, the food system can be future-proofed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections in the world. Cardiac complications of the disease are usually in the form of endocarditis, and, to a lesser extent, in the form of myopericarditis. Case: We report the case of a 34-year-old female admitted with signs of fever, nausea, and headache. The patient came from Libya, where she drank unpasteurized milk. Whright-Coombs test and blood confirmed Brucella species infection, while transoesophagal echocardiogram revealed a thrombotic mass on the tricuspid valve that required cardiac surgery and antibiotic treatment, leading to complete recovery. The second case was a 37-years-old male admitted with suspected acute coronary syndrome, where further diagnostics excluded occlusions of coronary arteries and found Brucella species infection and signs of myocardial and pericardial involvement that reacted well on treatment (combination of doxycycline and rifampicin). Discussion: Brucellosis is commonly seen in people working with farm animals or using unpasteurized milk but is still often misdiagnosed. Conclusions: Tricuspid valve endocarditis, as well as isolated myopericarditis, are rare complications of Brucellosis, which can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated on time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Artisanal raw milk cheese can be an important source of bacteria potentially harmful to humans, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance of 45 E. coli strains isolated from artisanal raw milk cheese in Venezuela. Methods: These strains were isolated according to the procedures established by the Venezuelan Commission of Industrial Standards (COVENIN) and identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method, while phylogenetic grouping and detection of 6 virulence genes (fimH, kpsMT II, papAH, PAI, fyuA and usp) were performed by PCR amplification. Strain typing was performed by Rep-PCR. Results: Of the 45 isolates, 73.3% were susceptible, while 26.7% were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. Phylogenetic grouping revealed a relatively homogeneous distribution. Phylogenetic group A dominated in 82.2% of the strains followed by B1 and D (8.9% each). Three major virulence factors, fimH, fyuA, and kpsMTII, were genetically encoded in most strains. Rep-PCR typing of E. coli strains revealed a heterogeneous population structure. Conclusions: E. coli isolated from artisanal dairy products share characteristics and virulence genes with extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains from animals and humans, which represents a public health risk. Thus, it is necessary to increase hygienic and sanitary controls, especially those involved in the production stages, and emphasize the epidemiological surveillance of potentially pathogenic bacterial strains present in unpasteurized artisanal cheese marketed in the city of Mérida, Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) detected in dairy cows raises concerns about milk safety. The effects of pasteurization-like temperatures on influenza viruses in retail and unpasteurized milk revealed virus resilience under certain conditions. Although pasteurization contributes to viral inactivation, influenza A virus, regardless of strain, displayed remarkable stability in pasteurized milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yogurt is popular as a natural and healthy food, but its flavor greatly affects acceptability by consumers. Flavor compounds of yogurt are generally produced by the metabolism of lactose, protein, and fat, and the resulting flavors include carbonyls, acids, esters, alcohols, and so on. Each flavor compound can individually provide the corresponding flavor, or it can be combined with other compounds to form a new flavor. The flavor network is formed among the metabolites of milk components, and acetaldehyde, as the central compound, plays a role in connecting the whole network. The flavor compounds can be affected by many factors, such as the use of different raw milks, ways of homogenization, sterilization, fermentation, postripening, storage condition, and packaging materials, which can affect the overall flavor of yogurt. This paper provides an overview of the volatile flavor compounds in yogurt, the pathways of production of the main flavor compounds during yogurt fermentation, and the factors that influence the flavor of yogurt, including type of raw milk, processing, and storage. It also aims to provide theoretical guidance for the product of yogurt in ideal flavor, but further research is needed to provide a more comprehensive description of the flavor system of yogurt. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality raw milk is an important prerequisite for the production of long-ripened raw milk cheeses. This implies not only the absence of pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk, but also low levels of spoilage bacteria, including dairy propionic acid bacteria (dPAB), that can cause blowing and sensory defects in cheese, resulting in severe economic losses for producers. Raw milk contamination with dPAB has been primarily associated with improperly cleaned milking systems, but dPAB have also been detected in feed, soil, feces, and on the teat skin. The objective of this study was to identify potential sources of raw milk contamination with dPAB in the barn and milking parlor environments. We also wanted to know more about the prevalence of the dPAB species in these environments and the levels of contamination. For this purpose, 16 small scale Alpine dairy farms were visited in August 2022. Samples were taken from the barn environment (e.g., swab samples, air, feed, bedding) and the milking system (swab samples, residual cleaning water, cleaning sponges, milk filters), and milk samples were collected at various sampling points along the milking system. Samples were analyzed for dPAB contamination, and results showed contamination at multiple sampling locations. We observed potential adverse effects of improperly set cleaning parameters of the milking system, as well as of farm-specific practices. In addition, we identified cleaning water residues as an important source of contamination. Based on these findings, we propose potential mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of raw milk contamination with cheese spoilage bacteria, thereby contributing to a more sustainable food production. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]