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The greener “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” methods for apremilast (APM) analysis in pharmaceutical products and biological fluids are not currently available in the literature. Accordingly, this study involves the development and validation of a rapid, simple, economical, and greener reversed-phase HPTLC methodology for the estimation of APM in prepared nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets. The estimation of APM was conducted using “RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates” as the stationary phase. The combination of ethanol/water (65:35, v/v) was used as the greener mobile phase for APM analysis. The greenness of the method was predicted using three different approaches, namely Analytical Eco-Score (AES), ChlorTox, and the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approaches. The λmax = 238 nm was used for the APM detection. By contrasting its single band at Rf = 0.61 ± 0.01 with those of pure APM, the HPTLC peaks for APM in an prepared NP formulation, nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets were identified. In the concentration range of 100–700 ng/band, the proposed analytical methodology was linear. The values of AES, ChlorTox, and AGREE were determined to be 93, 0.66 g, and 0.89, respectively, demonstrated an outstanding greener profile for the existing method. The amount of APM in the tablet, NP formulation, and nanoemulsion was found to be 98.40, 101.60, and 99.37 %, respectively. According to the findings of validation tests and pharmaceutical analysis, the suggested analytical technique could be successfully applied for the routine examination of APM in marketed tablets and laboratory generated nanoformulations.

The greener "high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)" methods for apremilast (APM) analysis in pharmaceutical products and biological fluids are not currently available in the literature. Accordingly, this study involves the development and validation of a rapid, simple, economical, and greener reversed-phase HPTLC methodology for the estimation of APM in prepared nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets. The estimation of APM was conducted using "RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates" as the stationary phase. The combination of ethanol/water (65:35, v/v) was used as the greener mobile phase for APM analysis. The greenness of the method was predicted using three different approaches, namely Analytical Eco-Score (AES), ChlorTox, and the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) approaches. The λ max = 238 nm was used for the APM detection. By contrasting its single band at R f = 0.61 ± 0.01 with those of pure APM, the HPTLC peaks for APM in an prepared NP formulation, nanoemulsion, and marketed tablets were identified. In the concentration range of 100–700 ng/band, the proposed analytical methodology was linear. The values of AES, ChlorTox, and AGREE were determined to be 93, 0.66 g, and 0.89, respectively, demonstrated an outstanding greener profile for the existing method. The amount of APM in the tablet, NP formulation, and nanoemulsion was found to be 98.40, 101.60, and 99.37 %, respectively. According to the findings of validation tests and pharmaceutical analysis, the suggested analytical technique could be successfully applied for the routine examination of APM in marketed tablets and laboratory generated nanoformulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voriconazole is used as an antifungal agent. A new rapid, simple, economical and environmental friendly Reversed -Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC) has been developed and validated for quantitative determination of voriconazole in bulk and in cream formulation. RP-HPTLC separation was performed on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60RP-18F-254S as the stationary phase using Acetonitrile: Water (60:40% v/v) as mobile phase. Quantification was achieved by densitometric analysis at 257 nm over the concentration range of 200–1200 ng/band. The method was found to give compact and well resolved band for Voriconazole at Retention factor (Rf) 0.48 ± 0.02. The linear regression analysis data for calibration graph showed good linear relationship with r2 = 0.999. The method was validated for precision, recovery, robustness, ruggedness and sensitivity as per International conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were found to be 19.99 ng and 60.60 ng, respectively. The proposed developed RP-HPTLC method can be applied for identification and quantitative determination of Voriconazole in bulk and in cream formulation.

Lafutidine (LTD) is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, with anti-ulcer and mucosal protective activity. A sensitive and selective stability-indicating reversed- phase high -performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC)/Densitometry method is suggested for the determination of LTD in the presence of its acid, alkaline, oxidative and dry heat degradation products. Stress testing of LTD was done according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines in order to validate the stability-indicating power of the analytical procedures. Stress testing demonstrated that LTD underwent acid, alkaline, oxidative and dry heat degradation; on the other hand, it showed stability towards neutral and photo degradation. Chromatography was performed on aluminum-backed silica gel 60 RP-18 F254 S plates with Methanol: Water: Triethylamine 8: 2: 0.5 (v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric scanning was performed at 276 nm. The system gave compact bands for LTD (Rf 0.67 ± 0.02). Linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots discovered a good linear relationship with r2 > 0.99 in the working concentration range 500 to 3000 ng per band. The limits of detection and quantification were 23.51 ng and 71.26 ng, respectively. The developed method can routinely be used for analysis of LTD in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Retention indices for some precursors of peraza crown ethers were determined by reversed phase high-performance thin layer chromatography on RP-18 plates with methanol-water in different volume proportions as mobile phase. The Log P values for the same compounds were calculated using different computer programs: SciQSAR, SciLogP, Chem3D Ultra 8.0, XLOGP (based on atom contributions), Chemaxon and KOWWIN (based on atom/fragment contributions), cLogP (based on fragmental contributions), ALOGPS and IAlogP (based on atom-type electrotopological-state indices and neural network modeling). A comparative study concerning lipophilic parameters (R, b and ϕ0) and computed partition coefficients has been developed. Taking into account the correlation coefficients between determined and calculated Log P values, it seems that R and b are less suitable than ϕ for estimating lipophilicity of the compounds investigated, and cLogP and ALOGPS provide the best correlations with experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica gel plates impregnated with a variety of oils including vegetable oils (olive, sunflower and corn oil) and synthetic oils (trioctylamine and paraffin oil) were evaluated and compared with the commercially available reversed-phases TLC plates (RP-18, RP-18W, and CN). A series of selected lipophilic vitamins was employed to evaluate the suitability of oils as reversed-phases for TLC and to provide different lipophilicity indices: R, scores corresponding to the first principal component of R and/or R the arithmetic mean of R and R values obtained with solvent mixture containing various concentrations of methanol in water. The retention results were excellent ( r > 0.98) and allowed accurate estimation of lipophilicity of selected vitamins and to ranking the lipophilicity of oils when comparing with chemically bonded phases. Concerning the lipophilicity scale of vegetable oils, it is worth noting that corn oil presents the highest lipophilicity, closely followed by the olive and sunflower oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An homologous series of carboxylic FA, from methanoic to triacontanoic, were characterized by selected structural descriptors based on distance matrix (W, A, 0B, ¹B), adjacency matrix (M, Mv, 0χ, ¹χ, ²χ, 0χv, ¹χv, ²χv F, N2), and information theory (ISA, ĪSA), as well as electrotopological states. Saturated FA, from pentanoic to eicosanoic as well as from heptanoic to tricontanoic acids, were separated by reversed-phase high-performance TEC (RP-HPTLC) using mobile phases of methanol/ water. The relationships existing between experimental partition coefficients (log Pexp), partition coefficients obtained from an Internet database (IAlogP and ClogPTM), and RM values (obtained by means of RP-HPTLC, where RM is the hydrophobicity index) or structural descriptors (based on adjacency matrix: M, Mv, 0χ, ¹χ, ²χ, 0χv, ¹χv, ²χv F, N2 and information theory: ISA, ĪSA) of saturated FA were investigated. Comparison and estimation of the usefulness of RM values and selected structural descriptors for calculating and predicting partition coefficients of saturated FA are the novel components of the work presented. The authors found that both values for RM and structural descriptors can serve for calculating and predicting the partition coefficients of FA investigated; but the selected traditional structural descriptors better describe the partition coefficients than the RM values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voriconazole is used as an antifungal agent. A new rapid, simple, economical and environmental friendly Reversed -Phase High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (RP-HPTLC) has been developed and validated for quantitative determination of voriconazole in bulk and in cream formulation. RP-HPTLC separation was performed on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60RP-18F- 254 S as the stationary phase using Acetonitrile: Water (60:40% v/v ) as mobile phase. Quantification was achieved by densitometric analysis at 257 nm over the concentration range of 200–1200 ng/band. The method was found to give compact and well resolved band for Voriconazole at Retention factor ( R f ) 0.48 ± 0.02. The linear regression analysis data for calibration graph showed good linear relationship with r 2 = 0.999. The method was validated for precision, recovery, robustness, ruggedness and sensitivity as per International conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were found to be 19.99 ng and 60.60 ng, respectively. The proposed developed RP-HPTLC method can be applied for identification and quantitative determination of Voriconazole in bulk and in cream formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]