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[Aims] This study aimed to quantify the degrees of movement that occur in the lower limb using a kinematic system after taking two measurements of 45° and 60° of extension at the first metatarsophalangeal joint (1st MTPJ) and to test the validity of this sensor system using radiography., [Methodology] This was a quasi-experimental test-post-test study with a single intervention group (25 subjects). Four inertial sensors were placed on the proximal phalange of the first toe, dorsum of the foot, medial-lateral of the leg (level of tibia), and medial-lateral of the thigh (level of femur). The extension of the 1st MTPJ produced movements of supination in the foot and rotation at the level of leg and thigh. We studied this mechanism in three situations (relaxed, 45°, and 60°) both with the sensors and with X-rays., [Results] With the kinematic system, there was an increase in the range of movement in each of the variables, with a value of p < 0.05. The relationship between the kinematic system and the radiography was tested using Spearman’s rho test, obtaining a correlation coefficient of 0.624 and a value of p < 0.05, and the Bland–Altman graph, with 90% of the cases within the tolerance limits., [Conclusions] The extension of the 1st MTPJ generated kinematic changes associated with supination movement in the midfoot and external rotation on the tibia and femur level. Both measurement techniques were very similar in the way that they quantified the degrees of extension of the 1st MTPJ. If we extrapolate this result to the measurement technique used by the inertial sensors, we could affirm that the values recorded in the supination and external rotation movements were reliable.

Objective: The aims that we set in this study were to analyse the kinematic and kinetic changes in the lower limbs of cyclists when using the utility model, nº of publication ES 1078023, which consists of a system of cleats with an exact omnidirectional adjustment and without oscillations between the shoe and the pedal. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental, longitudinal and prospective study with a non-randomized sampling. The sample was made up of 34 cyclists. The variables studies focused on the kinematics of each joint of the lower limb in three planes and the kinetics in the function of the angular position of the cleat. They had the Bioval® system put in place, through which the kinematic parameters were recorded at the points marked on the lower limb for 20 s. Three systems were used for the kinetics (Power Tap, Rotor and Pioneer), recording the power developed for 1 min for each of the study situations. Results: Regarding the kinematic variables, statistically significant differences were found for the three planes in all of the structures studied. As for the kinetics, statistically significant differences were also observed, both when analyzing them globally and when doing so for each of the systems. Conclusions: The variation in the rotational position of the cleat influences both the cyclist’s kinematics and dynamics.

The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship foot pain and foot disability have with HRQoL in groups of women with RA, SLE and EDS, in comparison with a control group. A cross-sectional study was carried out with females with one of these conditions and a control group. The SF-12 questionnaire was used to collect data about quality of life. The type of foot was classified according to the footprint and the foot posture index. A total of 156 patients and 47 controls participated in the study (N = 203). Neither pain nor foot posture were different between groups. The physical and mental components of SF-12 were worse in rheumatoid arthritis and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome patients, and the physical component was worse in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, compared to controls. A significant difference was also observed in the mental component between systemic lupus erythematosus and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome patients, the latter having the lowest values among the groups. We can conclude that women with rheumatoid arthritis, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and foot pain perceive a worse quality of life. There are no significant changes in foot posture. Pain and health-related quality of life are independent of foot posture.

Objective: To determine the effect of foot orthoses on pain, disability and foot functionality in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: University Podiatric Clinical Area. Subjects: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to either group A, which received custom-made functional foot orthoses, or group B, which received flat cushioning insoles, for three months. Main measures: The primary outcome was foot pain, measured by 11-point numeric pain rating scale. Foot functionality and foot-related disability were evaluated using the foot function index, the Manchester foot pain and disability, at the beginning and at days 90. Results: Sixty-six participants (age 47.3 ± 11.9 years) suffering from foot pain, received either the custom-made foot orthoses (N = 33) or the flat cushioning insoles (N = 33). For the analysis of the data, only participants who had finished the follow-up period (90 days) were included. None statistically significant difference between groups were found. In group A, all variables showed statistically significant differences when comparing the initial and final measurements. Pain showed 6.8 ± 1.6 and 4.2 ± 2.9 in group A, at baseline and at 90 days, respectively, group B showed 6.5 ± 1.5 and 4.7 ± 3.0 at baseline and at 90 days, respectively. Conclusion: Both groups showed a reduction in foot pain. This study suggests that not only controlling the foot function, but providing cushioning to the foot, may have positive effects to manage foot pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective: The aims that we set in this study were to analyse the kinematic and kinetic changes in the lower limbs of cyclists when using the utility model, nº of publication ES 1078023, which consists of a system of cleats with an exact omnidirectional adjustment and without oscillations between the shoe and the pedal. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental, longitudinal and prospective study with a non-randomized sampling. The sample was made up of 34 cyclists. The variables studies focused on the kinematics of each joint of the lower limb in three planes and the kinetics in the function of the angular position of the cleat. They had the Bioval® system put in place, through which the kinematic parameters were recorded at the points marked on the lower limb for 20 s. Three systems were used for the kinetics (Power Tap, Rotor and Pioneer), recording the power developed for 1 min for each of the study situations. Results: Regarding the kinematic variables, statistically significant differences were found for the three planes in all of the structures studied. As for the kinetics, statistically significant differences were also observed, both when analyzing them globally and when doing so for each of the systems. Conclusions: The variation in the rotational position of the cleat influences both the cyclist’s kinematics and dynamics.

Objetivos: Cuantificar los grados de movimiento que se producen en el miembro inferior mediante un sistema cinemático y a través de radiografías, tras realizar dos mediciones de 45º y 60º de extensión en la primera articulación metatarsofalángica (1ªAMTF), con el sujeto en bipedestación, respetando ángulo y base de sustentación. Así mismo, determinar el grado de repercusión provocado por la activación del mecanismo de windlass en el miembro inferior y relacionar ambos sistemas de medición. Metodología: Estudio cuasiexperimental prueba – post-prueba con un solo grupo de intervención. La muestra estuvo constituida por 25 sujetos, cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron; sujetos ≥19 años; 0-5º valgos en posición relajada de calcáneo en apoyo, 0- +5 en foot posture index; posición neutra del eje de la articulación subastragalina y un mínimo de 60º de extensión de la 1ªAMTF. Se cuantificó la extensión de la 1ªAMTF y los movimientos producidos en mediopié, tibia y fémur mediante el sistema cinemático. Y se realizaron tres radiografías en proyección lateral, una de ellas en posición relajada y las otras dos con una extensión pasiva de la 1ªAMTF de 45º y de 60º. Se compararon los cambios producidos en los ángulos Costa-Bartani-Moreau interno; astrágalo – 1º metatarsiano; metatarsofalángico del 1º dedo; inclinación del 1º metatarsiano; inclinación del calcáneo; longitud del pie completo; longitud del pie sin los dedos; altura del escafoides; altura del escafoides normalizada y truncada. Resultados: Con el sistema cinemático se produjo un aumento del rango de movimiento en cada una de las variables con un valor p<0,05. En las mediciones radiográficas se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables. Se determinó la magnitud de la diferencia entre 45º y 60º mediante la valoración del tamaño del efecto, obteniéndose en tibia un tamaño del efecto alto (0,842) y en fémur un tamaño del efecto medio (0,686). Se realizó la prueba de correlación de Pearson

Excessive foot pronation has been reported as being related to chronic low back pain symptoms and risk factors in sports-specific pathologies. Compensating custom-made foot orthotics treatment has not been entirely explored as an effective therapy for chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study aims to observe the effects of custom-made foot orthoses, in subjects with foot pronation suffering from CLBP. A total of 101 patients with nonspecific CLBP and a pronated foot posture index (FPI) were studied. They were randomized in two groups: an experimental one (n = 53) used custom-made foot orthotics, and the control group (n = 48) were treated with non-biomechanical effect orthoses. The CLBP was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS), both for lower back pain. The symptoms were evaluated twice, at first when the subject was included in the study, and later, after 4 weeks of treatment. The analysis of outcomes showed a significant decrease in CLBP in the custom-made foot orthoses participants group (p < 0.001 ODI; p < 0.001 VAS). These findings suggest that controlling excessive foot pronation by using custom-made foot orthoses may significantly contribute to improving CLBP.

Introduction Systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of heterogeneous involvement. The disease may affect feet with a high prevalence of symptoms such as, for example, pain, forefoot and rearfoot deformities, and biomechanics dysfunctions. Custom-made foot orthoses (CMFO) have been previously reported to be effective in patients with other rheumatic diseases. However, as far as the authors know, there exist no studies about their effectiveness in SLE. This study aims at determining the effect of CMFO versus placebo flat cushioning insoles on pain, foot functionality, fatigue and quality of life in patients with SLE. Methods and analysis A randomised controlled trial would compare the effects of (1) CMFO and group B, which received a placebo, flat cushioning insoles, for 3 months. The main outcome measures are foot pain, foot functionality and foot-related disability. The secondary outcome measures are fatigue and quality of life. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Portal de Ética de la Investigación Biomédica de Andalucía ethical committee 1494-N- 19. The results will be disseminated regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect.

High plantar pressure is the cause of multiple types of foot injuries and one of the main rea- sons for patient visits in podiatry and traumatology. Therefore, there is a need to acquire specific tools to address such injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the absorption capacity of selected materials applied as plantar supports and their response to pressure. The study had a cross-sectional design. A total of 21 materials were chosen and different material families were assessed, including ethylene-vinyl acetate, polyurethane foams, and polyethylene foams. Static compression tests were performed to analyze each material. The system is ideally suited for lower-force applications, small components, biomedical applications, and lower-strength materials. Damping was determined using mathematical calculations performed on the study data. It was found that materials with a low Shore A, or soft materials, exhibited worse absorption capacity than harder materials. Ethyl-vinyl acetates had good absorption capacity, polyurethane foams had a poor absorption capacity, and soft materials provided better adaption to impact. The results suggested that damping is not determined by the hardness of the material, and materials within the same family exhibit different damping capabilitie

Techniques of taking casts mainly rely not on the objectivity of the procedure, but on the experience and skill of the technician. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficiency of a technique of taking standing foot casts controlled via pressure sensors. In this way, we mean to objectivize the degree of correction. The study was carried out through 150 procedures on 50 feet of 29 patients. The value of the “Heel Symmetry Index” was calculated on three casts in three different situations of the same foot: A first cast in which the subject did not control the position of his/her foot; a second cast where manipulations corrected the foot’s pronator position; and a third cast with pressure sensors placed in the subject’s heel. This enabled the control and quantification of the pressure during the manipulation when taking the cast. The comparison of the “Heel Symmetry Index” in the different groups showed significant p-values of 0.05. Conclusion: The technique of taking casts controlled by pressure sensors achieved more equilibrated casts with a better symmetry index of the heel’s outline.

Introduction Systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of heterogeneous involvement. The disease may affect feet with a high prevalence of symptoms such as, for example, pain, forefoot and rearfoot deformities, and biomechanics dysfunctions. Custom-made foot orthoses (CMFO) have been previously reported to be effective in patients with other rheumatic diseases. However, as far as the authors know, there exist no studies about their effectiveness in SLE. This study aims at determining the effect of CMFO versus placebo flat cushioning insoles on pain, foot functionality, fatigue and quality of life in patients with SLE. Methods and analysis A randomised controlled trial would compare the effects of (1) CMFO and group B, which received a placebo, flat cushioning insoles, for 3 months. The main outcome measures are foot pain, foot functionality and foot-related disability. The secondary outcome measures are fatigue and quality of life. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the Portal de Ética de la Investigación Biomédica de Andalucía ethical committee 1494-N- 19. The results will be disseminated regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect.

Objetivo. Valorar la percepción del cansancio en los niños con pies pronadores, en relación con las modificaciones que sufre la postura del pie y la huella plantar, tras ejercicios de resistencia de tipo aeróbicos. Esto es, cómo la fatiga muscular desencadenada en estos tipos de pies, tras un aumento de las solicitaciones mecánicas, podría influir en el cansancio físico generalizado expresado por el niño. Este estudio podría llevarnos a conocer si existe alguna relación en la percepción del cansancio físico en relación con la tipología de pies. Todo ello, podría ayudarnos a conseguir una mejor comprensión y desarrollo de estrategias de prevención específicas del tipo de pie y su posible repercusión en la actividad física futura. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio de tipo Analítico, Trasversal y Observacional. 105 escolares de edades comprendidas entre 10-12 años fueron reclutados y divididos en dos grupos: el grupo casos o pies pronadores y el grupo control o pies neutros. Se valoró la postura del pie mediante el FPI-6 y la huella del pie con una pedigrafía antes y después de ejercicios de resistencia de tipo aeróbicos, para posteriormente valorar el Arch Index y el Ángulo de Clark, mediante el programa informático AutoCad® a cada huella. Los ejercicios de resistencia consistían en 6 estaciones donde cada niño permaneció 30 segundos. En cada estación fuimos calculando el número de repeticiones que realizaba el niño. Una vez realizados los ejercicios, se pasó el test del Pictorial Children´s Effort Rating Table (PCERT), para que puntuaran en la escala numérica del 1 al 10 su percepción del cansancio. Resultados. La muestra se compuso por el grupo pies pronadores (n=42) y el grupo pies neutros (n=63), con una edad media (10,46 ± 0,785). La muestra fue homogénea en cuanto a sexo, edad e IMC (p>0,05) y respecto a la variable “veces a la semana que realizaban deporte los niños” (p>0,05). Los niños con pies pronadores incluidos en este estudio se cansaron más respecto a l

Introducción: Este trabajo se planteó con el objetivo de estudiar la variación de la distensión de la grasa plantar en sedestación, carga bipodal y monopodal, y relacionar estos cambios con la huella plantar y la postura del pie. Pacientes y métodos: Participaron en el estudio 14 adultos sanos a los que se les escaneó la huella plantar en carga bipodal, en carga monopodal y en sedestación. En estas huellas se midieron el ángulo de Clarke, índice de Chippaux-Smirack, índice de Staheli, anchura del antepié, anchura del itsmo y anchura del talón, y se compararon estas medidas entre las tres situaciones de carga. Resultados: Para el ángulo de Clarke, el índice de Chippaux-Smirack y el índice de Staheli se observaron diferencias significativas en todas las mediciones, excepto la comparación entre sedestación y bipedestación bipodal en el índice de Staheli. Las correlaciones en la modalidad bipodal-monopodal fueron todas fuertes (r > 0.8). Para las anchuras del antepié, del istmo y del talón en las tres posiciones, obtuvimos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las mediciones. Se obtuvo correlación fuerte directa entre FPI y ángulo de Clarke en carga monopodal (r = 0.69), y correlación fuerte inversa entre FPI y ángulo de Staheli en carga bipodal. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio sugieren que existen cambios en la huella plantar en las diferentes posiciones. Se observan cambios en la misma, a medida que aumenta la carga., Introduction: This work aimed at studying the variation of the distention of plantar fat in sitting, bipodal and monopodal standing, and to relate these changes with the footprint and the posture of the foot. Patients and methods: 14 healthy adults participated in the study. Their plantar footprint was scanned in bipodal standing, monopodal standing, and seated. In these footprints, the Clarke angle, Chippaux-Smirack index, Staheli index, forefoot width, itsmo width, and heel width, were measured. And these measures were compared between the three weightbearing conditions. Results: For the Clarke angle, the Chippaux-Smirack index and the Staheli index, significant differences were observed in all measurements, except the comparison between sitting and bipodal standing in the Staheli index. The correlations in the bipodal-monopodal modality were all strong (r > 0.8). For the forefoot, isthmus and heel widths in all three positions, we obtained statistically significant differences in all measurements. Direct strong correlation between FPI and Clarke angle in monopodal weightbearing (r = 0.69) was obtained, and strong inverse correlation between FPI and Staheli angle in bipodal weightbearing. Conclusions: The study results suggest that there were changes in the plantar footprint in the different weightbearing conditions as the load increased.

Introducción: El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue comprobar si los niños con pies pronados obtienen resultados dife- rentes en ejercicios de resistencia de tipo aeróbicos respecto a los niños que presentan una tipología de pies neutra según el Foot Posture Index. Pacientes y métodos: Se trata de un estudio trasversal de tipo descriptivo y observacional. Ciento cinco niños, de edades comprendidas entre 10 y 12 años (10.46 ± 0.785), fueron reclutados y divididos en dos grupos: 63 formaron el grupo control o pies neutros y 42 el grupo casos o pies pronados; 51 fueron niños y 54 niñas. Se seleccionaron cinco ejercicios de resistencia de tipo aeróbico para evaluar el rendimiento motor en ambos tipos de pies, mediante un circuito previamente establecido: salto a la comba con desplazamiento, desplazamientos a 8 m de distancia, alternancia piernas en banco sueco, minicircuito en zigzag y salto con pies juntos. Se realizaron tres series de ejercicios, donde existió un periodo de descanso de 3-5 minutos entre cada serie. En cada estación se fue calculando el número de repeticiones que realizaba el niño. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos de nuestro estudio indicaron que ambos grupos obtuvieron resultados muy similares en las pruebas físicas de resistencia (p > 0.05). La muestra fue homogénea en cuanto a sexo, edad e IMC (p > 0.05) y respecto a la variable “veces a la semana que realizaban deporte los niños” (p > 0.05). Conclusiones: Según los datos obtenidos en el presente estudio, no se han encontrado diferencias significativas en el rendi- miento motor entre niños con pies pronadores y niños con pies neutros, en los 5 ejercicios de resistencia evaluados en el presente estudio, por lo que no se puede descartar la hipótesis nula de la investigación., Introduction: The main objective of this work was to verify whether children with pronator feet obtain different results in aerobic resistance exercises compared to children who have a neutral foot typology according to the Foot Posture Index. Patients and methods: This is an cross-sectional study of type observational and descriptive. One hundred and five children, aged between 10 and 12 years (10.46 ± 0.785) were recruited and divided into two groups: 63 formed the control group or neutral feet and 42 the case group or pronator feet. Of which 51 were boys and 54 girls. Five resistance exercises of aerobic type were selected to evaluate the motor performance in both types of feet, by means of a previously established circuit: jump rope with displacement, displacements at 8m distance, alternation legs in Swedish bench, mini-circuit in zig-zag, jump with feet together. Three series of exercises were carried out, where there was a 3-5 minutes rest period between each series. In each station the number of repetitions the child performed was calculated. Results: The results obtained from our study indicate that both groups obtained very similar results in physical resistance tests (p > 0.05). The sample was homogeneous in terms of sex, age and BMI (p > 0.05) and with respect to the variable “times a week children perform sports” (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that children with neutral feet did not achieve better motor performance compared to children with pronated feet in the 5 resistance exercises evaluated in our study.

[Abstract] Background: Onychocryptosis is one of the most prevailing onychopathies and one of the usual reasons for visiting podiatry clinics. In this research, we aim to evaluate the e ectiveness of a procedure of nail reeducation technique via a strip of polyethylene in subjects with stage I or IIa onychocryptosis, in which pathological toenail curves are present. Methods: This research was a randomized clinical trial (ACTRN12615000834550). The sample was made up of 94 cases of stage I or IIa onychocryptosis, according to the Mozena classification. Briefly, 46 cases were treated with the combination of a spicule technique and nail brace with a polyethylene plastic strip, and 48 were only treated with the spicule technique. Results: The combination of the spicule technique and the nail brace technique with a strip of polyethylene had a significantly lower recurrence rate compared to that achieved with just the spicule technique, twelve months after the beginning of the study (N.S. = 0.000 for = 0.05). The change in the nail width achieved with the nail brace technique, twelve months after the beginning of the study, was statistically significant (N.S. = 0.000 for = 0.05). Conclusions: The recurrence rate of the spicule technique alone was significantly higher than the combined technique of spicule with nail brace. A nail brace with a strip of polyethylene reduces the recurrence rate of onychocryptosis.

Dispositivo de metacrilato con escala milimetrada para medir la movilidad del primer y quinto radios del pie en carga y descarga que tiene por objeto cuantificar el movimiento de dorsiflexión y plantarflexión del primer y quinto radios del pie, aportando a los clínicos una herramienta de fácil manejo, pequeña y ligera, que complementaría a la habitual maniobra de exploración de este movimiento, totalmente subjetiva. Su uso principal será el diagnóstico de alteraciones funcionales del primer y quinto radios, como lo son el primer (o quinto) radio dorsalflexionado y plantarflexionado (en sus variaciones flexibles, semirrígidos y rígidos), y primer (o quinto) radio hipermóvil.

Background: The windlass mechanism was described as the effect caused by the extension of the first metatarsalphalangeal joint (1st MTPJ). Quantify the degrees of movement produced in the leg by means of the Bioval sensor system, after performing two measurements in the 1st MTPJ, 45 extension and maximum extension. Methods: Tests-post-test study with just one intervention group, performed in the Clinical Podiatry Area of the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry of the University of Seville. Subjects were included as of age 20, with a value from 0 to 3 valgus, Helbing line, a value from 0 to +5 for the foot postural index, and a localisation axis for the normalised subtalar joint. Subjects with surgical operations of the first ray, fractures and surgical operations in the leg, pathologies in the first ray and rheumatic diseases were excluded. Measurement was performed with the Bioval system by means of inserting four sensors in the bone structures involved in the windlass mechanism. Results: With the 45 wedge we observed a direct correlation among the variables extension–plantar flexion 1st MTPJ and rotation of the femur. With maximal extension of the 1st MTPJ we obtained a direct relationship between the variable extension of the 1st MTPJ and the variables plantar flexion and prono-supination of the 1st metatarsal as well as with the variables tibia rotation and femur rotation. Conclusion: Kinematic analysis suggested that the higher the degree of extension the more movement will be generated. This reduces the level of impact the more distal the structure with respect to the 1st MTPJ, which has an impact on the entire leg. Because of the kinematic system used wasn’t suitable, its impact wasn’t exactly quantified.

Purpose. This study aims at verifying whether proprioception is abnormal or not, two weeks after a grade 1 and 2 ankle sprain in the scope of work-related accident. Methods. A descriptive, observation and transversal study was designed to compare speed, movement and oscilation of centre of pressure in employees of companies signed up to a mutual company. Participants’ healthy feet comprised the control group, and feet that had undergone an ankle sprain due to a work-related accident comprised the cases group. The following stability tests were undertaken to both the healthy and injuried feet using a force plate: Monopodal Romberg test with eyes open, Monopodal Romberg test with eyes open on a 30 mm thick foam rubber, Monopodal Romberg test with eyes closed, and Romberg test as monopodal support with eyes closed on a 30 mm thick foam rubber. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. From the results of this regression model the COR curve test was performed. Results. 71.7% accuracy in the predictions was attained. The equation was as follows: Condition (injured or healthy) = 0.052·% RGC AP Movement − 0.81·MREO AP Move ment. The variable MREO antero-posterior movement was used in the COR curve methodology. The area under the curve was greater than 0.65 and at a 95% confidence interval the 0.75 value was included, which in our case was the injured subject condition. Values for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 0.667, 0.633, 64.5%, and 65.5%, respectively. Conclusion. The participants in this study showed a diminished capacity for postural control in an ankle two weeks after an ankle sprain.

Background: Cavus foot is a deformity represented by an increased and rigid medial longitudinal arch, and it is often associated with persistent pain and gait disturbances. None of the conservative conventional treatments for cavus foot have shown conclusive evidence of effectiveness, and so further is research needed to understand how to manage this condition better. This study aimed to assess the immediate and short-term radiological changes after combining static stretching and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the plantar fascia in adults with idiopathic cavus foot. Methods: A randomized, single-blinded clinical trial was conducted. Sixty-eight participants with idiopathic cavus foot, as determined by an internal Moreau–Costa–Bertani angle (MCBA) less than 125° in a lateral weight-bearing foot radiograph, were equally distributed into a neuromuscular stretching group (NSG) or a control group (no intervention). The NSG underwent a single session, combining transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with static stretching of the plantar fascia. Primary measurements of 3 angles were taken using a lateral weight-bearing foot radiograph: the internal MCBA; the calcaneal pitch angle (CPA); and the first metatarsal declination angle (FMDA). Outcomes were collected at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 1 week after intervention. Results: Analysis of variance revealed a significant group effect for all angles (all, P<.05). NSG participants showed a significant increase in the internal MCBA (P=.03), and a significant decrease in the CPA (P=.01) and FMDA (P=.04) from baseline to immediately postintervention. These changes remained statistically significant 1 week after the intervention (all, P<.05). Conclusion: The combination of static stretching and transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the plantar fascia, compared with no treatment, achieved immediate and short-term changes in the internal MCBA, the CPA, and the FMDA, which resulted in flattening the

Desde el punto de vista artístico, el zapateado conforma la seña de identidad del baile flamenco, es el principal elemento de creación musical, percutiva en esencia, y su intensidad, velocidad en la ejecución y simetría son principios fundamentales para un profesional. Desde una visión podológica, es literalmente un gesto lesivo. El zapateado es sinónimo de impacto, impactos de repetición, y de inestabilidad asociada. Se relaciona con patologías y deformidades dígitometatarsales, como el Hallus Abductus Valgus o el Juanete de Sastre, con lesiones de partes blandas y problemas articulares a distancia, en rodilla, cadera y columna fundamentalmente. En el presente artículo de revisión, se analiza el zapateado flamenco desde el punto de vista podológico, biomecánico en su ejecución, y en relación a las lesiones de miembro inferior asociadas al mismo.

Desde el punto de vista artístico, el zapateado conforma la seña de identidad del baile flamenco, es el principal elemento de creación musical, percutiva en esencia, y su intensidad, velocidad en la ejecución y simetría son principios fundamentales para un profesional. Desde una visión podológica, es literalmente un gesto lesivo. El zapateado es sinónimo de impacto, impactos de repetición, y de inestabilidad asociada. Se relaciona con patologías y deformidades dígitometatarsales, como el Hallus Abductus Valgus o el Juanete de Sastre, con lesiones de partes blandas y problemas articulares a distancia, en rodilla, cadera y columna fundamentalmente. En el presente artículo de revisión, se analiza el zapateado flamenco desde el punto de vista podológico, biomecánico en su ejecución, y en relación a las lesiones de miembro inferior asociadas al mismo., From an artistic point of view, the zapateado is an identity signal of flamenco dancing and the main element for musical creativity. It has a percussive essence and its intensity, speed and symmetry during performance are fundamental for professional flamenco dancers. From a podiatric point of view, it is a damaging gesture. Zapateado and repetitive impact are synonymous, and it also involves instability. It is related to digital-metatarsal pathologies and deformities like, hallux abducto-valgus or Taylor’s bunion, and is also related to soft tissue injuries and articular problems in different joints as knees, hips and low back. In this review article the flamenco zapateado is analyzed from both podiatric and biomechanical points of view, and its relationship with lower limb injuries is also studied.

There is not any method to measure metatarsal protrusion in the whole metatarsal. The aim of this research is to know the normal metatarsal parabola in male and female feet. The system of measurement devised by Hardy and Clapham to evaluate the protrusion between metatarsals I and II was adapted to study the whole metatarsal parabola and applied to the five metatarsals of 169 normal feet, 72 female feet and 97 male feet. Authors measured all metatarsal protrusion relative to metatarsal II. The results obtained show a female metatarsal protrusion relative to metatarsal II of +1.27% for metatarsal I, -3.36% for metatarsal III, -8.34% for metatarsal IV, and -15.54% for metatarsal V. Data obtained for male metatarsal parabola were +0.5% for metatarsal I, -3.77 for metatarsal III, -9.57 for metatarsal IV, and -17.05 for metatarsal V. Differences between both metatarsal parabola were significant.

Objective: The aim of this work was to study the relationship of torsional and rotational parameters of the lower limb with a specific angular position of the cleat to establish whether these variables affect the adjustment of the cleat. Design: Correlational study. Setting: Motion analysis laboratory. Participants: Thirty-seven male cyclists of high performance. Interventions: The variables studied of the cyclist’s lower limb were hip rotation (internal and external), tibial torsion angle, Q angle, and forefoot adductus angle. Main Outcome Measures: The cleat angle was measured through a photograph of the sole and with an Rx of this using the software AutoCAD 2008. The variables were photograph angle (photograph), the variable denominated cleat-tarsus minor angle, and a variable denominated cleat-second metatarsal angle (Rx). Analysis included the intraclass correlation coefficient for the reliability of the measurements, Student’s t test performed on the dependent variables to compare side, and the multiple linear regression models were calculated using the software SPSS 15.0 for Windows. Results: The Student’s t test performed on the dependent variables to compare side showed no significant differences (P = 0.209 for the photograph angle, P = 0.735 for the cleat-tarsus minor angle, and P = 0.801 for the cleat-second metatarsal angle). Values of R and R2 for the photograph angle model were 0.303 and 0.092 (P = 0.08), the cleat/tarsus minor angle model were 0.683 and 0.466 (P , 0.001), and the cleat/second metatarsal angle model were 0.618 and 0.382, respec tively (P , 0.001). Conclusions: The equation given by the model was cleat tarsus minor angle = 75.094 2 (0.521 · forefoot adductus angle) + (0.116 · outward rotation of the hips) + (0.220 · Q angle)

Este estudio se plantea con el objetivo principal de analizar cuáles la influencia de la diabetes mellitus en la limitación de la movilidad articular (LMA) en tres articulaciones del pie y cómo esta y otros factores (diabetes, neuropatía, IMC) a las presiones plantares. Los resultados han desvelado diferencias significativas entre el grupo de diabéticos y el grupo control (P=0.05) para la articulación del tobillo y para la ASA, y un alto porcentaje para la 1ª AMTF, así como no existen esas diferencias significativas para los picos de presión máxima. Únicamente el peso se ha relacionado con presiones mayores en el talón. La neuropatía no ha resultado se ten influyente en la aparición de LMA como la diabetes en sí misma. Podemos concluir que la diabetes mellitus es un factor de riesgo para la aparición de LMA del pie, así como la neuropatía no loes en el mismo grado. Por otro lado la diabetes, neuropatía, LMA, e IMC no influyen de forma significativa en los picos de presión plantar máxima., The aim of this research is to analyze the in-l uence of diabetes mellitus on the limitation of joint mobility (LJM), in three joints of the foot, and how they affect this and other factors (dia-betes, neuropathy, BMI) the plantar pressures. The results revealed signi cant differences between the diabetic group and the control group (P = 0.05) for the ankle joint and the ASA, and a high percentage for the 1st MTPJ and the-re are no such differences for peak maximum pressure. Only the weight has been associated with higher pressures in the heel. Neuropathy has not proved so inl uential in the development of LJM as diabetes it ́s self. We conclude that the diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for the occurrence of foot LMA and neuropathy is not to the same degree. Moreover diabetes, neuropathy, LJM, and BMI did not signi cantly inl uence the maximum peak plantar pressure.

Objective This work aims at determining the antero-posterior position of the cleat based on various morphological characteristics of the cyclist's lower limb. Method Two tests were used to quantify this position: a photograph-based one and a radiograph-based one. Both, the photograph and the radiograph were digitalized to enable measurements by means of the software AutoCAD® 2006. Two linear regression models were constructed from the variables cleat/first metatarsal distance and tip/cleat distance, which were invalidated by the low squared-R coefficient value (0.106 and 0.057, respectively). Results Participants presented almost constant values of 3.6 ± 0.8 cm for the cleat/first metatarsal distance and 0.43 for the tip/cleat distance. As the distance from the base of the cleat to the pedal spindle is 3.6 cm, it may be stated that the pedal spindle may coincide with the head of the first metatarsal by positioning the base of the cleat at 43% of the length of the shoe measured from its distal end., Objectif Ce travail vise à déterminer la position antéro-postérieure de la cale sur la base de diverses caractéristiques morphologiques des membres inférieurs du cycliste. Méthode Deux essais ont été utilisés pour quantifier cette position : une photo et une radiographie de base. Les deux, la photographie et la radiographie ont été numérisées afin de permettre des mesures au moyen du logiciel AutoCAD® 2006. Deux modèles de régression linéaire ont été construits à partir des variables distance cale/premier métatarsien et distance pointe/cale, qui ont été invalidées par la faible du coefficient R (respectivement 0,106 et 0,057). Résultats Les participants ont présenté des valeurs quasi-constantes de 3,6 ± 0,8 cm pour la distance cale/premier métatarsien et de 0,43 pour la distance pointe/cale. Comme la distance de la base de la cale à l’axe de la pédale est de 3,6 cm, on peut dire que la pédale de broche peut coïncider avec la tête du premier métatarsien par le positionnement de la base de la cale à 43 % de la longueur de la chaussure mesurée à partir de son extrémité distale.