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47. Randia hainanensis Merr. (Rubiaceae) in Lingnan Sci. J. 11(1): 58. 1932. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Hongmao Shan, 3 May 1929, W. T. Tsang, Tang & H. Fung 45 (i.e. Lingnan University Herbarium 17576) (holotype: NY 00133067 image!; isotype: A 00032356 image!). The name Randia hainanensis Merr. was validly published with a gathering “ Tsang, Tang & Fung 17576 ” in NY designated as the type (Merrill, 1932). However, the collecting number on the lable of the holotype specimen is 45, while its herbarium number is Lingnan University Herbarium 17576. Therefore, the erroneous collecting number in the designation of type is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 279, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1932) A fourth supplementary list of Hainan plants. Lingnan Science Journal 11 (1): 37 - 61."]}

Background and aims – Generic limits of the tropical tribe Gardenieae (Ixoroideae, Rubiaceae) have partly remained unsettled. We produced a new phylogeny of the Randia clade, with emphasis on its Neotropical clade comprising five genera (Casasia, Randia, Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena). The result was subsequently used to evaluate and discuss: a) the respective monophyly of the above-mentioned genera and their interrelationships; b) relationships within Tocoyena and the evolutionary relevance of its subgeneric classification; and c) the monophyly of the morphologically variable T. formosa.Material and methods – We examined the phylogeny of the Randia clade based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of sequence data from two nuclear (ETS and Xdh) and two plastid (petB-petD and trnT-F) DNA regions from 59 individuals (including seven representatives from the remaining Ixoroideae).Key results – The Neotropical clade of the Randia clade comprises three major lineages, the Randia armata subclade, the Randia-Casasia subclade and the Rosenbergiodendron subclade. Neither Casasia nor Randia is monophyletic. Tocoyena is sister to Rosenbergiodendron + Sphinctanthus and is subdivided into three lineages: the Tocoyena pittieri group, the Tocoyena guianensis group, and the core Tocoyena. Tocoyena williamsii is paraphyletic with respect to T. pittieri. Tocoyena formosa is polyphyletic and should be re-circumscribed.Conclusions – Our results demonstrate the monophyly of each of the relatively species-poor genera Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena, and confirm their close affinity. The serial classification of Tocoyena does not reflect the evolutionary history of the genus. The paraphyly of T. williamsii with respect to T. pittieri, together with their morphological similarities and geographic distributions, support the inclusion of the former in the latter. Our study calls for additional phylogenetic work on Casasia and the more species-rich genus Randia. While the respective monophyly of both genera is rejected here, future work with a broader representation of Randia is needed.

―Randia heteromera is a new species described based on studies of taxonomy and vegetative anatomy (leaf, stipule, and colleters). This species is illustrated and diagnosed in comparison to the other four similar species of Randia in the Southern Cone of America. The species grows in areas of humid forests, locally known as the humid Chaco in the southern part of its distribution (Argentina and Paraguay), and in seasonal forests in the northern part, in northeast Paraguay and the south of Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. We present a key to distinguish R. heteromera from the other species of the Southern Cone of America. The species was also compared with similar taxa, Randia nitida or R. hebecarpa, occasionally used to identify material from the Southern Cone of America. A distribution map is provided. The anatomical data studied had a taxonomic value at the species level. In addition, based on the leaf anatomy studies carried out in the present study and in previous studies, three new types of vascular tissue organization in the leaf are described for Rubiaceae.

International audience; Background and aims – New Caledonia is a hotspot of biodiversity in the world. Among the most diverse New Caledonian plant families is Rubiaceae, which consist of 30 genera containing 220 species, with a level of endemism of 93%. The tribe Gardenieae is represented by four genera, Gardenia (8 species), Aidia (2 species), Randia (7 species), and Atractocarpus (10 species). As Randia has now been restricted to the Neotropics, the New Caledonian Randia species remain unplaced within the tribe. Atractocarpus is a Pacific genus, easily characterized by long imbricated stipules, a feature also present in the Randia species and in several Gardenia species in New Caledonia. The aims of the present study are to test the monophyly of Atractocarpus and to assess the phylogenetic placement of the Randia and Gardenia species with long imbricated stipules within Gardenieae and specifically their relationships with taxa of the Porterandia group to which Atractocarpus belongs.Material and methods – We investigated 63 species of Pacific Gardenieae, with a focus on the Porterandia group, in a Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction (cpDNA: trnTF and rpl32, and nrDNA: ITS).Key results – Our study provides a mostly supported consensus tree topology of the Porterandia group. Five Gardenia and seven Randia species fall within a clade that comprises the New Caledonian Atractocarpus species, rendering both Atractocarpus and Gardenia polyphyletic.Conclusion – We enlarge the delimitation of Atractocarpus to include 12 New Caledonian Randia and Gardenia species. New Caledonia is consequently confirmed as the centre of diversity for Atractocarpus with 31 species. According to our study, three genera of Gardenieae occur in the archipelago: Aidia, Gardenia, and Atractocarpus.

RESUMEN Se estudió la composición florística, riqueza (S), heterogeneidad (H'), equidad (J') y similitud en y entre el bosque tropical caducifolio (BTC) y bosque espinoso (BE) de cuatro sitios del Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Meseta de Cacaxtla, Sinaloa, México de junio a noviembre de 2016. En el área se localizan los parches más meridionales del bosque espinoso en el noroeste de México, comparándose por primera vez en la región ambos bosques secos. Se realizaron transectos lineales de 50 x 2 m replicados 10 veces, sumando 0,1 ha, ordenando por familias, géneros, especies, formas de crecimiento cada uno de los individuos registrados y se obtuvieron valores por los coeficientes de Shannon-Wiener, Pielou y Jaccard. Resultaron 28 familias, 68 géneros y 92 especies de formas arbóreas, arbustivas y trepadoras. Las familias con mayor riqueza de géneros, especies y formas de crecimiento fueron Fabaceae, Cactaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Malvaceae; los géneros más diversos en especies fueron: Bursera, Caesalpinia y Randia. El BTC registró 83 especies y el BE 69. Los valores de heterogeneidad H' fueron altos, y variaron de 3,20 hasta 3,65 bits/ind. Los valores de equidad (J') oscilaron entre 0,74 y 0,86. La similitud, arrojó valores entre 0,338 y 0,479. La comparación entre Las Labradas (BE) y El Rancho Las Palomas resultó en una menor cantidad de especies compartidas, presentando la mayor tasa de recambio de especies entre ambos bosques secos. La composición y diversidad florística fue alta en los bosques secos representativos de la Meseta de Cacaxtla.

Se describen atributos de especies arbustivas y arbóreas, componentes del bosque tropical caducifolio dentro del Municipio de Querétaro, Querétaro. Se utilizó un muestreo aleatorio de 36 sitios de vegetación natural con criterios de exclusión. Para cada sitio se delimitó un cuadrante de 25 m × 25 m. Dentro del cuadrante se identificaron y evaluaron el total de especies arbóreas y arbustivas mayores a 150 cm de altura, excluyendo especies de cactáceas y suculentas. Se evaluaron atributos de los árboles como: diámetro basal, diámetro a la altura del pecho, altura total del árbol, altura de la copa, diámetro de copa y se estimó la capacidad de captura de carbono por especie considerando las variables climáticas del sitio donde crecen. Se observaron 22 especies de arbustos y árboles dentro las que destacan por su abundancia: Acacia schaffneri, Bursera fagaroides, Forestiera phillyreoides, Karwinskia humboldtiana, Dodonaea viscosa e Ipomea murucoides, mientras las que presentan mayor potencial de almacenar carbono son: Prosopis laevigata y Leucaena leucocephala; en contraparte, las menos abundantes fueron: Randia thurberi y Erytrina coralloides. Estos resultados son indispensables para el desarrollo y diseño de propuestas de conservación y reforestación del bosque tropical caducifolio.

Randia tafallana is here proposed as a new name for Mussaenda parvifolia Tafalla ex Estrella, a species published in Flora Huayaquilensis (1989) and a later homonymous of Mussaenda parvifolia Miq. (1867). The present status of the populations of Randia tafallana is unknown.

The Randia sepium is an extremely interesting species with its coriaceous medium-sized leaves glabrous and brilliant on both sides with 4–7 pairs of secondary nerves and terminal inflorescences, with medium-sized hirsute flowers and pubescent corolla lobes on both sides not having closely related taxon in the Mexican and Mesoamerican flora. All Randia species of these areas having coriaceous shiny leaves — e.g. R. cookii and R. chiapensis — are thorny small-leaved, nerveless, small-flowered ones with small glabrous, axillary or terminal solitary flowers. It is notable for its use, since it is applied as living fence in Chiapas (Mexico).

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a diversidade vegetal de uma área de Cerrado em Prudente de Morais, MG, bem como suas indicações medicinais. Foram feitas nove excursões à reserva da Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20”’ S e 44°09’15”’ W). O material vegetal coletado foi herborizado, identificado e incorporado ao acervo do Herbário PAMG/EPAMIG. O sistema de classificação utilizado foi o APG III. Após a identificação, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica buscando dados sobre a utilização medicinal das espécies. Coletaram-se 108 espécies pertencentes a 47 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram: Fabaceae, com 16 espécies, Myrtaceae com sete espécies, Asteraceae e Rubiaceae com seis espécies cada, Malpighiaceae e Solanaceae com cinco espécies cada, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Vochysiaceae, com quatro espécies cada, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae e Sapindaceae com três espécies cada, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae e Primulaceae com duas espécies cada. Vinte e nove famílias foram monoespecíficas. Das 108 espécies, 39 são árvores (36%), 43 arbustos (40%), seis subarbustos (5,5%), 14 lianas (13%) e seis são ervas (5,5%). Sessenta e seis (61%) espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias (83%) são utilizadas popularmente, para o tratamento de alguma doença. As famílias com maior número de espécies medicinais foram: Fabaceae com oito espécies; Rubiaceae com cinco espécies e Solanaceae com quatro espécies. As espécies que apresentaram mais finalidades terapêuticas foram: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) e Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). As finalidades terapêuticas que apresentaram maior número de espécies foram: tônico (15 spp., 22,7%), afecções do aparelho respiratório (13 spp., 19,6%), afecções da pele (12 spp., 18%) e febres (12 spp., 18%). O conhecimento tradicional sobre as plantas medicinais do cerrado deve ser mais investigado para que seja preservado, valorizado, e para que medidas conservacionistas sejam tomadas evitando que essas plantas desapareçam antes que sua utilização tradicional seja corroborada pela ciência. ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the plant diversity of a Cerrado area in Prudente de Morais, MG, and its medicinal indications. Nine field trips were made to the reserve of Fazenda Experimental Santa Rita of the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (FESR/EPAMIG) (19°26’20” S and 44°09’15” W). The plant material collected was herborized, identified and incorporated into the collection of the Herbarium PAMG/EPAMIG. The classification system used was the APG III. After identification, we carried out a literature search to find data about the medical use of the species. 108 species were collected, belonging to 47 families. The most representative families were Fabaceae, with 16 species, Myrtaceae with seven species, Asteraceae and Rubiaceae with six species each, Malpighiaceae and Solanaceae with five species each, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Vochysiaceae, with four species each, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae and Sapindaceae with three species each, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Celastraceae and Primulaceae with two species each. Twenty-nine families were monoespecific. From the 108 species, 39 are trees (36%), 43 are shrubs (40%), six are subshrubs (5.5%), 14 are climbing (13%) and six are herbs (5.5%). Sixty-six (61%) species belonging to 39 families (83%) are commonly used for the treatment of diseases. The families with the highest number of medicinal species were the Fabaceae with eight species; the Rubiaceae with five species and the Solanaceae with four species. The species showing more therapeutic purposes were: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (Moraceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Caryocaraceae), Cochlospermum regium (Mart. Ex Schrank) Pilg. (Bixaceae), Croton urucurana Bail. (Euphorbiaceae), Gomphrena officinalis Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne (Fabaceae), Lithrea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae) and Randia. armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). The therapeutic purposes indicated by the highest number of species were: tonic (15 spp., 22.7%), diseases of the respiratory system (13 spp., 19.6%), skin affections (12 spp., 18%) and fever (12 spp., 18%). The traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of the Cerrado should be investigated further in order to be preserved and enhanced. In that sense, conservation measures should be taken for these plants do not disappear before their traditional use is supported by science.

RESUMO: Antracologia e o estudo do carvao arqueologico ou de origem sedimentar a partir da anatomia do lenho. Uma correta identificacao depende de um bom conhecimento da anatomia do lenho e de material de referencia adequado. Neste artigo descrevemos a anatomia do carvao de dez especies nativas que ocorrem na Planicie Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul – Lithraea brasiliensis , Schinus polygamus ( Anacardiaceae ), Ilex dumosa ( Aquifoliaceae ), Ocotea pulchella ( Lauraceae ), Myrcia palustris , Myrrhinium atropurpureum ( Myrtaceae ), Guapira opposita ( Nyctaginaceae ), Randia ferox ( Rubiaceae ), Casearia sylvestris ( Salicaceae ) e Chrysophyllum marginatum ( Sapotaceae ). A estrutura anatomica da madeira se preservou perfeitamente apos carbonizacao, apesar de ter ocorrido reducao de massa e contracao anisotropica. As pequenas variacoes induzidas por estes fenomenos nao interferem na qualidade do carvao nem no potencial de identificacao dos taxa. Os resultados obtidos corroboram a viabilidade da identificacao taxonomica a partir da anatomia do carvao. ABSTRACT: Anthracology is the study of charcoal from archaeological or sedimentary contexts based on wood anatomy. A proper identification depends on a good knowledge of charcoal anatomy as well as on the availability of appropriate reference material. In this paper we describe the charcoal anatomy of ten woody species that occur at Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (Southern Brazil) – Lithraea brasiliensis, Schinus polygamus (Anacardiaceae), Ilex dumosa (Aquifoliaceae), Ocotea pulchella (Lauraceae), Myrcia palustris, Myrrhinium atropurpureum (Myrtaceae), Guapira opposita (Nyctaginaceae), Randia ferox (Rubiaceae), Casearia sylvestris (Salicaceae) and Chrysophyllum marginatum (Sapotaceae). The wood anatomical structure was perfectly preserved after carbonization, despite mass loss and anisotropic shrinkage. The small variations due to these properties do not affect charcoal quality nor its identification potential. The results here obtained attest of the reliability of taxonomic identification from charcoal anatomy.

Melanins have important pharmacological properties with limited applications due to their poor solubility. Soluble melanins have been reported in different organisms, but not in plants. In this study, aqueous soluble melanins, Impure (IMe) and Partially Purified (PMe), were prepared from the edible pulp of fruits native to Mexico ( i.e. Vitex mollis , VM; Randia echinocarpa , RE; and Crescentia alata , CA). IMe and PMe were tested for their phenolics content (TPC), antioxidant activities (AA), α-glucosidase inhibition (αGI) and spectroscopic features (UV-Vis and IR). Melanins of VM showed the highest TPC (222.23 mg GAE/g) and AA (ABTS 2779.30 μmol TE/g; FRAP 1203.70 μmol TE/g). Purified melanins (PMe) showed better αGI than acarbose (IC 50 = 8.38 mg/mL). The spectroscopic features of IMe and PMe corresponded to melanins and solubility may be by their complexation with carbohydrates. For the first time, plant-based soluble melanins and their remarkably high antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory characteristics are presented.

Aims Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition in tropical regions may accelerate ecosystem phosphorus (P) limitation. However, it is not explicitly addressed that how changes in soil N and P availability affect foliar nutrients and photosynthesis of plants in tropical forests. In this study, we examined the effects of N and P additions on foliar nutrients and net photosynthesis of two dominant understory species, Randia canthioides (R. canthioides) and Cryptocarya concinna (C. concinna) in an N-saturated old-growth tropical forest (>400-year-old) in south ern China. Methods A full factorial NP addition experiment (2

Two species was described as new ones and published in the second edition of the monograph: Rubiaceas de Mexico utilized illegitimate names, which turned to be invalid synonyms (Govaerts 2016). These are rectified in the following paper.

Decoctions of Randia nilotica Stapf. (Rubiaceae) have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy, anxiety, depression and psychosis for many years and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of Northern Nigeria.The aim of this study is to establish whether the saponins present in R. nilotica are responsible for its acclaimed beneficial effects in Nigerian traditional medicine.The behavioural properties of the saponin-rich fraction (SFRN) of R. nilotica stem bark were studied on hole-board, diazepam-induced sleep, rota-rod and beam-walking in mice. The anticonvulsant properties of SFRN were also examined on maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures in mice.The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ of SFRN in mice and rats were estimated to be 11.1 and 70.7 mg/kg, respectively. SFRN significantly prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep; diminished head dip counts in the hole-board test and protected mice against maximal electroshock seizures. SFRN failed to protect mice against pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures; and had no effect on motor coordination on the rota-rod treadmill at the doses tested. SFRN significantly decreased the number of foot slips in the beam-walking assay in mice with no effect on time to reach the goal box.This study provides evidence of the psychopharmacological effects of SFRN, thus supporting further development of the psychoactive components as remedies for epilepsy.

India has rich plant diversity. The people in India are using these plants for medicinal purposes. This practice is common in other developing countries also. The drugs obtained from Different of plants are used in various traditional as well as modern Practices .The present investigation is aimed at investigating the in vitro Successive solvent extract viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of stem bark of Randia uliginosa. was evaluated for antibacterial activity, against four important bacterial strains S. aureus Escherichia coli, Lacto bacillus, and Enterococcus fecalis by agar-well diffusion method. All the solvent extract showed significant activity against all the tested bacteria, The antibacterial activity is more significant in solvent extracts compared to aqueous extract indicating that the active principle responsible for antibacterial activity is more soluble in organic solvents Comparison of the inhibitory activity of the extracts with the antibiotics Gentamicin revealed that methanol extracts of Randia uliginosa was significantly higher than that of the antibiotics tested. The results suggest that Randia uliginosa. Can be used as a medicament for oral infection

Banda Aceh as an urban area tends to have a high air temperature than its rural surroundings. A simple way to cool Banda Aceh city is by planting urban vegetation such as home gardens or parks. In addition to aesthetics, urban vegetation plays an important role as a reducer of air pollution, oxygen producer, and reducer of the heat of the environment. To create an ideal combination of plants, knowledge about the ability of plants to absorb solar radiation heat is necessary. In this study, some types of flowers commonly grown by communities around the house, such as Michelia Champaka, Saraca Asoka, Oliander, Adenium, Codiaeum Variegatum, Jas Minum Sambac, Pisonia Alba, Variegata, Apium Graveolens, Elephantopus Scaber, Randia, Cordylin.Sp, Hibiscus Rosasinensis, Agave, Lili, Amarilis, and Sesamum Indicum, were examined. The expected benefit of this research is to provide information for people, especially in Banda Aceh, on the ability of each plant relationship in absorbing heat for thermal comfort in resid...

Randia brevituba is a new species of the Paranean region of Argentina and Paraguay. It differs from the closest species, R. ferox, which is sympatric, in having short corolla tubes of 4.7‐5.4 mm in the pistillate flowers and 2.8‐7.9 mm in the staminate flowers, calyx lobes varying in shape and size in the same pistillate flower, and globose fruits 14‐17 mm long (versus corolla tubes of 25.0‐27.0 and 22.6‐34.0 mm long, respectively, calyx lobes equal in shape and size, and fruit 3‐5 cm and ovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose in R. ferox). We also discuss the taxonomic concept and geographic distribution of Randia armata, and conclude that it is markedly different from R. brevituba and the other species in the Southern Cone studied here, and moreover, that it does not occur in the Southern Cone. We provide a taxonomic key to distinguish the new species from other species of Randia in the Southern Cone of America. Fil: Judkevich, Marina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Salas, Roberto Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina Fil: Keller, Hector Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentina

The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antimicrobial, antidiarroheal, anthelminthic activity of methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether extract of whole plant of Randia uliginosa Retz. (Family- Rubiaceae) by in vivo and in vitro test. Different crude extracts of Randia uliginosa Retz. have been shown to possess phytoconstituents including carbohydrates, alkaloid, glycosides, steroids, tannins and saponin. Concentration 50 mg/mL of methanol extract showed maximum anthelminthic activity which is comparable to the standard (Piperazine Citrate, 10 mg/mL). Methanol extract of R. uliginosa at a dose of 30 μL/disc showed maximum antimicrobial activity. Significant (p

RESUMO Uma nova espécie de Rubiaceae para a Floresta Atlântica do estado do Rio de Janeiro é descrita e ilustrada baseada em recentes coleções procedentes do Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.

Patterns of diversity and community organisation of woody species ofsavannahs in Roraima, northern Brazil, were investigated, to relate structuraldata with edaphic factors and to analyse floristic relationships usingclassification and ordination techniques. The species studied refer to aninventory of 45 plots of 150 × 10 m (0.15 ha)distributed in the Roraima savannahs. We identified 13,410 woody individuals,belonging to 30 families, 52 genera and 71 species. The percentage of rarespecies is high, 58%. The richness, diversity, density and basal area of thestudied plots suggest that Roraima savannahs are poor in species. The mostimportant species include element dwarf shrubs (Byrsonimaverbascifolia, Tibouchina aspera andCassia obtusifolia), shrubby (Psidiumguianense, Randia formosa, Caseariasylvestris, Erythroxylum suberosum,Tocoyena formosa and Mimosamicrocephala) and arboreal (Curatellaamericana,B. crassifolia, B. coccolobifolia,Bowdichia virgilioides, Roupalamontana, Antonia ovata, Genipaamericana, Vitex schomburgkiana,Peltogyne campestris, Xylopiaaromatica and Himatanthus articulatus).Correlation between edaphic factors and vegetation indices reveal that densityseems to be more sensitive to edaphic factors than to basal area and diversity.Density correlated significantly with levels of Al, K and the quantity of sandin the soil. Edaphic factors can explain the distribution and importance ofsomespecies, such as: B. virgilioides, R.montana and P. guianense. Classificationanalysis tended to confirm PCA results, separating Roraima savannahs into threelarge clusters. This suggests that ecological differentiation is based not onlyon species density but also on basal area. Ordination describes floristicvariation but does not identify all edaphic gradients.

Fil: Judkevich, Marina Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Salas, Roberto Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: González, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Se presenta una revisión de las especies argentinas de Randia. A partir de este estudio se reconocen tres especies: R. ferox, R. micracantha y R. calycina, siendo ésta última una nueva cita para el país. Se propone excluir del país a R. armata, especie amplia y erróneamente citada para el área. Se analizaron aspectos taxonómicos, la anatomía vegetativa y morfología polínica de las tres especies. Todos los taxones son descritos y diferenciados a través de una clave dicotómica. Se incluyen además imágenes de los caracteres diagnósticos de las especies, mapa de distribución y observaciones ecológicas. Se proponen lectotipos para los nombres de los taxones Basanacantha, R. calycina y R. ferox. Randia micracantha var. glabra es tratada como un nuevo sinónimo de Randia micracantha. Se determinó que algunos caracteres anatómicos y polínicos son útiles para la diferenciación de las especies argentinas. Revision of Randia (Rubiaceae) in Argentina, taxonomy and morpho-anatomy. A revision of the Argentinian species of Randia is presented. According to this study, three species are recognized: R. ferox, R. micracantha and R. calycina, the latter being a new record for the country. It is here proposed exclude Randia armata from the country, a species that is widely and erroneously cited for the area. Taxonomic aspects, vegetative anatomy and pollen morphology of the three species are analyzed. All taxa are described and differentiated through a dichotomous key. Images of diagnostic characters, a distribution map, and ecological observations are included. Lectotypes for the taxon names Basanacantha, R. calycina and R. ferox are proposed. It is proposed to Randia micracantha var. glabra is treated as a new synonym for Randia micracantha. It was determined that certain anatomic and pollen characters are useful for differentiating the species occurring in Argentina.

Relationships among 38 taxa of Randia (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae) are estimated using nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the 5S non-transcribed spacer (5S-NTS), and six morphological characters. In addition to Randia, 13 species from eight related genera in Gardenieae (four African, four neotropical) formed the ingroup. Three species from three more distantly related genera in Gardenieae (one African, two neotropical) were chosen as the outgroup. Representatives of the African ingroup genera Calochone, Macrosphyra, Oligocodon and Preussiodora formed a well supported monophyletic group as did the neotropical genera Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus and Tocoyena. Only when including morphological characters did Randia form a monophyletic group corresponding approximately to contemporary circumscription of the genus, but in this analysis Casasia appears sister to a group of Mexican, Central American, and Antillean Randia. There is no strong jackknife support, however, for either Randia or Casasia to be monophyletic. It is concluded that Randia is comprised of several distinct groups, each with its own geographical distribution. One group of Mexican, Central American, and Antillean Randia, including the type species, can be recognized as Randia in a strict sense. Two other South American groups can be recognized as separate taxa. One of these groups comprises mainly lowland species, and the second is comprised of strictly Andean species.

Phylogenetic relationships of 38 species of the Alibertia group (Rubiaceae) and two outgroup species were investigated using the nuclear ribosomal 5S nontranscribed spacer (5S-NTS) and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS). Analysis of the data sets separately and in combination resulted in several well-supported and congruent groupings. However, the three analyses yielded different results as to the branching order of the basal clades. With the exception of Alibertia hispida, the species in the genus Alibertia appear in one weakly to moderately supported clade. This clade is in turn composed of two strongly supported subclades. One comprises several Alibertia species, including the type (A. edulis), three Borojoa species, and Randia tessmannii. The other subclade consists of Alibertia species only. This division is also generally supported morphologically by fruit size, corolla size, number of corolla lobes, and pollen aperture (porate vs. colporate). The sister group to the Alibertia clade comprises Duroia with Amaioua species internested. The close relationship of Ibetralia and Kutchubaea is corroborated. In addition, Alibertia hispida is a member of this strongly supported clade. Likewise, the two "Genipa" species are supported as a monophyletic group in 100% of the bootstrap replicates. It is concluded that the 5S spacer is superior to the commonly used ITS region in terms of resolution and robustness among closely related taxa.

Ursolic acid (1), pseudoginsenoside-RP 1 (2), and pseudoginsenoside-RT 1 (3) were isolated from the fruit of Randia siamensis. 13 C NMR spectroscopy was particularly useful in confirming the structures of these components. Studies with rats showed that saponin 3 caused a decrease in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate and an increase in spontaneous contractility of the uterus. Also, a crude ethanol extract of the fruit of R. siamensis exhibited acute ichthyotoxic activity.

The methanol extract of Randia hebecarpa. Benth. (Rubiaceae) leaves was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan- and dextran-induced rat paw edema models. Antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and of the fractions resulting from its partition were also measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and the linoleic acid peroxidation method. The methanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and hydromethanol fraction exhibited percent inhibition of lipid peroxidation comparable to that of commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Fractionation of the ethyl acetate and hydromethanol fractions through chromatographic methods yielded kaempferol-3, 7-O.-α.-L-dirhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O.-β.-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-O.-β.-D-galactoside, myricetin-3-O.-α.-L-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O.-α.-L-rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)-β.-D-galactosyl-7-O.-α.-L-rhamnoside, quinovic acid-3-O.-β.-D-quinovopyranosil-28-O.-β.-D-glucopyranoside, cincholic acid ...

A fin de evaluar la posibilidad de reducir costos de alimentación en cultivo de Ramdia quelen, se realizaron dos ensayos experimentales. Uno orientado al cálculo de la digestibilidad in vivo de diferentes dietas con el fin de analizar como afecta el remplazo de la harina de pescado en su digestibilidad proteica. Por otro lado, un ensayo de crecimiento en jaulas para calcular su desempeño productivo. Ambas experiencias fueron realizadas en el Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Acuícola (provincia de Corrientes, 27°32´S,58°30´W)utilizando dos dietas experimentales (15 y 11 por ciento de harina de pescado)junto a un Control (20 por ciento). Para los estudios de digestibilidad se utilizó Cr2O3 como marcador inerte, recolectando las heces en tanques cilindro-cónicos de 150 L conectados a una columna de decantación. Sólo fueron observadas diferencias significativas utilizando p=0,1 (P = 0,0764)en los valores de CDA de la proteína obtenidos entre el Control y la D2, sin observarse diferencias entre estas y la D1. La experiencia en campo se desarrolló en jaulas de 1 m3, con peces de un Peso Inicial promedio aproximado de 28 g, a una densidad de 300 individuos/jaula,durante 197 días de cultivo. Los Pesos Finales promediaron 302,81; 287,07 y 273,39 g para las dietas Control, D1 y D2, respectivamente, observando diferencias significativas (P menor a 0.05)en el IPD, la TEP obtenida con la dieta Control superó a la de la D2 (P menor a 0.05)y no observándose diferencias significativas (P mayor a 0.05)en el FCR alcanzado con las diferentes dietas. Al analizarse los rendimientos obtenidos y los costos de las raciones suministradas, puede evidenciarse que si bien a medida que se reemplaza la proteína de origen animal, el precio por tonelada de dieta elaborada se reduce levemente,este se incrementa al analizar el costo del alimento por tonelada de pescado producido debido a un menor desempeño productivo de los peces.

raditional snake bite healers, farmers and Fulani cattle rearers in some local government areas of Sokoto State were interviewed through the use of structured questionnaires for the various ways they manage snake bite in their livestock. Almost all of them use plants either for prophylaxis, treatment or as repellants. Prophylactic treatment is only practiced in humans, while first aid treatment and post-treat mental care are given to both humans and animals. Most of the farmers and rearers (90%) interviewed directly or indirectly depend on traditional healers. Usually, a combination of two or three plants is mixed in acidic medium, usually sour milk (nono); and in some cases, a single plant is used. Dried leaves, roots or stem back are the parts used. The most commonly used plants include: Tunfafiya (Calotropis procera), Marke (Anogeissus leiocarpus), Magarya (Zizipus mauritiana), Tafarnuwa (Allium sativum), Kukuki (Sterculia tomentosa), Chibra (Randia nilotica), Nunu/Danya (Spondias spp.), Bagaruwa (Acacia nilotica), Gwanda (Carica papaya), Kalgo, Kuna-kuna, gawasa, Kanya (Ebenaceae Diospyros mispiliformis), Tsada (Ximenia Americana), Harwatsi and Taura (Detarium senegalense). Previous research showed that these plants contained anti-inflammatory, antibiotics, analgesic and other bioactive compounds that can be purified and further standardized for use in both human and animals, especially in the rural dwellings where anti- venom is almost absent, expensive and unaffordable. Key words: North-western Nigeria, cattle rearers, medicinal plants, snakes, traditional healers, villages.

Analgesic activities of Randia siamensis CRAIB (R. siamensis) extract and pseudoginsenoside-RP1, a constituent of the extract, were examined in the writhing test, hot plate test and Randall-Selitto test. Oral administration of R. siamensis extract dose-dependently decreased the number of writhings and stretchings induced by 0.6% acetic acid in the writhing test in mice. Moreover, in the Randall-Selitto test in rats, the extract raised the nociceptive threshold of the carrageenan-inflamed but not of non-inflamed paw. It did not affect the nociceptive response in the hot plate test in mice. The R. siamensis extract did not affect hexobarbital-induced sleep or spontaneous motor activity in mice, suggesting that it has no sedative effect. Pseudoginsenoside-RP1 produced similar effects to the R. siamensis extract, but its effective doses in the analgesic tests were lower than those with the extract. These results suggest that R. siamensis extract produces anti-nociceptive actions similar to those of a peripherally acting analgesic drug aspirin, and that pseudoginsenoside-RP1 may partly contribute, but is not the main contributor, to the antinociceptive action of the extract.

Schistosomiasis is an important parasitic disease in the tropics. Praziquantel is unable to treat the migrating juvenile which stressed the need for new drugs. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a plant (Randia nilotica) used traditionally to treat migrating juvenile form of schistosoma mansoni. Methods: Sets of experiments were carried out using both aqueous and methanol extracts of R. nilotica and Praziquantel drug to evaluate their efficacy against migrating schistosomulae by different routes of administration and regimens. First group given was 1 ml of 10 000 ppm of aqueous extract orally and intrapratonially from day 2-8 post infection. Second group was given three doses of 1 ml of 500 ppm of methanol extract on day 7, 21 and 35 after infection. The third group of mice was given 7 doses of Praziquantel at 60 mg /kg orally from day 2-8 post infection. Results: It resulted in significant reduction in total worm burden at 50% and 73% respectively. The size of worms was very small. Obvious reduction result in mean eggs counts in liver and intestine per mouse in first group. The total worm burden reduction was 83% but the worms were normal, very active (high motility rate) and no dead worms in second group. The third group of mice, showed non significant reduction in total worm burden which was (29%).The worms were normal, very active. Conclusion: We concluded that the aqueous extract of R. nilotica is highly effective against immature worms of S. mansoni. Keywords: worms burden, intrapretonial, cirrhosis.

Phytophagous mites from natural vegetation have been scarcely studied in Venezuela. Surveys were carried out from March 2007 to November 2008 to determine diversity of phytophagous mites inhabiting in different plant taxa in Iribarren, Jiménez, Palavecino, Morán and Crespo municipalities from Lara state, Venezuela. In each sampling site, a 500 m- transect was established and the most frequent plant species were sampled. In field, 15 leaves were examined for mite presence by using hand lens. In laboratory, plant material was examined under magnification and mite morpho-species belonging to tetranychid and tenuipalpid were picked up. A total of two tenuipalpid species and eight tetranychid species were identified. Tenuipalpid mites identified were Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) on Cassia siamea (Caesalpinaceae), Capparis linearis (Capparidaceae), Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae), Randia sp. (Rubiaceae), Melicoccus bijugatus (Sapindaceae) and Tenuipalpus sp. was collected from Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). On the other hand, tetranychid included Tetranychus urticae Koch on Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae), Euphorbia pulcherrima (Euphorbiaceae) and Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Mimosaceae). Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) on Lycopersicon sp. (Solanaceae), Ipomoea sp., Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae) and Leonotis nepetifolia (Lamiaceae). Tetranychus desertorum Banks on Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae). Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) on C. siamea, Chlorophora tinctoria (Moraceae), Dalechampia sp. (Euphobiaceae) and Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae). Eotetranychus cf. willamettei on Sterculia apetala (Sterculiaceae). Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) on Clitoria sp. (Papilionaceae) and Ziziphus cyclocardia (Rhamnaceae). Oligonychus sp. on S. campanulata and Neotetranychus gloriosus Estebanes & Baker on Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae). In this study, B. phoenicis is recorded for the first time on C. siamea, S. campanulata, Randia sp. and M. bijugatus for Venezuela. Los ácaros fitófagos de especies vegetales no cultivadas han sido poco estudiados en Venezuela. Desde marzo 2007 hasta noviembre del 2008, se realizaron muestreos para determinar la diversidad de ácaros fitófagos habitantes de diferentes taxa vegetales en los municipios Iribarren, Jiménez, Palavecino, Morán y Crespo en el estado Lara, Venezuela. En cada sitio de muestreo, se trazó una transecta de 500 m de longitud donde fueron muestreadas las plantas más frecuentes. En el campo, 15 hojas fueron examinadas para determinar la presencia de ácaros con el uso de una lupa de mano. En el laboratorio, el material vegetal fue examinado bajo aumento de una lupa estereoscopio para seleccionar las morfo-especies de tetraníquidos y tenuipálpidos. Se identificaron dos especies de Tenuipalpidae y ocho de Tetranychidae. Los ácaros tenuipálpidos identificados fueron Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) sobre Cassia siamea (Caesalpinaceae), Capparis linearis (Capparidaceae), Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae), Randia sp. (Rubiaceae), Melicoccus bijugatus (Sapindaceae) y Tenuipalpus sp. fue colectado sobre Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae). Por otra parte, las especies de tetraníquidos incluyeron a Tetranychus urticae Koch sobre Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae), Euphorbia pulcherrima (Euphorbiaceae) y Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Mimosaceae). Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) sobre Lycopersicon sp. (Solanaceae), Ipomoea sp., Convolvulus sp. (Convolvulaceae) y Leonotis nepetifolia (Lamiaceae). Tetranychus desertorum Banks sobre Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae). Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor) sobre C. siamea, Chlorophora tinctoria (Moraceae), Dalechampia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) y Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae). Eotetranychus cf. willamettei sobre Sterculia apetala (Sterculiaceae), Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) sobre Clitoria sp. (Papilionaceae) y Ziziphus cyclocardia (Rhamnaceae). Oligonychus sp. sobre S. campanulata y Neotetranychus gloriosus Estebanes & Baker sobre Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae). En el presente estudio, se registra por primera vez a B. phoenicis sobre C. siamea, S. campanulata, Randia sp. y M. bijugatus en Venezuela.

Introduction:The efficacy of Methanol extract of R. nilotica plant in treatment of mansonial schistosomiasis in comparison with praziquantel drug in mice has been evaluated. Objective:To investigate how Randia nilotica eradicates schistosoma mansoni. Materials and Methods: The extract of Randia nilotica was obtained by a routine measurement. Cercariae of S. mansoni were obtained by infecting Biomphalaria pefeffri snails with miracidia. Fecal eggs were detected by the standard methods Mice were infected by 150 cercariae for each mouse using paddling method. The worms were recovered from those infected mice from the mesenteric and portal veins by the perfusion techniques and were incubated in Bueding medium at 37 C°. The same experiment was repeated after adding graded concentrations of the methanol extract to the medium. Quantitative analysis of glucose in the media was carried out. Results:The mean percentage of glucose uptake by the normal worms from the medium after four hrs of incubation was 36% where as that of worms exposed to different concentrations (50 ppm, 500 ppm, 2000 ppm & 5000 ppm) of methanol extract of R. nilotica were 26% , 8%, 6%, 5% respectively. Conclusion: The inhibition of glucose uptake by this extract may be a major factor in the eradication of the worms. However, reaching that conclusion mandates prior knowledge of the effects of the R. nilotica on the enzymes and substrates of the glycolitic process of S. mansoni. The possibility of purifying an extract as a new drug against S. mansoni from this plant has to be considered Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 2 (2) 2007: pp. 111-114

In this work a key is presented to assist in the identification of the 96 species (comprising 36 genera) of Rubiaceae occurring in the "Los Tuxtlas" region of Veracruz, Mexico. Some basic aspects of the geographic distribution and economic importance of the Rubiaceae are presented together with a bibliographic revision of the main taxonomic and floristic works dealing with the family in the area of southern Mexico. Genera with the greatest number of species are: Hoffinannia (8), Psychotria (27), Randia (10), and Rondeletia (7).

Randia mitis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1192. 1753. "Habitat in Jamaica." RCN: 1192. Lectotype (Lorence in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 80. 1993): [icon] "Lycium majus Americanum, Jasmini flore, foliis subrotundis lucidis" in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 97, f. 6. 1691; Almag. Bot.: 234. 1696. Generitype of Randia Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 129. 1929). Current name: Randia aculeata L. (Rubiaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part R), pp. 785-805 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 785, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Introduction : Schistosomiasis is an important parasitic disease in the tropics. Emergence of praziquantel-resistence strains urged the need for new drugs. Objective : To scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of a plant ( Randia nilotica ) used traditionally to treat schistosomiasis . Methods : Albino mice were experimentally infected with single dose of 150 cercariae of the Sudan strain of Schistosom mansoni . All the cercariae penetrated the shaved tail of the mouse. The mice were treated with single i.p (intraperitoneal) dose of 1 ml of R. nilotica methanol extract (prepared from fruit part of the plant) in concentration of 5000 ppm and double doses through the same route of administration with 1 ml of R. nilotica methanol extract in concentrations of 1000 and 500 ppm. Results : This resulted in total worm burden reductions at 87% 76% 68% respectively. The reductions in female worm burden were 99%, 97%, and 95% respectively. Oral administration with the same concentrations (single dose of 5000 ppm and double doses of 1000 and 500 ppm) resulted in total and female worm burden reductions. There was obvious reduction in the number of eggs in liver and intestinal tissues of the treated mice and improvement of their health when compared with the control group Conclusion : We conclude that the methanol extract of R. nilotica is effective against S. mansoni. Sudan Journal of Medical Science Vol. 1 (2) December 2006: 103-108

Foi realizado um inventário florístico das espécies arbóreo-arbustivas presentes em uma das unidades de vegetação que compõem a paisagem de savanas do Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. Esta unidade é caracterizada por ser densamente colonizada por ninhos do cupim Cornitermes ovatus Emerson. Foram observadas 29 espécies (15 famílias botânicas) em três localidades utilizadas para a amostragem. O total de espécies, por localidade, variou de 12 a 20. As espécies mais abundantes foram Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC. e Mimosa microcephala Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (subarbustivas), Byrsonima cf. intermedia A. Juss. e Randia formosa (Jack.) K. Schum. (arbustivas) e, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. e Curatella americana L. (arbóreas). Oito espécies são comuns às três localidades. A diversidade medida pelo Índice de Shannon (H') foi baixa para todos os locais amostrados (

Bioactivity-directed fractionation of the n-butanol extract of fresh fruits of Randia siamensis led to the isolation of 4 new ginsenosides: pseudoginsenosides-RT2, -RT3, -RT4 and -RT5, together with 7 known compounds. Tyramine was found to be responsible for the hypertensive activity, whereas pseudoginsenosides-RT1 and -RP1 were responsible for the hypotensive activity. The structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Three new species of South American Randia (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae) are described and illustrated: Randia wigginsii Standley ex Gustafsson from montane tropical forests in Ecuador and northern Peru is mainly recognized by its tomentose to velutinous corolla tube and the lanate-velutinous pedicels and fruits. The possible features of being unarmed and having single male flowers are discussed. Randia pubistyla Gustafsson from lowland tropical dry forests in western Ecuador and Colombia is recognized by its puberulous style, the tomentose to puberulous fruits that usually are crowned by a calyx with reflexed lobes, and by the small thorns. Randia longifolia Gustafsson from lowland tropical humid forests in western Ecuador is mainly recognized by its relatively large, glabrous corolla, the linear calyx lobes, and by the reticulate finer vasculature on the abaxial surface of the leaves. The affinities for each species are discussed. Randia is a neotropical genus of approximately 90 species ranging from ca. 30'N to 30'S. In South America and the Caribbean there are approximately 45 species. The genus is represented by shrubs, trees, and lianas in deciduous and evergreen vegetation from sea level to about 3300 m elevation. Randia can be recognized from other members of the Gardenieae by the following combination of characters: dioecious (female flowers with nonfunctional stamens, male flowers with a nonfunctional stigma and rudimentary ovary), pollen in permanent tetrads, a unilocular ovary with two parietal placentas, fruits with many discoid seeds embedded in a sweet pulp that turns dark when dry, thorns, and conspicuous short-shoots with clustered stipules and leaves. There are, however, exceptions. Monoecious and hermaphroditic species have been reported (Lorence & Dwyer, 1987; Burger & Taylor, 1993), pollen in dyads or monads have been reported (Burger & Taylor, 1993), some species are unarmed (Burger & Taylor, 1993; pers. obs.), and sometimes the short-shoots are less conspicuous (Burger & Taylor, 1993; pers. obs.). Within the genus there is also variation in the structure of the inflorescence. The inflorescences are usually terminal but sometimes axillary or cauliflorous (Burger & Taylor, 1993). Female flowers are usually solitary but sometimes in fascicles of 2 to 8 flowers (Burger & Taylor, 1993). The male flowers are usually in fascicles with a few to several flowers but sometimes form cymes with many flowers (Lorence & Nee, 1987; Lorence & Dwyer, 1987) and are sometimes solitary. This large variation makes it difficult to understand which genus has the closest affinities to Randia. Robbrecht and Puff (1986) discussed that all genera in Gardenieae with pollen shed in permanent tetrads may represent a natural group. This gained support in a phylogenetic analysis by Persson (1996) but was contradicted by Andreasen and Bremer (1996, in press) and Persson (in press), who discussed that pollen in tetrads may have arisen several times in Gardenieae. In Persson's (1996) analysis Casasia gained support as sister to Randia, but the later mentioned analyses did not point out any strongly supported sister to Randia. Other neotropical genera that in these analyses (Andreasen & Bremer, 1996, in press; Persson, in press) grouped together with Randia and Casasia as possible relatives were Rosenbergiodendron, Sphinctanthus, and Tocoyena. Sphinctanthus and Tocoyena were not included in the analyses by Andreasen and Bremer (1996, in press). In this group the genus with the morphologically nearest affinities to Randia is Casasia by being dioecious and having pollen in tetrads. Lorence (1986) and Lorence and Dwyer (1987) discussed the morphological features in Casasia and Randia and also expressed doubt (Lorence & Dwyer, 1987) whether Casasia can be maintained as a valid genus. More phylogenetic studies in Gardenieae need to be done in order to find the monophyletic group to which Randia belongs. The taxonomical work in Randia is complicated by the intraspecific variation in size and shape of leaves, calyx lobes, degree of pubescence, persistence of stipules and calyx, and number of thorns. NOVON 10: 201-208. 2000. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 07:14:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A new genus and species, Stenosepala hirsuta, of the Alibertia group (Gardenieae, Rubiaceae), from northern Colombia and southern Panama, is described and illustrated. The new taxon is distinguished from closely related genera by its needle-like calyx lobes, persistent triangular and aristate stipules, large thyrses in male individuals, and its very hirsute ovary in female flowers. In a recent phylogenetic study of the pantropical tribe Gardenieae, I included a previously undescribed taxon from northern Colombia and southern Panama (Persson, 2000 a). Just like the genera in Gardenieae, the new taxon is characterized by having indehiscent fruits with numerous seeds in a placental pulp, and corollas with contorted aestivation. This phylogenetic study using chloroplast DNA sequences from the rps16 intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer clearly indicated that Stenosepala hirsuta (under the name species nova) is a member of the neotropical Alibertia group. However, due to poor resolution inside the Alibertia group, the analyses did not reveal the sister group to Stenosepala. Stenosepala shares several characters with the members of the Alibertia group that support its inclusion in this group, such as dioecy and heteromerous flowers (male and female flowers of different merosity), as well as pollen grains shed in monads. In addition, like the majority of the species in this group, the female inflorescence consists of a solitary flower, whereas the male inflorescence is multiflowered. In subsequent analyses of the Alibertia group using faster evolving ITS and 5S sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the general resolution and support for several clades improved (Persson, 2000 b). However, Stenosepala appeared either as the sister group to the rest of the genera of the Alibertia group or on a basal polytomy together with Stachyarrhena, a clade of two Genipa species, and a large clade comprising Alibertia, Borojoa, Duroia, and Amaioua species. Hence, the closest relative of Stenosepala hirsuta remains unresolved. Stenosepala is easily distinguished from other genera in the Alibertia group by its combination of narrow calyx lobes, persistent aristate stipules, a large thyrse in male individuals, and a very hirsute ovary in female flowers. The narrow calyx lobes and the hirsute young branchlets and ovary give Stenosepala a superficial resemblance to Duroia hirsuta (Poeppig & Endlicher) K. Schumann. However, D. hirsuta differs in many characters of which calyptrate, circumscissile stipules, which are shed as the shoot elongates, and the swollen, hollow branchlets, which house ants, are the most striking ones. Aristate stipules, narrow calyx lobes, and a large thyrse in male individiuals, as well as dioecy, also occur in Randia (Burger & Taylor, 1993), a non-Alibertia group member of Gardenieae. However, Randia is readily distinguished from Stenosepala, and the rest of the genera in the Alibertia group, by pollen grains shed in tetrads, a unilocular ovary with parietal placentas, the presence of thorns, and homomerous flowers. Stenosepala hirsuta C. Persson, gen. et sp. nov. TYPE: Colombia. Antioquia: Mpio. Tarazd, corregimiento "El Doce," Hacienda "Las Mercedes," 7?28'N, 75'18'W, 150 m, 12 Sep. 1998, F Alzate, R. Callejas & J. Benavides 560 (holotype, HUA; isotypes, COL, GB, NY). Figure 1. Frutex, arbuscula vel arbor, dioica, ad 10 m alta, ramis juvenibus sparse hirtellis vel hirsutis. Stipulae triangulares, aristatae, persistentes. Petiolus glaber vel hirsutus, ad 18 mm longus. Lamina in sicco papyracea, elliptica vel anguste obovata, basi anguste cuneato, apice acuminato, 19.5-29 x 8.5-11 cm. Flores masculini in thyrso, pedunculo hirsuto ad 10 mm longo. Pedicelli hirsuti 3-20 mm longi, bracteolis acicularibus. Calyx cupulatus 2.2 x 1.5 mm, lobis acicularibus. Corolla hypocrateriformis membranacea, alba, tubo ad 23 mm longo, extus sparse hirsuto, lobis sex glabris linearibus ad 21 x 2 mm. Flos femineus solitarius, pedunculo ad 2 mm longo. Calyx cupularis, dense hirsutus, lobis 8-9 acicularibus hirsutis 812 mm longis. Corolla hypocrateriformis membranacea eburnea, tubo ad 17 mm longo, extus hirsuto, intus glabro, lobis 21 x 3-4 mm, glabris. Ovarium 3-4-loculare, ovulis in quoque loculo 15-25. Fructus ? sphaericus 2.5--4.5 X 2.5-5 cm, aliquanto porcatus in sicco, indehiscens. Calycis lobi in fructu persistentes, sed saepe effracti. Hoc genus novus a generibus affinibus neotropicis, stipulis triangularibus aristatis persistentibus, calycis lobis acicularibus atque floribus masculinis in thyrso grandi, bene differt. NOVON 10: 403-406. 2000. This content downloaded from 40.77.167.61 on Thu, 28 Apr 2016 06:13:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Randia nicaraguensis Lorence & Dwyer from Nicaragua is described and illustrated. Two new combinations are proposed for Mesoamer- ican Gardenieae: Randia genipifolia (Standley & Steyermark) Lorence, based on Duroia genipifolia Standley & Steyermark, and Randia armata (Swartz) DC. subsp. panamensis (Standley) Lorence, based on Randia panamensis Standley.

Plocetes clarki Anderson, new species is described (type locality; U.S.A., Florida, Monroe County, Sugarloaf Key, N.W., McKay Tract). Adults were collected on flowering Guettarda scabra Vent. (Rubiaceae) in open areas of a pinelands-palmetto-hardwood hammock transitional forest. This plant is the likely larval host. Plocetes clarki belongs in the P. hamifer group-P. zonatus group-P. apicalis group lineage of Plocetes but precise relationships are otherwise not clear. Other species of Plocetes occurring in the United States are: P. bahamensis (Casey), apparent larval host Erithalis fruticosa L.; P. ulmi LeConte, apparent larval host Cephalanthus occidentalis L.; and P. versicolor (Champion), apparent larval host Randia rhagocarpa Standl. All plants are Rubiaceae.

Four new species of Randia are described from Mexico and Central America: R. hidalgensis Lorence, R. lonicerioides Dwyer & Lorence, R. pterocarpa Lorence & Dwyer, and R. vazquezii Lorence & Dwyer. Casasia chiapensis Miranda is transferred to Randia under the new name R. matudae Lorence & Dwyer.

The author has studied the domatia appearing in the Rubiaceae family by examining 278 species distributed among 95 genera; and she has verified that 51 species belonging to 29 genera have domatia fitting following types according to the Chevalier's classification: in the "touffe de poils", "em pertuis" and " enpochette". Fourtheen species showed domatia that has chamber and outlet orifice. The others 29 species present domatia either as aglomerates-hair, clusters-hair or scattered hairs and variations of this types; eight species present domatia "em pochette". On Paurichiantha rubra (Benth.) Brem., Rondelettia purdiei Hook f., and Randia cladantha K. Schum the domatia also appear in the axils nervure of several orders; and also in Psychotria racemosa Aubl., they are located in the axil of the angle toward the leaf base. The author observed for the first time two types of domatia in the same leaf on Psychotria fortuita Standi, and on type of domatia, with hairs, that is formed by a fold on the blade on Chomelia tenuiflora Benth.

1. Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundkur & Kheswalla is a heteroecious eu-form with uredia and telia on the giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus Nees), and pycnia and aecia on Randia dumetorum Lam. (Rubiaceae). The causal connection between the stages of the life-cycle on Randia and on the giant bamboo was first surmised from the continuous association of the two rusts in bamboo forests and was later confirmed by inoculation experiments. 2. Infections on Randia produce marked hypertrophy and formation of witches' brooms following systemic invasion of the host. The pycnia are subcuticular and conoid, borne on haploid mycelia. The aecia are cupulate and peridiate, and the aeciospore chains lack sterile intercalary cells. 3. Uredia and telia occur on the leaves of giant bamboo. The sori are striate, and morphological details of these two spore forms have been given by Mundkur and Kheswalla. The telia, which occur in flabelliform erumpent crusts, are, however, contrary to their description, composed of one-celled,...