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本報告は2021年度の看護過程展開論（以下、本科目）における新しい授業方法を試みた総括である。本科目では、本学に導入されているICT（information and communication technology：情報通信技術）システムを教授・学習方略に活用し、2021年度は在宅でのオンライン受講と従来の対面式授業を組み合わせたハイブリッド授業で模擬電子カルテを使用しグループワークを実施した。これまで本科目では、紙上事例を紙媒体で配布し情報収集を行っていたが、2021年度に電子カルテを導入したことにより、いつでもどこからでも情報収集をすることが可能になった。ICTを活用したハイブリッド授業では学習内容が常に共有できるGoogleスプレッドシートを使用することで、同じシートに同時に記入することが可能になりグループワークがスムーズに進んだ。また、教員はリアルタイムで進捗を確認できることや、シートはGoogleドライブ内に保存されているため復習や自己学習にも役立ち、効果的にグループワークが実施できたと考える。

We studied the interlayer coupling and decoupling of bilayer graphene (BLG) by using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) with a monochromated electron source. We correlated the twist-angle-dependent energy band hybridization with Moire superlattices and the corresponding optical absorption peaks. The optical absorption peak originates from the excitonic transition between the hybridized van Hove singularities (vHSs), which shifts systematically with the twist angle. We then proved that the BLG decouples when a monolayer of metal chloride is intercalated in its van der Waals (vdW) gap, and results in the elimination of the vHS peak.

Background In robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP), concerns include the formation of atelectasis and reduced functional residual capacity. The present study aimed to examine the feasibility of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) setting based on transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) as well as the effects of incremental PEEP on respiratory mechanics, blood gases, cerebral oxygenation (rSO2), and hemodynamics. Methods Fourteen male patients who were scheduled to receive RALP were recruited. Patients received mechanical ventilation (tidal volume of 6 mL kg−1) and were placed in Trendelenburg position with positive-pressure capnoperitoneum. PEEP levels were increased from 0 to 15 cmH2O (5 cmH2O per increase) every 30 min. PEEP levels were assessed where end-expiratory Ptp levels of ≥0 cmH2O were achieved (PtpEEP0). Airway pressure, esophageal pressure, cardiac index, and blood gas and rSO2 values were measured after 30 min at each PEEP step and respiratory mechanics were calculated. Results With increasing PEEP levels from 0 to 15 cmH2O or PtpEEP0, the values of PaO2 and respiratory system compliance increased, and the values of driving pressure decreased. The median PEEP level associated with PtpEEP0 was 15 cmH2O. Respiratory system compliance values were higher at PtpEEP0 than those at PEEP5 (P = 0.02). Driving pressure was significantly lower at PtpEEP0 than at PEEP5 (P = 0.0036). The cardiac index remained unchanged, and the values of rSO2 were higher at PtpEEP0 than at PEEP0 (right; P = 0.0019, left; P = 0.036). Conclusions PEEP setting determined by transpulmonary pressure can help achieve higher respiratory system compliance values and lower driving pressure without disturbing hemodynamic parameters.

n-Type alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) and p-type metal chloride-GICs were prepared from commercially available graphite sheets, namely PGS® and GRAFOIL®. Their thermoelectric properties, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient were measured, and their thermoelectric performance was estimated in terms of the figure of merit and power factor. The electrical conductivity (103 S cm−1 to 104 S cm−1) and thermal conductivity (40 W m−1 K−1 to 200 W m−1 K−1) of these GICs are much higher than those of other, conventional thermoelectric materials, whereas their absolute Seebeck coefficients (±30 μV K−1) are lower. Therefore, although the figures of merit of the GICs are somewhat lower (∼105 K−1) than those of other thermoelectric materials, their power factors (∼103 W m−1 K−2) are sufficiently high. The thermoelectric properties of these GICs mainly depend on the host graphite type and slightly on the intercalated species. However, the Seebeck coefficient is independent of both, and the thermoelectric performance of the GICs is strongly governed by their high electrical conductivity. The power factors of almost all the GICs prepared from PGS were greater than 10−3 W m−1 K−2, which is a critical threshold value for use of thermoelectric materials in practical applications. Furthermore, the dilute K-GIC with stage-7 structure had a large Seebeck coefficient (−58 μV Κ−1), which improved the power factor to more than 10−2 W m−1 K−2. Considering the advantages of GICs, this study confirms their significant potential as thermoelectric materials.

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are one of the classic carbon-related materials. Inserting various atoms or molecules into the interlayer spaces of graphite leads to the formation of GICs, in which the graphite's lattice structure is preserved. Since GICs have certain attractive properties for practical materials such as high electrical conductivities, numerous studies on GICs were carried out around in the 1980's. Today, GIC research continues to be pursued. Especially, the calcium-GIC is the one of the hottest topics in the research fields of carbon material and superconductivity. Here, the fundamentals and the recent topics related to GICs are briefly reviewed.

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) have high electrical conductivities, large Seebeck coefficients, and low thermal conductivities as compared with their host graphite materials. Due to these properties, GICs are expected to act as effective thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric figure of merit of the GICs is not as high as that of other thermoelectric materials; this is because of the small Seebeck coefficient and high thermal conductivity of GICs. However, the thermoelectric power factor of GICs is sufficiently high at present. In previous works, it was suggested that an increase in concentration of the intercalated species improves the thermoelectric performance of GICs. To better understand the thermoelectric properties of GICs, the dependence of thermoelectric properties with the electrical carrier density and mobility were investigated through the measurements of galvanomagnetic properties. As a result, the electrical conductivity of GICs slightly increases with the carrier density and the thermal conductivity increases with the carrier mobility. Furthermore, the carrier mobility decreases with an increase in the carrier density. In conclusion, the thermoelectric performance of GICs is suggested to be improved by an increase in the carrier density, that is, by an increase in the intercalate concentration. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.E-M2009813]

To analyze the electronic state of alkaline metal-graphite intercalation compounds (AM-GIC), model complexes where two aromatic molecules coordinate to an alkaline metal center (Li, K, Rb, and Cs) were employed, and their geometry optimization, population analysis, and donor-accepter interaction analysis were performed using the density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP level and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO). The distance of two aromatic ligands of each model complexes showed good agreement with the corresponding identity period of stage 1 AM-GIC. The electronic charges on alkali metal of model complexes and stabilization energies by electron donation from aromatic ligand to alkali metal were calculated by the population analysis.The theoretical study of the mechanism of ethylene origomerization that proceeds inside the graphite layers was also carried out at DFT with B3LYP level. The Cs-C bond formation through the combination of two cationic Cs+ (η2-H2C=CH2) while accepting electrons from graphite layers is proposed as the initiation reaction of the origomerization. Additionally, we found that the carbon chain elongation reaction holds promise to proceed smoothly with a free energy of activation (ΔG‡) 16.29 [kcal/mol] under the presence of the chemical species having Cs-C bond.

Alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds with the composition of MC{sub 24} (M=K, Rb, Cs) were prepared by heating a mixture of MC{sub 8} (saturated compound) and graphite sheet (Grafoil) at 350-450 deg. C. The resistivity perpendicular to the layer planes ({rho} {sub c}) of the resulting compounds was determined by the two-terminal method. The anisotropy factor of the resistivity, ({rho} {sub c}/{rho} {sub a}), of KC{sub 24} prepared from Grafoil was {approx}130, being about 1/6-1/10 in magnitude compared with that of KC{sub 24} prepared from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The resistivity change during sorption of hydrogen (at 90 K), ethylene (at 194 K) and acetylene (at 194 K) was determined. The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased with increase of the sorbed amount of H{sub 2}. The magnitude of the increase was in the order KC{sub 24}>RbC{sub 24}>CsC{sub 24}. This resistivity increase was considered to be due to the expansion along c-direction which reduces the charge-transfer interaction between the carbon layers and potassium ions, resulting in the decrease of the density of the conduction electron. The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased extensively during sorption of C{sub 2}H{sub 4} and C{sub 2}H{sub 2}. It was discussed in connection with the in-plane structural transitionmore » and chemical interaction between alkali metal ions and sorbed molecules. - Graphical abstract: The resistivity of MC{sub 24} increased with increase of the sorbed amount of H{sub 2}. The magnitude of the increase was in the order KC{sub 24}>RbC{sub 24}>CsC{sub 24}. This resistivity increase was considered to be due to the expansion along c-direction which reduces the charge-transfer interaction between the carbon layers and potassium ions.« less

The thermoelectric properties of cesium–graphite intercalation compounds (Cs-GICs) and some other GICs were studied. The electrical conductivities of the Cs-GICs prepared from Grafoil were around 106 � � 1 m� 1, about 10 times higher than that of the host graphite, and the thermal conductivities were 50–100 Wm � 1 K � 1 , about 1/4–1/2 of that of the host graphite. While the Seebeck coefficient of the host graphite was nearly zero, those of the Cs-GICs were found to be around � 30 m VK � 1 . These properties were determined also for the Cs-GICs prepared from well-oriented PGS graphite sheets. Consequently, the figures of merit of the Cs-GICs were of the order of 10 � 5 K � 1 , approximately 10 5 times higher than that of the host graphite. The power factor of the Cs-GICs reached the order of 10 � 3 Wm � 1 K � 2 , with the best datum at 6:5 � 10 � 3 Wm � 1 K � 2 . The carrier density of the GICs increased as the concentration of intercalated species increased, whereas their lattice thermal conductivities decreased. It is suggested that highly concentrated GICs might be promising candidate thermoelectric materials.

Potassium-graphite intercalation compounds with 7 different compositions ranging from KC300 to KC24 were prepared from exfoliated graphite sheet (Grafoil). Resistivity, magnetoresistance and hydrogen-sorption capacity of these compounds were determined. KC300 and KC250 showed semi-conductive temperature dependence of the resistivity as well as host Grafoil, while KC168 and more rich compounds showed metallic behavior. Dependence of the resistivity and magnetoresistance on the potassium concentration was divided into two regions with a critical concentration at about KC60-70. Both of these properties decreased considerably with increasing potassium concentration below this critical concentration, and then became almost constant above it. A remarkable correlation between transport properties and hydrogen-sorption capacity was suggested.

Sorption behavior of unsaturated organic molecules, such as C2H4, C2H3CN and C6H6, into AMC24 (AM=K, Rb and Cs) has been investigated and resulting ternary compounds have been characterized. It has been revealed that CsC24 absorbs C2H4 molecules into their nano-space and forms ternary compounds, whereas KC24 is a little bit difficult to absorb C2H4, probably because its nano-space is too narrow to absorb C2H4 molecules. Among the molecules of C2H4, C2H3CN and C6H6, which are possible to be absorbed into CsC24, only those of C2H4 are oligomerized in the nano-space of CsC24 and remarkably air-stable ternary compounds are obtained. It has been also proved, by the results of TG/GC-MS measurements, as well as by a comparison of the volume of the nano-space in CsC24 with that of an ethylene molecule, that the oligomerization of unsaturated organic molecules in the nano-space of CsC24 causes an improvement in air stabilization of resulting ternary compounds. By a comparison of Cs-C2H4-GIC with Cs-n-C6H14-GIC, it has shown that ethylene molecules are advantageous to causing oligomerization in the nano-space. In conclusion, following conditions are required for formation of air-stable ternary compounds; molecules must be (1) absorbed smoothly into the nano-space of AMC24, and (2) oligomerized there to shield AM+ ions in the nano-space of AMC24.

A convenient procedure in estimating the conductive carrier concentrations and mobilities of graphites and graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) is described. For graphites and most of GICs, which have two-carriers conductive model, the estimation process of their carrier concentrations and mobilities from their experimental values of galvanomagnetic properties is rather tedious problem. Here it is introduced a convenient and reasonably precise approximation procedure by applying Newton's method, and some typical results of calculation on graphites and Br GICs are shown.

Electrical conductivities of Cs-unsaturated organic molecule-ternary GIC decrease gradually or rapidly in air, while their thermoelectric powers remain unchanged. For investigating their conductive carriers, electrical conductivity (σ), Hall coefficient (RH) and magnetoresistance (Δρ/ρ) of CsC24 (C2H4) x, CsC24 (C6H6) x and CsC24 (C2H3CN) x were measured, and their carrier concentrations (n) and mobilities (μ) were estimated. The values of RH were negative for all the GICs investigated, thus their dominant carriers were considered to be electrons. On the other hand, thevalues of Δρ/ρ of CsC24 (C2H4) 1.4 were too small to be detected, indicating that its electrical conduction is only throughelectrons, while other GICs have electrons and much less number of holes. These results indicate that all of the ternary GICs investigated maintain a certain fraction of Cs atoms between graphite layers, even after a long time of exposureto air, although some degradation of stage structure are found by XRD as the case of CsC24 (C6H6) 2.1. This consideration corresponds well with the fact that their thermoelectric powers kept unchanged. By observing the change of thegalvanomagnetic properties of the ternary GICs with time, we found that the releasing of part of Cs atoms from theinterlayer nanospace occurred exclusively in the first 30 days.

We synthesized eight different ω-amino-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)-bearing double-chain or triple-chain artificial lipids (PEG-lipids) with the molecular weight (Mw) of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moiety being 700, 1,000 or 1,600. The mixing of the aqueous bilayers of these lipids with α-cyclodextrin gradually formed crystalline inclusion complexes that were characterized by 1H NMR and FT IR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray analysis. A large induced circular dichroism spectra was observed for an achiral bilayer of a chromophore-containing PEG-lipid during the initial stage of the complex formation process. The 1H NMR spectra revealed that the stoichiometry number of the α-CyD/ethylene glycol unit in the inclusion complexes was 1.8 - 2.2, suggesting that only the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety in the lipids interacted with α-CyD. The bilayer of a triple-chain PEG-lipid with Mw = 700 of the PEG moiety and of a phenyl-containing triple chain PEG-lipid with Mw = 1,600 of the PEG moiety maintained the bilayer phase transition even after the complex formation with α-CyD. On the contrary, the phase transition was lost via the complex formation of the bilayers of the double-chain PEG-lipids with Mw = 700, 1,000 or 1,600, as well as of triple-chain lipids with Mw = 1,000 or 1,600 of the PEG moiety. The FTIR spectral data for the complexes suggested that the difference in the phase transition behavior would come from the change in the molecular cross-sectional area (top view) of the double-chain and triple-chain in the lipids, as well as in the chain length of the PEG moiety. Lastly, we describe the synthesis of a poly(rotaxane) of α-CyD based on the inclusion complex.

Sorption behavior of ethylene with stage-2 binary GICs (AMC24: AM=K, Rb, Cs), and the structure and thecharacteristics of resulting ternary compounds (AMC24 (C2H4) n) were investigated. The differences of these propertieswere discussed in terms of alkali metal effect. It was confirmed that the easinessof ethylene sorption and the stabilityof resulting ternary compound are in parallel relation, in the order of Cs>Rb>K. In the case of KC24, co-intercalation of ethylene seemed to be doubtful in regards to XRD observations. The ethylene-sorption behavior by AMC24 isconsidered to be mainly controlled on the size of alkali metal ions. The difficulty in preparation of KC24 (C2H4) n maybe due to narrow interlayer space of KC24 and weak K+-C2H4 interaction. In conclusion, CsC24 (C2H4) n was found tobe most stable in air both in its structure and in its high electrical conductivity.

The sorption isotherm and the desorption behavior of acrylonitrile (AN) into CsC24at 300K were investigated. The maximum amounts of acrylonitrile sorbed, AN/Cs, was 1.2-1.4, and the sorption-desorption process was irreversible.The stage structure of the resulting ternary compound, after exposure to air, was determined by X-ray diffraction and Raman shift measurements and was confirmed to be mainly ternary stage-2 structure with Ic=1.00 nm. The change of XRD patterns of the compound with time was not so significant, while the electricalconductivit decreased rapidly. The heat-treatment of the sample gave little effect for thestabilization of the ternary compound.