Search

Owing to the rarity and heterogeneity in biology and presentation, there are multiple areas in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), with no, low-level or conflicting evidence.During the first Consensus Conference on the State of Science in Sarcoma (CSSS), we used a modified Delphi process to identify areas of controversy in the field of sarcoma, to name topics with limited evidence-based data in which a scientific and knowledge gap may remain and a consensus statement will help to guide patient management. We determined scientific questions which need to be addressed in the future in order to generate evidence and to inform physicians and caregivers in daily clinical practice in order to improve the outcomes of patients with sarcoma. We conducted a vote on STS key questions and controversies prior to the CSSS meeting, which took place in May 2022.Sixty-two European sarcoma experts participated in the survey. Sixteen strong consensus (≥95%) items were identified by the experts, as well as 30 items with a ≥75% consensus on diagnostic and therapeutic questions. Ultimately, many controversy topics remained without consensus.In this manuscript, we summarise the voting results and the discussion during the CSSS meeting. Future scientific questions, priorities for clinical trials, registries, quality assurance, and action by stakeholders are proposed. Platforms and partnerships can support innovative approaches to improve management and clinical research in STS.

Correctly diagnosing a rare childhood cancer such as sarcoma can be critical to assigning the correct treatment regimen. With a finite number of pathologists worldwide specializing in pediatric/young adult sarcoma histopathology, access to expert differential diagnosis early in case assessment is limited for many global regions. The lack of highly-trained sarcoma pathologists is especially pronounced in low to middle-income countries, where pathology expertise may be limited despite a similar rate of sarcoma incidence. To address this issue in part, we developed a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN)-based differential diagnosis system to act as a pre-pathologist screening tool that quantifies diagnosis likelihood amongst trained soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes based on whole histopathology tissue slides. The CNN model is trained on a cohort of 424 centrally-reviewed histopathology tissue slides of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and clear-cell sarcoma tumors, all initially diagnosed at the originating institution and subsequently validated by central review. This CNN model was able to accurately classify the withheld testing cohort with resulting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under curve (AUC) values above 0.889 for all tested sarcoma subtypes. We subsequently used the CNN model to classify an externally-sourced cohort of human alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma samples and a cohort of 318 histopathology tissue sections from genetically engineered mouse models of rhabdomyosarcoma. Finally, we investigated the overall robustness of the trained CNN model with respect to histopathological variations such as anaplasia, and classification outcomes on histopathology slides from untrained disease models. Overall positive results from our validation studies coupled with the limited worldwide availability of sarcoma pathology expertise suggests the potential of machine learning to assist local pathologists in quickly narrowing the differential diagnosis of sarcoma subtype in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Background: Current risk models in solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) were developed using cohorts with short follow-up and cannot reliably identify low-risk patients. We recently developed a novel risk model (G-score) to account for both early and late recurrences. Here, we aimed to validate the G-score in a large international cohort with long-term follow-up. Methods: Data were collected from nine sarcoma referral centres worldwide. Recurrence-free interval (RFi) was the primary endpoint. Results: The cohort comprised 318 patients with localised extrameningeal SFTs. Disease recurrence occurred in 96 patients (33%). The estimated 5-year RFi rate was 72%, and the 10-year RFi rate was 52%. G-score precisely predicted recurrence risk with estimated 10-year RFi rate of 84% in low risk, 54% in intermediate risk and 36% in high risk (p < 0.001; C-index 0.691). The mDemicco (p < 0.001; C-index 0.749) and Salas OS (p < 0.001; C-index 0.674) models also predicted RFi but identified low-risk patients less accurate with 10-year RFi rates of 72% and 70%, respectively. Conclusions: G-score is a highly significant predictor of early and late recurrence in SFT and is superior to other models to predict patients at low risk of relapse. A less intensive follow-up schedule could be considered for patients at low recurrence risk according to G-score.

Background: Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is a rare subset of chondrosarcoma. It is an aggressive neoplasm characterized by a high rate of recurrent and metastatic disease with overall poor outcomes. Systemic therapy is often used to treat DDCS; however, the optimal regimen and timing are not well defined, with current guidelines recommending following osteosarcoma protocols. Methods: We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with DDCS. Between 1 January 2004 and 1 January 2022, the databases from five academic sarcoma centers were reviewed. Patient and tumor factors, including age, sex, tumor size, site, location, the treatments rendered, and survival outcomes, were collected. Results: Seventy-four patients were identified and included in the analysis. Most patients presented with localized disease. Surgical resection was the mainstay of therapy. Chemotherapy was used predominantly in the metastatic setting. Partial responses were low (n = 4; 9%) and occurred upon treatment with doxorubicin with cisplatin or ifosfamide and single-agent pembrolizumab. For all other regimens, stable disease was the best response. Prolonged stable disease occurred with the use of pazopanib and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Conclusions: DDCS has poor outcomes and conventional chemotherapy has limited benefit. Future studies should focus on defining the possible role of molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapy in the treatment of DDCS.

Contains fulltext : 294556.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DTF) has a highly variable clinical course with varying intensity of symptoms. The objectives of this study were to identify subgroups of DTF patients based on physical symptom burden and to compare symptom burden subgroups on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare use (univariate and multivariate). METHODS: Desmoid-type fibromatosis patients from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands received cross-sectional questionnaires on HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30), DTF-specific HRQoL (DTF-QoL) and healthcare utilisation. Latent class cluster analysis was performed to identify subgroups based on patients' symptom burden using EORTC QLQ-C30 and DTF-QoL physical symptom items. Multivariate linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations of symptom burden with HRQoL and healthcare utilisation, respectively. RESULTS: Among 235 DTF patients, four symptom burden clusters were identified, with low symptom burden (24%), intermediate symptom burden-low pain (20%), intermediate symptom burden-high pain (25%) and high symptom burden (31%). DTF patients with high symptom burden had clinically relevant lower HRQoL scores compared to patients with low and intermediate symptom burden (p

Supplementary Tables 1-3 and Supplementary Tables 1-6

Interferon-γ (IFNγ) has been studied as a cancer treatment with limited evidence of clinical benefit. However, it could play a role in cancer immunotherapy combination treatments. Despite high expression of immunogenic cancer–testis antigens, synovial sarcoma (SS) and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MRCL) have a cold tumor microenvironment (TME), with few infiltrating T cells and low expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). We hypothesized that IFNγ treatment could drive inflammation in a cold TME, facilitating further immunotherapy. We conducted a phase 0 clinical trial treating 8 SS or MRCL patients with weekly systemic IFNγ. We performed pre- and posttreatment biopsies. IFNγ changed the SS and MRCL TME, inducing tumor-surface MHC-I expression and significant T-cell infiltration (P < 0.05). Gene-expression analysis suggested increased tumor antigen presentation and less exhausted phenotypes of the tumor-infiltrating T cells. Newly emergent antigen-specific humoral and/or T-cell responses were found in 3 of 7 evaluable patients. However, increased expression of PD-L1 was observed on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and in some cases tumor cells. These findings suggest that systemic IFNγ used to convert SS and MRCL into “hot” tumors will work in concert with anti–PD-1 therapy to provide patient benefit.

Immunohistochemistry H-score changes for PDGFRα and PDGFRβ.

CTC enumeration patterns in all population CTCs by best overall response rate.

Purpose:Leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma frequently express PD-L1 but are generally resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition (immune checkpoint inhibitor). Trabectedin is FDA approved for leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of trabectedin with anti–PD-L1 antibody avelumab in patients with advanced leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma.Patients and Methods:A single-arm, open-label, Phase 1/2 study tested avelumab with trabectedin for advanced leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma. The phase I portion evaluated safety and feasibility of trabectedin (1, 1.2, and 1.5 mg/m2) with avelumab at standard dosing. Primary endpoint of the phase II portion was objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST 1.1. Correlative studies included T-cell receptor sequencing (TCRseq), multiplex IHC, and tumor gene expression.Results:33 patients were evaluable: 24 with leiomyosarcoma (6 uterine and 18 non-uterine) and 11 with liposarcoma. In Phase 1, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were observed in 2 of 6 patients at both trabectedin 1.2 and 1.5 mg/m2. The recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) was 1.0 mg/m2 trabectedin and 800-mg avelumab. Of 23 patients evaluable at RP2D, 3 (13%) had partial response (PR) and 10 (43%) had stable disease (SD) as best response. Six-month PFS was 52%; median PFS was 8.3 months. Patients with PR had higher Simpson Clonality score on TCRseq from peripheral blood mononuclear cells versus those with SD (0.182 vs. 0.067, P = 0.02) or progressive disease (0.182 vs. 0.064, P = 0.01).Conclusions:Although the trial did not meet the primary objective response rate endpoint, PFS compared favorably with prior studies of trabectedin warranting further investigation.

Purpose:LV305 is a modified, third-generation, nonreplicating, integration-deficient lentivirus-based vector designed to selectively transduce dendritic cells in vivo. LV305 induces expression of the New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) cancer testis antigen in dendritic cells, promoting immune responses against NY-ESO-1–expressing tumors. This phase I study evaluated the safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy of LV305 in patients with sarcoma or other solid tumors.Patients and Methods:Adults with previously treated, advanced, NY-ESO-1–positive solid tumors and limited tumor burden were eligible. LV305 was administered every 3 weeks by intradermal injection in four dose cohorts (Cohort 1: 108 vector genomes (vg) x 3 doses; Cohorts 1A, 2, and 3: 108 vg, 109 vg, 1010 vg x 4 doses).Results:Thirty-nine patients were enrolled: 3 patients each in Cohorts 1, 1A, and 2, and 30 patients in Cohort 3. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Tumor types included sarcoma (n = 24), ovarian (n = 8), melanoma (n = 6), and lung cancer (n = 1). All treatment-related adverse events were grade 1 or 2. Common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (49%), injection site reactions (46%), and myalgia (21%). The disease control rate was 56.4% in all patients and 62.5% in sarcoma patients. One patient with synovial sarcoma achieved a partial response lasting >36 months. Anti–NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells were induced in 57% of evaluable sarcoma patients. Induction of an anti–NY-ESO-1 immune response was associated with improved 1-year survival in an exploratory analysis.Conclusions:This first-in-class, first-in-human study of LV305 demonstrated a favorable safety profile, induction of antigen-specific responses, and potential clinical activity in patients with advanced cancer.

Figure S1 shows Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free and overall survival in patients with sarcoma.

Purpose:To characterize changes in the soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) tumor immune microenvironment induced by standard neoadjuvant therapy with the goal of informing neoadjuvant immunotherapy trial design.Experimental Design:Paired pre- and postneoadjuvant therapy specimens were retrospectively identified for 32 patients with STSs and analyzed by three modalities: multiplexed IHC, NanoString, and RNA sequencing with ImmunoPrism analysis.Results:All 32 patients, representing a variety of STS histologic subtypes, received neoadjuvant radiotherapy and 21 (66%) received chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy. The most prevalent immune cells in the tumor before neoadjuvant therapy were myeloid cells (45% of all immune cells) and B cells (37%), with T (13%) and natural killer (NK) cells (5%) also present. Neoadjuvant therapy significantly increased the total immune cells infiltrating the tumors across all histologic subtypes for patients receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. An increase in the percentage of monocytes and macrophages, particularly M2 macrophages, B cells, and CD4+ T cells was observed postneoadjuvant therapy. Upregulation of genes and cytokines associated with antigen presentation was also observed, and a favorable pathologic response (≥90% necrosis postneoadjuvant therapy) was associated with an increase in monocytic infiltrate. Upregulation of the T-cell checkpoint TIM3 and downregulation of OX40 were observed posttreatment.Conclusions:Standard neoadjuvant therapy induces both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects within a complex sarcoma microenvironment dominated by myeloid and B cells. This work informs ongoing efforts to incorporate immune checkpoint inhibitors and novel immunotherapies into the neoadjuvant setting for STSs.

Purpose:The effect of high-dose imatinib (800 mg/day) on survival in the adjuvant treatment of patients with resected KIT exon 9–mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is not established. Here, the association of dose and other clinicopathologic variables with survival was evaluated in a large multi-institutional European cohort.Experimental Design:Data from 185 patients were retrospectively collected in 23 European GIST reference centers. Propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse-probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were used to account for confounders. Univariate and multivariate unweighted and weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were estimated for relapse-free survival (RFS), modified-RFS (mRFS) and imatinib failure-free survival (IFFS). Univariate Cox models were estimated for overall survival.Results:Of the 185 patients, 131 (70.8%) received a starting dose of 400 mg/d and the remaining 54 (29.2%) a dose of 800 mg/d. Baseline characteristics were partially unbalanced, suggesting a potential selection bias. PSM and IPTW analyses showed no advantage of imatinib 800 mg/d. In the weighted multivariate Cox models, high-dose imatinib was not associated with the survival outcomes [RFS: hazard ratio (HR), 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79–1.94; mRFS: HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.92–3.10; IFFS: HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.79–2.28]. The variables consistently associated with worse survival outcomes were high mitotic index and nongastric tumor location.Conclusions:In this retrospective series of patients with KIT exon 9–mutated GIST treated with adjuvant imatinib, a daily dose of 800 mg versus 400 mg did not show better results in terms of survival outcomes. Prospective evaluation of the more appropriate adjuvant treatment in this setting is warranted.

Table S1 shows maximum eligible tumor burden by tumor type.

Complicated abdominal tissue response to pazopanib as fourth-line therapy in a woman with uterine PEComa. Panel A shows the baseline CT scan; panel B shows the complicated tissue response after 1 month of treatment.

Supplementary Data from Adjuvant Imatinib in Patients with GIST Harboring Exon 9 KIT Mutations: Results from a Multi-institutional European Retrospective Study

Supplementary Data from A Phase 1/2 Trial Combining Avelumab and Trabectedin for Advanced Liposarcoma and Leiomyosarcoma

Supplementary Data from Neoadjuvant Therapy Induces a Potent Immune Response to Sarcoma, Dominated by Myeloid and B Cells

Supplementary Figure from Neoadjuvant Therapy Induces a Potent Immune Response to Sarcoma, Dominated by Myeloid and B Cells

Supplementary Figure from A Phase 1/2 Trial Combining Avelumab and Trabectedin for Advanced Liposarcoma and Leiomyosarcoma

Supplementary Figure 1: 79 patients enrolled in study.

Purpose: We determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary activity of OSI-906, a potent, oral, dual inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR), in patients with advanced solid tumors.Experimental Design: This was a multicenter, open-label, dose escalation phase I study evaluating three intermittent dosing schedules of once-daily OSI-906 [schedule (S) 1, days 1–3 every 14 days; S2, days 1–5 every 14 days; S3, days 1–7 every 14 days]. A fed-fasting expansion cohort was included in the study.Results: Seventy-nine patients were enrolled: 62 in S1, 4 in S2, and 13 in S3. S2 was discontinued. Dose-limiting toxicity comprised grade 3–4 hyperglycemia, vomiting, fatigue, and prolonged QTc interval. The MTD and recommended phase II dose of OSI-906 was 600 mg for both S1 and S3 schedules. Other common adverse events were grade 1–2 nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and diarrhea. The pharmacokinetics of OSI-906 was dose linear, and the terminal half-life ranged between 2 and 6 hours. High-fat meals had a moderate effect on the pharmacokinetics of OSI-906. At the MTD, inhibition of IGF1R and IR was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. An increase in plasma IGF1 concentrations, an indirect measure of IGF1R signaling inhibition, was seen at doses ≥ 450 mg. Two patients with adrenocortical carcinoma achieved partial responses.Conclusion: The MTD of 600 mg was well tolerated and associated with preliminary antitumor activity. These data support further evaluation of OSI-906 in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 21(4); 693–700. ©2014 AACR.See related commentary by Yee, p. 667

Purpose:Perivascular epitheliod cell tumors (PEComas) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms for which the role of systemic treatments is not established as there are no published prospective clinical trials or sufficiently large retrospective case series. The aim of this study is to clarify the activity of conventional chemotherapy and biological agents in advanced/metastatic PEComas.Experimental Design:This was an observational, retrospective, international study that included patients with advanced/metastatic PEComa treated with systemic therapy at 5 European sarcoma reference centers and within the Italian Rare Cancer Network. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox hazards regression models.Results:A total of 53 patients were included. Cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens were active only in a small proportion of PEComas. Gemcitabine-based regimens [objective response rate (ORR): 20%, median progression-free survival (PFS): 3.4 months] seemed to have the same activity of anthracycline-based regimens (ORR: 13%, median PFS: 3.2 months). Antiangiogenic agents resulted in disease stabilization in some patients, with a number having density changes/tissue response on imaging, with an ORR of 8.3% and a median PFS of 5.4 months. mTOR inhibitors were the most active agents, with an ORR of 41% and a median PFS of 9 months.Conclusions:Our study provides data for the selection of systemic therapy in patients with advanced/metastatic PEComa: mTOR inhibitors are the most active agents. Antiangiogenics and chemotherapy with gemcitabine-based regimens or anthracycline-based regimens are options in further line, but with a lower response rate and PFS.

Supplementary Materials Table 1. Ratio of area under the curve during the time interval between consecutive dosing (AUCtau) on day 3 to AUCtau on day 1 (schedule 1 [S1]) Table 2. Ratio of area under the curve during the time interval between consecutive dosing (AUCtau) on day 5 (S2) or day 7 (S3) to AUCtau on day 1.

Cardiac treatment-emergent adverse events in the two trial groups

Specific agents used

Purpose:Few prospective studies have assessed anthracycline-associated cardiotoxicity in patients with sarcoma. We evaluated cardiotoxicity in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas administered doxorubicin in the phase III ANNOUNCE trial (NCT02451943).Patients and Methods:Patients were anthracycline-naïve adults with locally advanced or metastatic disease and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%. Patients could receive eight cycles of doxorubicin at 75 mg/m2. The cardioprotectant, dexrazoxane, was allowed at investigator discretion. Symptomatic cardiac adverse events (AEs) were recorded using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities and graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 4.0. LVEF deterioration was measured by echocardiogram or multigated acquisition scan, defined as a decrease to 10%.Results:A total of 504 patients received ≥1 cycles of doxorubicin [median cumulative dose, 450.3 mg/m2 (range, 72.3–634.0)]. Median follow-up of cardiac AEs was 28 weeks. Dexrazoxane was coadministered more frequently to patients receiving higher cumulative doxorubicin doses (38.6% receiving 2, 88.5% receiving 450–2, and 90% receiving ≥600 mg/m2) and did not affect treatment efficacy. LVEF deterioration was seen in 62 of 153 (40.5%) patients who received a cumulative dose 2, 82 of 159 patients (51.6%) who received 450–2, and 50 of 89 patients (56.2%) who received ≥600 mg/m2. Grade ≥3 cardiac dysfunction occurred in 2% of patients at 2, 3% at 450–2, and 1.1% at ≥600 mg/m2. Incidence of treatment-related cardiac AEs was low across all dose ranges.Conclusions:Although follow-up was short, these results suggest doxorubicin can be administered at high cumulative doses (>450 mg/m2), with a low rate of cardiotoxicities, in the context of dexrazoxane coadministration.See related commentary by Benjamin and Minotti, p. 3809

Background: The majority of gastroinstestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) harbour oncogenic mutations in the gene encoding for the tyrosine kinase (TK) KIT. The most common mutations are found in exon 11, followed by mutations in exon 9. The latter mutations are associated more frequently with GISTs in extra-gastric locations and with a more aggressive clinical behaviour. Summary: Here, we review the unique and often poorly recognized molecular, biological, and clinical characteristics that differentiate KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs from other GIST subtypes. In particular, KIT exon 9 mutations are associated to KIT mutants with retained sensitivity to stimulation by stem cell factor and localization to the cell membrane. Moreover, KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs display significant activation of KIT-independent oncogenic pathways. These characteristics may explain the limited activity of the TK inhibitor imatinib in the adjuvant setting in KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs, as well as their lower sensitivity to standard dose imatinib in the advanced setting. In contrast, the multi-TK inhibitor sunitinib displays better activity in KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs compared to others. Key Messages: KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs represent a subtype of GIST distinct from other GISTs, including the more common KIT exon 11-mutant GISTs. A better understanding of the molecular biology and clinical behaviour of KIT exon 9-mutant GISTs may help identify more improved treatment options.

Angiosarcomas are rare, aggressive soft tissue sarcomas originating from endothelial cells of lymphatic or vascular origin and associated with a poor prognosis. The clinical and imaging features of angiosarcomas are heterogeneous with a wide spectrum of findings involving any site of the body, but these most commonly present as cutaneous disease in the head and neck of elderly men. MRI and CT are complementary imaging techniques in assessing the extent of disease, focality and involvement of adjacent anatomical structures at the primary site of disease. CT plays an important role in the evaluation of metastatic disease. Given the wide range of imaging findings, correlation with clinical findings, specific risk factors and patterns of metastatic disease can help narrow the differential diagnosis. The final diagnosis should be confirmed with histopathology and immunohistochemistry in combination with clinical and imaging findings in a multidisciplinary setting with specialist sarcoma expertise. The purpose of this review is to describe the clinical and imaging features of primary sites and metastatic patterns of angiosarcomas utilising CT and MRI.

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are aggressive variants of chondrosarcoma, associated with poor outcomes. Tumor biphasism is the norm. The majority of these tumors are symptomatic at presentation. Radiologically, large soft tissue masses with bony destruction predominate. Treatment protocols of these tumors are not well defined. Surgical resection forms the standard of care for localized disease. (Neo)adjuvant therapies remain controversial as the results from multiple (mainly retrospective) studies remain conflicting. Age at presentation, stage and ability to obtain negative resection margins are important prognostic factors. The overall prognosis is dismal. Newer and novel therapies targeting the complex genetic makeup of these tumors have renewed interest in the adjuvant setting that could hold promise in the near future.Lay abstract Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are rare cancers composed of two components: a high-grade component and a low-grade component, with one abruptly blending into another. These rare tumors affect middle-aged individuals and present with pain and swelling in the affected site. X-rays and other scans often show tumor within the soft tissue with bony destruction. Although the precise treatment protocol is not well defined, surgery remains the standard of care for those where the tumor has not spread elsewhere. Once the disease spreads to other parts of the body, the outcome is very poor. The role of certain drugs targeting the tumor (chemotherapeutic agents) is controversial. This review briefly describes the genetic basis, treatment modalities involved and newer agents being developed for this lethal cancer.

Sarcomas comprise a heterogenous group of malignancies, of more than 100 different entities, arising from mesenchymal tissue, and accounting for 1% of adult malignancies. Surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy constitute the therapeutic armamentarium against sarcomas, with surgical excision and conventional chemotherapy, remaining the mainstay of treatment for local and advanced disease, respectively. The prognosis for patients with metastatic disease is dismal and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required to improve survival outcomes. Immunotherapy, is a rapidly evolving field in oncology, which has been successfully applied in multiple cancers to date. Immunomodulating antibodies, adoptive cellular therapy, cancer vaccines, and cytokines have been tested in patients with different types of sarcomas through clinical trials, pilot studies, retrospective and prospective studies. The results of these studies regarding the efficacy of different types of immunotherapies in sarcomas are conflicting, and the application of immunotherapy in daily clinical practice remains limited. Additional clinical studies are ongoing in an effort to delineate the role of immunotherapy in patients with specific sarcoma subtypes.

Background Ripretinib is a novel switch-control kinase inhibitor that inhibits KIT and PDGFRA signaling. In the INVICTUS phase 3 trial, ripretinib increased median progression-free survival and prolonged overall survival vs. placebo in ≥ fourth-line advanced GIST. Here, we report prespecified analysis of quality of life (QoL) as assessed by patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures and an exploratory analysis evaluating the impact of alopecia on QoL. Methods In the INVICTUS trial (NCT03353753), QoL was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30; physical function, role function, overall health, and overall QoL) and the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5 L; visual analogue scale). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models compared changes in scores from baseline to treatment cycle 2, day 1 within and between ripretinib and placebo. Within the ripretinib arm, repeated measures models assessed the impact of alopecia on QoL. Results Patients receiving ripretinib maintained QoL (as assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5 L PRO measures) from baseline to cycle 2, day 1 whereas QoL declined with placebo, resulting in clinically significant differences between treatments (nominal P Conclusion PRO assessments in the INVICTUS trial suggest that patients on ripretinib maintain their QoL out to C2D1, unlike patients receiving placebo. Longitudinal QoL was maintained for patients receiving ripretinib out to cycle 10, day 1 (approximately 8 months; past the point of median progression-free survival with ripretinib [6.3 months]), even if the patients developed alopecia. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03353753; first posted: November 27, 2017.

PURPOSE Sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is approved for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) after imatinib failure. Ripretinib is a switch-control TKI approved for advanced GIST after prior treatment with three or more TKIs, including imatinib. We compared efficacy and safety of ripretinib versus sunitinib in patients with advanced GIST who were previously treated with imatinib (INTRIGUE, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03673501 ). PATIENTS AND METHODS Random assignment was 1:1 to once-daily ripretinib 150 mg or once-daily sunitinib 50 mg (4 weeks on/2 weeks off) and stratified by KIT/ platelet-derived growth factor α mutation and imatinib intolerance. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) by independent radiologic review using modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Secondary end points included objective response rate by independent radiologic review, safety, and patient-reported outcome measures. RESULTS Overall, 453 patients were randomly assigned to ripretinib (intention-to-treat [ITT], n = 226; KIT exon 11 ITT, n = 163) or sunitinib (ITT, n = 227; KIT exon 11 ITT, n = 164). Median PFS for ripretinib and sunitinib ( KIT exon 11 ITT) was 8.3 and 7.0 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.16; P = .36); median PFS (ITT) was 8.0 and 8.3 months, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.33; nominal P = .72). Neither was statistically significant. Objective response rate was higher for ripretinib versus sunitinib in the KIT exon 11 ITT population (23.9% v 14.6%, nominal P = .03). Ripretinib was associated with a more favorable safety profile, fewer grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events (41.3% v 65.6%, nominal P < .0001), and better scores on patient-reported outcome measures of tolerability. CONCLUSION Ripretinib was not superior to sunitinib in terms of PFS. However, meaningful clinical activity, fewer grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events, and improved tolerability were observed with ripretinib.

Purpose: Most patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) have activating mutations in KIT/PDGFRA and are initially responsive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The acquisition of secondary mutations leads to refractory/relapsed disease. This study reports the results of an analysis from the phase III INVICTUS study (NCT03353753) characterizing the genomic heterogeneity of tumors from patients with advanced GIST and evaluating ripretinib efficacy across KIT/PDGFRA mutation subgroups. Patients and Methods: Tumor tissue and liquid biopsy samples that captured circulating tumor DNA were collected prior to study enrollment and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Subgroups were determined by KIT/PDGFRA mutations and correlation of clinical outcomes and KIT/PDGFRA mutational status was assessed. Results: Overall, 129 patients enrolled (ripretinib 150 mg once daily, n = 85; placebo, n = 44). The most common primary mutation subgroup detected by combined tissue and liquid biopsies were in KIT exon 11 (ripretinib, 61.2%; placebo, 77.3%) and KIT exon 9 (ripretinib, 18.8%; placebo, 15.9%). Patients receiving ripretinib demonstrated progression-free survival (PFS) benefit versus placebo regardless of mutation status (HR 0.16) and in all assessed subgroups in Kaplan–Meier PFS analysis (exon 11, P < 0.0001; exon 9, P = 0.0023; exon 13, P < 0.0001; exon 17, P < 0.0001). Among patients with wild-type KIT/PDGFRA by tumor tissue, PFS ranged from 2 to 23 months for ripretinib versus 0.9 to 10.1 months for placebo. Conclusions: Ripretinib provided clinically meaningful activity across mutation subgroups in patients with advanced GIST, demonstrating that ripretinib inhibits a broad range of KIT/PDGFRA mutations in patients with advanced GIST who were previously treated with three or more TKIs.

Desmoid fibromatosis is a locally aggressive tumor with an unpredictable clinical course. Surgery was once the mainstay of treatment, but the treatment protocol has been constantly evolving and currently active surveillance is the front-line approach. There have been significant insights into the molecular biology with the addition of mutational analysis ofLay abstract Desmoid fibromatosis is an aggressive local tumor with continuously changing treatment paradigms. It requires MRI with biopsy for diagnosis and follow-up. Usually the tumor responds to a ‘wait and watch’ approach in most patients with either stable disease or regression on follow-up; a surgical plan is made only after multidisciplinary discussion, as surgery does not provide additional benefit in most patients. After a period of wait and watch, if there is disease progression, patients can be kept on medical management such as chemotherapy. Currently we have novel drugs for medical management like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which result in disease stabilization in a majority of patients. In order to reduce the morbidity of treatment, it is essential for the patient to be on continuous follow-up and for clinicians to be updated with the continuously changing management of this disease.

Purpose: Ripretinib is a switch-control tyrosine kinase inhibitor that broadly inhibits KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor a kinase signalling. Ripretinib showed preliminary efficacy in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) in a phase I study across a range of doses. Results were confirmed in the phase III INVICTUS study, and ripretinib 150 mg once daily (QD) was subsequently approved as a >fourth-line therapy. Here, we report the phase I study results of intrapatient dose escalation (IPDE) in patients with GIST treated across second, third and later lines of therapy. Methods: Patients with advanced GIST who experienced disease progression (PD) at ripretinib 150 mg QD could dose escalate to 150 mg twice daily (BID). Progression-free survival (PFS) 1 was calculated from the date of the first dose of ripretinib 150 mg QD to PD (as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours 1.1); PFS2 was from the date of IPDE (150 mg BID) to PD or death. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were summarised by dosing periods and compared descriptively. Results: Of 142 patients with GIST receiving ripretinib 150 mg QD, 67 underwent IPDE. IPDE provided benefit across all lines of therapy; the median PFS2 was 5.6, 3.3 and 4.6 months for patients on second-, third-and >fourth-line therapy, respectively. A partial metabolic response after IPDE was demonstrated in 13 of 37 patients with available positron emission tomography scans. TEAEs reported at both doses were similar. Conclusion: Ripretinib IPDE after PD provided continued clinical benefit in advanced GIST across second, third and later lines of therapy with a similar safety profile to that observed with the QD regimen. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).