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The explosion in foundation poses a significant threat to people and buildings. Currently, a unified empirical prediction formula for crater in calcareous foundation has not been established. In this paper, analyzed the types and sizes of explosion crater with different scaled burial depths through field tests and numerical simulation. In field tests, revealed the influence of scaled burial depth on the type and size of explosion crater and obtained the critical scaled burial depth for three different types of explosion craters, namely ejecta-type crater, collapse-type crater and covert explosion. Through the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling algorithm, studied the movement trajectory of sand particles around the explosive at the moment of explosion in detail. Based on the field tests and numerical simulation results, it was found that calcareous sand has a smaller specific gravity due to its own characteristics, and the size of the explosion crater is larger than that of quartz sand at the same scaled burial depth. Obtained an empirical formula for crater in calcareous sand. Which can quickly predict the size of explosion crater and provide calculation basis for explosion resistant design in calcareous sand foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The explosion in foundation poses a significant threat to people and buildings. Currently, a unified empirical prediction formula for crater in calcareous foundation has not been established. In this paper, analyzed the types and sizes of explosion crater with different scaled burial depths through field tests and numerical simulation. In field tests, revealed the influence of scaled burial depth on the type and size of explosion crater and obtained the critical scaled burial depth for three different types of explosion craters, namely ejecta-type crater, collapse-type crater and covert explosion. Through the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling algorithm, studied the movement trajectory of sand particles around the explosive at the moment of explosion in detail. Based on the field tests and numerical simulation results, it was found that calcareous sand has a smaller specific gravity due to its own characteristics, and the size of the explosion crater is larger than that of quartz sand at the same scaled burial depth. Obtained an empirical formula for crater in calcareous sand. Which can quickly predict the size of explosion crater and provide calculation basis for explosion resistant design in calcareous sand foundations.

Hepatectomy, or liver resection, is a process by which through surgery part or all of the liver is removed. In this operation, less bleeding, negligible damage and fast removal are the most important requirements. Surgery through waterjet is one of the most efficient techniques which is widely used in hepatectomy. Some clinical studies are conducted to investigate waterjet method in liver resection. In the present study interaction of waterjet with liver during the process of the surgery is investigated in terms of mechanical engineering.For this purpose, a system of waterjet is designed to consider the interaction of waterjet with liver at different nozzle diameter and velocities. For validation, SPH-FEM model is used to analyze waterjet interaction with hyperelastic liver. In this model, liver cutting is simulated using element deletion defined by a subroutine code based on maximum principal strain criterion. Depth of cut along with degraded volume are measured experimentally and compared with simulated method.Results show that good agreement exists between experimental and simulation finding. By comparing depth of cut in the experimental and simulation results, it can be seen that liver behavior changes from brittle to ductile by increasing waterjet velocity during the experimental tests. For the simulation, maximum principal strain threshold is set to be between 0.1 and 0.4. However, the best agreement between experimental and simulation results exists at maximum principal strain threshold equal to 0.2. The findings can help surgeons to find the best working range of waterjet device and the most efficient operation.

To reveal the dynamic response characteristic and damage-fracture evolution laws of concrete under pulse water jet impact, the numerical simulations on pulse water jets impinging concrete for different operating parameters were established based on SPH-FEM coupling algorithm and verified in this paper. The concrete-breaking effects of pulse water jet and continuous water jet were compared, and the effects of key jet parameters and concrete strength on the damage-fracture characteristics of concrete were investigated. And the damage and stress evolution laws inner concrete were revealed. The results show that there is a better concrete-breaking effect for pulse water jet by repeatedly utilizing the extremely high water-hammer pressure and effectively weakening the water-cushion effect, compared with continuous water jet. The broken pit area and the total length of main cracks decrease with the increase of pulse length, and there is an optimal pulse spacing for pulse water jet to improve the concrete-breaking effect. The broken pit area and the total length of main cracks both linearly increase with the increasing jet velocity and exponentially increase with the increasing jet diameter. As the concrete strength increases, the broken pit area shows an S-shaped curve decreasing trend and the total length of main cracks exponentially decreases. The broken pit width first rapidly increases and tends to stabilize with the increase of jet velocity and concrete strength, and changes linearly with jet diameter and is less affected by pulse length and spacing. The farther away from the jet impact center, the longer the damage cumulative period of concrete due to the jet impact energy attenuation. In horizontal direction, concrete breakage range is approximately 4–5 times of jet diameter; in vertical direction, the previous pulses will cause concrete to be destroyed or damaged, and the subsequent pulses will make the damaged concrete suffer greater stress, causing more serve damage. And the induced stress peak decreases in form of Power function with the increasing distance. The research results could provide theoretical guidance for the parameters selection of pulse water jet efficiently breaking concrete.

The titanium/aluminum composite materials overcome the limitations of single metal materials and achieve lightweight, high-strength, and corrosion-resistant properties. However, there have been no reports on explosion-welded composites of titanium alloys and seven-series aluminum alloys. Therefore, TA1/Al1060/Al7075 explosion-welded plates with three different explosive thicknesses were successfully prepared using Al1060 as the transition layer. The SPH-FEM coupled algorithm was employed to analyze the detonation process in detail and predict the interface under different explosive thicknesses. The results showed that during the explosion welding process, the high temperature, pressure, and high-speed impact resulted in significant plastic deformation and jetting phenomena at the bonding interface, which were in good agreement with the experimental observations. With the increase in explosive thickness, the TA1/Al1060 bonding interface exhibited a flat shape, while the Al1060/Al7075 interface transitioned from a flat to a wavy morphology. Moreover, the crack, vortex, and TiAl3 were observed at the interface. Mechanical testing results revealed that the composite plate with a 35 mm explosive thickness exhibited the best tensile, shear, and bending performance, indicating the optimal process parameter. This study provides significant support and reference for the application of explosion welding technology in titanium alloys and seven-series aluminum alloy composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Drilling and blasting methods have been used as a common driving technique for shallow-hole driving and blasting in rock roadways. With the advent of digital electronic detonators and the need for increased production efficiency, the traditional blasting design is no longer suitable for deep hole blasting. In this paper, a disperse charge cut blasting method was proposed to address the issues of low excavation depth and high block rate in deep hole undercut blasting. First, a blasting model was used to illustrate the mechanism of the deep hole dispersive charge cut blasting process. Then, continuous charge and dispersed charge blasting models were developed using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-finite element method (SPH-FEM). The cutting parameters were determined theoretically, and the cutting efficiency was introduced to evaluate the cutting effect. The blasting effects of the two charging models were analyzed utilizing the evolution law of rock damage, the number of rock particles thrown, and the cutting efficiency. The results show that using a dispersed charge improves the cutting efficiency by about 20% and the rock breakage for the deep hole cut blasting compared to the traditional continuous charge. In addition, important parameters such as cutting hole spacing, cutting hole depth and upper charge proportion also have a significant impact on the cutting effect. Finally, the deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting technology is combined with the digital electronic detonator through the field engineering practice. It provides a reference for the subsequent deep hole cutting blasting and the use of electronic detonators in rock roadways.

In this study, experimental and numerical investigations have been done to explore the effect of the particle properties on the erosion behavior of aluminum alloy during the abrasive air jet machining (AAJM) process by using the novel medium-hard amino thermoset plastic (ATP) and conventional super-hard alumina (Al2O3) particles. In the numerical simulation, a novel linear elastic material model with the failure standard was proposed to define the ATP particle and the conventional rigid material model was used to define the Al2O3 particle. Meantime, the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) interpolant with the moving-least-squares method was used to establish the impact target model. Then, a multi-particle impact model based on the SPH and finite element coupling method (SPH-FEM) was further developed to investigate the particle impact process. It indicates that the SPH-FEM method can be used to simulate the erosion behaviors of the aluminum alloy during the AAJM process by using not only the super-hard Al2O3 particle but also the medium-hard ATP particle, and the simulation results are fundamentally consistent with the experimental ones. The results demonstrate that the effect of particle hardness on erosion behavior is much greater than that of compressive air pressure. Furthermore, there exists an optimal impact angle where the surface material can be removed by chip formation resulting in the maximum material removal rate, and the surface erosion behavior can be accurately predicted by simulation. Moreover, with the particle hardness increasing, the optimal impact angle would be reduced accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling and blasting methods have been used as a common driving technique for shallow-hole driving and blasting in rock roadways. With the advent of digital electronic detonators and the need for increased production efficiency, the traditional blasting design is no longer suitable for deep hole blasting. In this paper, a disperse charge cut blasting method was proposed to address the issues of low excavation depth and high block rate in deep hole undercut blasting. First, a blasting model was used to illustrate the mechanism of the deep hole dispersive charge cut blasting process. Then, continuous charge and dispersed charge blasting models were developed using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-finite element method (SPH-FEM). The cutting parameters were determined theoretically, and the cutting efficiency was introduced to evaluate the cutting effect. The blasting effects of the two charging models were analyzed utilizing the evolution law of rock damage, the number of rock particles thrown, and the cutting efficiency. The results show that using a dispersed charge improves the cutting efficiency by about 20% and the rock breakage for the deep hole cut blasting compared to the traditional continuous charge. In addition, important parameters such as cutting hole spacing, cutting hole depth and upper charge proportion also have a significant impact on the cutting effect. Finally, the deep hole dispersed charge cut blasting technology is combined with the digital electronic detonator through the field engineering practice. It provides a reference for the subsequent deep hole cutting blasting and the use of electronic detonators in rock roadways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of karst cavities has an important impact on the safety of foundation pit excavation projects. It is of engineering guiding value to study the influence of karst cavities on the blasting process of foundation pits and how to optimize the stiffness of cement mortar to improve the blasting effect. Based on the karst foundation pit bench blasting project of Shenzhen Dayun Foundation Pit Project, this paper adopts the SPH-FEM coupling calculation method to study the influence of karst cavities, cavity-filling water and cavity-filling silt clay on the rock-blasting process of bench blasting. We analyzed the development process of blasting damage of rock when the stiffness of karst cavity grouting filling changes under the conditions of slightly weathered, moderately weathered and strongly weathered limestone. The calculation results show that the karst cavity near the blasthole changes the direction of the minimum resistance line, which leads to the release of blasting energy; the rock breaking effect is improved when the karst cavity is filled with water medium and clay medium. Under the three limestone conditions, after the karst cavity is pretreated by cement grouting, the increase in the stiffness of the cement mortar makes the rock damage area first increase and then decrease after the karst cavity implosion, and There is a critical cement mortar stiffness that makes the best rock breaking effect. The critical cement stiffness of micro-, medium- and strongly weathered limestone is 2.2%, 6.1% and 27% of the blasted rock mass, respectively, which makes the karst cavity wall stress reach the peak value, and the rock-breaking effect is the best at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the drilling and blasting method is used to construct a tunnel through the karst stratum, the coupling effect of the blasting load and the karst water pressure in front of the tunnel face exposes the tunnel face to the risk of water inrush, which threatens the safety of personnel and property. It is very important for the design and construction of related tunnels to study the evolution mechanism of water inrush in karst tunnels and determine the minimum thickness of outburst prevention under blasting. Relying on the Dejiang tunnel Project in Tongren City, this paper adopts the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic–Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling calculation method to study the evolution process of water inrush in karst tunnels under blasting, analyzing the results of water inrush in tunnels under different rock wall thicknesses under blasting. Then, according to the regression of rock wall stress peak data, the analysis determines the minimum outburst prevention thickness of the karst tunnel. The research results show that there is a superposition effect between the blasting stress wave and the gravitational interaction of the karst water itself, and that the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) particles in the aquifer cause damage and cracks to the rock wall under the coupling action of the blasting load and the karst water pressure, further leading to the expansion of the cracks and the formation of inrush channels. the stress, vibration velocity, and displacement of the unit at the junction of the aquifer and the rock layer show a trend that first decreases, then increases, and then decreases with an increase in the thickness of the rock wall. Based on the actual geological conditions of the Dejiang tunnel project parameters, when the thickness of the rock wall is 3.08 m, the peak stress of the rock formation unit at the junction with the aquifer reaches the maximum value. In order to avoid water inrush during blasting, the minimum outburst prevention thickness should be greater than 3.08 m. Based on the analysis results, a corresponding water inrush prevention plan was formulated on site which effectively guaranteed construction safety and, at the same time, verified the reliability of the analysis results. The relevant research results can provide useful references for similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titanium/aluminum composite materials overcome the limitations of single metal materials and achieve lightweight, high-strength, and corrosion-resistant properties. However, there have been no reports on explosion-welded composites of titanium alloys and seven-series aluminum alloys. Therefore, TA1/Al1060/Al7075 explosion-welded plates with three different explosive thicknesses were successfully prepared using Al1060 as the transition layer. The SPH-FEM coupled algorithm was employed to analyze the detonation process in detail and predict the interface under different explosive thicknesses. The results showed that during the explosion welding process, the high temperature, pressure, and high-speed impact resulted in significant plastic deformation and jetting phenomena at the bonding interface, which were in good agreement with the experimental observations. With the increase in explosive thickness, the TA1/Al1060 bonding interface exhibited a flat shape, while the Al1060/Al7075 interface transitioned from a flat to a wavy morphology. Moreover, the crack, vortex, and TiAl3 were observed at the interface. Mechanical testing results revealed that the composite plate with a 35 mm explosive thickness exhibited the best tensile, shear, and bending performance, indicating the optimal process parameter. This study provides significant support and reference for the application of explosion welding technology in titanium alloys and seven-series aluminum alloy composite materials.

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Hepatectomy, or liver resection, is a process by which through surgery part or all of the liver is removed. In this operation, less bleeding, negligible damage and fast removal are the most important requirements. Surgery through waterjet is one of the most efficient techniques which is widely used in hepatectomy. Some clinical studies are conducted to investigate waterjet method in liver resection. In the present study interaction of waterjet with liver during the process of the surgery is investigated in terms of mechanical engineering. For this purpose, a system of waterjet is designed to consider the interaction of waterjet with liver at different nozzle diameter and velocities. For validation, SPH-FEM model is used to analyze waterjet interaction with hyperelastic liver. In this model, liver cutting is simulated using element deletion defined by a subroutine code based on maximum principal strain criterion. Depth of cut along with degraded volume are measured experimentally and compared with simulated method. Results show that good agreement exists between experimental and simulation finding. By comparing depth of cut in the experimental and simulation results, it can be seen that liver behavior changes from brittle to ductile by increasing waterjet velocity during the experimental tests. For the simulation, maximum principal strain threshold is set to be between 0.1 and 0.4. However, the best agreement between experimental and simulation results exists at maximum principal strain threshold equal to 0.2. The findings can help surgeons to find the best working range of waterjet device and the most efficient operation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

In recent years, more and more researches have been carried out on the erosion mechanism of abrasive particles on target materials in the abrasive waterjet cutting process. However, the effect of material property factors on the target erosion damage is rarely studied systematically. In this work, a 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics-finite elements model is established for the simulation. The controlled variable method is used to study how each material property factor affects the erosion process of single abrasive particle and to find out the key material property factors of Al6061-T6 and Ti-6Al-4V. The influence of the interaction of the key material property factors on the target erosion damage is further evaluated using the orthogonal test method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the drilling and blasting method is used to construct a tunnel through the karst stratum, the coupling effect of the blasting load and the karst water pressure in front of the tunnel face exposes the tunnel face to the risk of water inrush, which threatens the safety of personnel and property. It is very important for the design and construction of related tunnels to study the evolution mechanism of water inrush in karst tunnels and determine the minimum thickness of outburst prevention under blasting. Relying on the Dejiang tunnel Project in Tongren City, this paper adopts the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic–Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling calculation method to study the evolution process of water inrush in karst tunnels under blasting, analyzing the results of water inrush in tunnels under different rock wall thicknesses under blasting. Then, according to the regression of rock wall stress peak data, the analysis determines the minimum outburst prevention thickness of the karst tunnel. The research results show that there is a superposition effect between the blasting stress wave and the gravitational interaction of the karst water itself, and that the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) particles in the aquifer cause damage and cracks to the rock wall under the coupling action of the blasting load and the karst water pressure, further leading to the expansion of the cracks and the formation of inrush channels. the stress, vibration velocity, and displacement of the unit at the junction of the aquifer and the rock layer show a trend that first decreases, then increases, and then decreases with an increase in the thickness of the rock wall. Based on the actual geological conditions of the Dejiang tunnel project parameters, when the thickness of the rock wall is 3.08 m, the peak stress of the rock formation unit at the junction with the aquifer reaches the maximum value. In order to avoid water inrush during blasting, the minimum outburst prevention thickness should be greater than 3.08 m. Based on the analysis results, a corresponding water inrush prevention plan was formulated on site which effectively guaranteed construction safety and, at the same time, verified the reliability of the analysis results. The relevant research results can provide useful references for similar projects.

The existence of karst cavities has an important impact on the safety of foundation pit excavation projects. It is of engineering guiding value to study the influence of karst cavities on the blasting process of foundation pits and how to optimize the stiffness of cement mortar to improve the blasting effect. Based on the karst foundation pit bench blasting project of Shenzhen Dayun Foundation Pit Project, this paper adopts the SPH-FEM coupling calculation method to study the influence of karst cavities, cavity-filling water and cavity-filling silt clay on the rock-blasting process of bench blasting. We analyzed the development process of blasting damage of rock when the stiffness of karst cavity grouting filling changes under the conditions of slightly weathered, moderately weathered and strongly weathered limestone. The calculation results show that the karst cavity near the blasthole changes the direction of the minimum resistance line, which leads to the release of blasting energy; the rock breaking effect is improved when the karst cavity is filled with water medium and clay medium. Under the three limestone conditions, after the karst cavity is pretreated by cement grouting, the increase in the stiffness of the cement mortar makes the rock damage area first increase and then decrease after the karst cavity implosion, and There is a critical cement mortar stiffness that makes the best rock breaking effect. The critical cement stiffness of micro-, medium- and strongly weathered limestone is 2.2%, 6.1% and 27% of the blasted rock mass, respectively, which makes the karst cavity wall stress reach the peak value, and the rock-breaking effect is the best at this time.

Seismic resilience of critical infrastructure, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks, is essential to the safety and economic well-being of the general public. This paper studies the effect of different ground motions on large LNG storage tanks under four different site conditions. Key parameters of structural design and dynamic analysis, including von Mises stress of outer and inner tanks, tip displacement, and base shear, are analyzed to directly evaluate the safety performance of the large LNG tanks. Because the size of an LNG tank is too large to perform any experiments on a physical prototype, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) simulation is used as a feasible and efficient method to predict its seismic response. First, the accuracy of the SPH-FEM method is verified by comparing sloshing frequencies obtained from theoretical formulation to experimental results and SPH-FEM models. Then, the seismic response of a real-life 160,000 m3 LNG prestressed storage tank is evaluated with different liquid depths under four site classes. Simulation results show that the tip displacements of the LNG tank at liquid levels of 25% and 50% under site class IV are nearly identical to that of 75% and 100% under site class II. In addition, the maximum von Mises stress of the inner tanks exceeds 500 MPa in all four site classes and jeopardizes the structural integrity of large LNG tanks. As a result, optimization of structural design and the establishment of an early warning system are imperative to the safety of LNG tanks at high liquid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic resilience of critical infrastructure, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks, is essential to the safety and economic well-being of the general public. This paper studies the effect of different ground motions on large LNG storage tanks under four different site conditions. Key parameters of structural design and dynamic analysis, including von Mises stress of outer and inner tanks, tip displacement, and base shear, are analyzed to directly evaluate the safety performance of the large LNG tanks. Because the size of an LNG tank is too large to perform any experiments on a physical prototype, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) simulation is used as a feasible and efficient method to predict its seismic response. First, the accuracy of the SPH-FEM method is verified by comparing sloshing frequencies obtained from theoretical formulation to experimental results and SPH-FEM models. Then, the seismic response of a real-life 160,000 m3 LNG prestressed storage tank is evaluated with different liquid depths under four site classes. Simulation results show that the tip displacements of the LNG tank at liquid levels of 25% and 50% under site class IV are nearly identical to that of 75% and 100% under site class II. In addition, the maximum von Mises stress of the inner tanks exceeds 500 MPa in all four site classes and jeopardizes the structural integrity of large LNG tanks. As a result, optimization of structural design and the establishment of an early warning system are imperative to the safety of LNG tanks at high liquid levels.

The rock drilling and blasting method is the most commonly adopted method for rock roadway excavation in China, where cutting efficiency is the key factor affecting the excavation speed. The conventional wedge-shaped cut blasting is not suitable for deep hole blasting since the method requires the explosives to be concentrated at the bottom of the borehole, resulting in uneven fragmentation of the upper rock and difficulty in throwing the bottom rock. In addition, the cut area is small, and the range of cavity created after cut hole blasting cannot meet the needs of large section blasting tunneling. This present study proposes an efficient method for charging and detonation inside and between boreholes called disperse charge and staged detonation (DCSD) cut blasting technique. The DCSD cut blasting and traditional wedge cut blasting models were established and compared using the smooth particle hydrodynamics-finite element method (SPH-FEM). The results shows that the DCSD model reduces the minimum resistance line of rock blasting and creates a new free surface, promoting the throwing of the bottom rock mass and the overall rock mass failure. Furthermore, the cutting efficiency is defined to quantitatively analyze the influence of different parameters on the cutting effect. The cutting efficiency of the DCSD model with dispersed charge is 21.89% higher than that of the blasting model with continuous charge. The cutting effect is at its greatest for the three types of ε designed for the study, when ε = 0.5. The increase in hole depth reduces the cutting efficiency marginally, although it is still higher than that in the traditional mode. Finally, the successful application of digital electronic detonator and DCSD in domestic rock roadway blasting construction verifies the applicability of DCSD and provides a reference for subsequent projects involving rock roadway deep hole drilling and blasting construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite laminates can potentially reduce the weight of aircrafts; however, they are subjected to bird strike hazards in civil aviation. To handle their nonlinear dynamic behaviour, in this study, the impact damage of composite laminates were numerically evaluated and designed by means of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the interaction between bird projectiles and the laminates. Attention was mainly focused on the different damage modes in various laminates’ plies induced by bird impact on a square laminated plate. A continuum damage mechanics approach was exploited to simulate damage initiation and evolution in composite laminates. Damage maps were computed with respect to different ply angles, i.e., 0°, 45° and −45°. The damage distributions were comparatively investigated, and then the ply design was considered for crashworthiness improvement. The results aim to serve as a design guideline for future prototype-scale bird strike studies of complex laminated structures.

The rupturing process of a membrane, located between two fluids at the center of a three-dimensional channel, is numerically investigated. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the finite element method (FEM) are used, respectively, for modeling the fluid and solid phases. A range of pressure differences and membrane thicknesses are studied and two different rupturing processes are identified. These processes differ in the time scale of the rupture, the location of the rupture initiation, the level of destruction and the driving mechanism.

Composite laminates can potentially reduce the weight of aircrafts; however, they are subjected to bird strike hazards in civil aviation. To handle their nonlinear dynamic behaviour, in this study, the impact damage of composite laminates were numerically evaluated and designed by means of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the interaction between bird projectiles and the laminates. Attention was mainly focused on the different damage modes in various laminates' plies induced by bird impact on a square laminated plate. A continuum damage mechanics approach was exploited to simulate damage initiation and evolution in composite laminates. Damage maps were computed with respect to different ply angles, i.e., 0°, 45° and −45°. The damage distributions were comparatively investigated, and then the ply design was considered for crashworthiness improvement. The results aim to serve as a design guideline for future prototype-scale bird strike studies of complex laminated structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]