Search

Background Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are commonly used to provide feedback to students on their performance in formative examinations. However, students are often unable to act independently on the feedback they receive. This study explored how the use of video‐assisted reflection in OSCEs can enhance students’ ability to reflect and engage in sustainable feedback. Methods Twenty‐one students undertaking a mock‐final OSCE consented to have one of their examination stations filmed. Participants completed a series of reflective forms immediately after the OSCE, after verbal feedback from an examiner and finally, after watching the video of their own performance. Students were asked to predict their overall grade as well as list areas for improvement. Pearson r correlations examined the relationship between the examiners’ grades and the candidates’ self‐predicted grades. Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to compare the length of reflections at each stage. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted to explore students’ beliefs on self‐efficacy and how the video‐assisted reflection altered their ability to act on feedback. Results The students’ ability to self‐assess and gauge their own performance improved significantly after undertaking the video‐assisted reflection (p < 0.01). Furthermore, video‐assisted reflection significantly increased the length of the student's reflections. In interviews, participants described multiple ways in which the video‐assisted reflection improved their confidence and ability to act on feedback, highlighting a clear enhancement in self‐efficacy. Discussion Video‐assisted reflection of recorded OSCE stations represents an effective approach to increase student self‐efficacy and subsequently improve engagement in sustainable feedback practice.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major disease of young cattle whose etiology lies in complex interactions between pathogens and environmental and host factors. Despite a high frequency of codetection of respiratory pathogens in BRD, data on the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis associated with viral and bacterial interactions are still limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of a coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis in cattle. Naive calves were infected by aerosol with a French IDV strain and an M. bovis strain. The combined infection shortened the incubation period, worsened the disease, and led to more severe macroscopic and microscopic lesions compared to these parameters in calves infected with only one pathogen. In addition, IDV promoted colonization of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) by M. bovis and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) gene was shown to be the gene most statistically overexpressed after coinfection at 2 days postinfection (dpi) and at least until 7 dpi, which correlated with the high level of lymphocytes in the LRT. Downregulation of the PACE4 and TMPRSS2 endoprotease genes was also highlighted, being a possible reason for the faster clearance of IDV in the lungs of coinfected animals. Taken together, our coinfection model with two respiratory pathogens that when present alone induce moderate clinical signs of disease was shown to increase the severity of the disease in young cattle and a strong transcriptomic innate immune response in the LRT, especially for IFN-gamma.IMPORTANCE Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is among the most prevalent diseases in young cattle. BRD is due to complex interactions between viruses and/or bacteria, most of which have a moderate individual pathogenicity. In this study, we showed that coinfection with influenza D virus (IDV) and Mycoplasma bovis increased the severity of the respiratory disease in calves in comparison with IDV or M. bovis infection. IDV promoted M. bovis colonization of the lower respiratory tract and increased white cell recruitment to the airway lumen. The transcriptomic analysis highlighted an upregulation of immune genes in the lungs of coinfected calves. The IFN-gamma gene in particular was highly overexpressed after coinfection, correlated with the disease severity, immune response, and white cell recruitment in the lungs. In conclusion, we showed that IDV facilitates coinfections within the BRD complex by modulating the local innate immune response, providing new insights into the mechanisms involved in severe respiratory diseases.

L’étiologie des bronchopneumonies infectieuses (BPI) des jeunes bovins est multifactorielle, mettant en cause des agents infectieux comme des bactéries, virus ou parasites, et également des facteurs de risques liés à la conduite d’élevage et à l’environnement. Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressés aux virus respiratoires bovins. Nous avons étudié le virome de l’appareil respiratoire superficiel et profond des jeunes veaux atteints de BPI par des approches de séquençage à haut débit pour mieux caractériser les co-infections virales et identifier de nouveaux virus. Par ailleurs nous nous sommes intéressés au contexte dans lequel les virus opèrent en analysant la structure, la diversité, et le dynamisme du bactériote respiratoire chez des veaux sains et atteints de BPI. Les résultats suggèrent que de nombreux virus agissent en interactions et montrent une prédominance du coronavirus bovin (BCoV) dans les cavités nasopharyngées et également dans les poumons des veaux atteints de BPI. L’étude phylogénétique des BCoV isolés indique une ségrégation entre souches européennes d’une part et américaines et asiatiques d’autre part qui semble résulter d’un phénomène de recombinaison dans les années 1960-70. Par ailleurs un astrovirus bovin a été clairement détecté pour la première fois principalement dans les poumons de veaux atteints de BPI. L’analyse du microbiote indique, elle, une disparité écologique entre cavités superficielles et profondes et des interactions possibles entre agents pathogènes connus et différentes communautés bactériennes de la flore résidente. Enfin une partie des travaux a concerné le virus influenza D (IDV), un nouveau virus respiratoire bovin émergent récemment identifié en France. Lors d’une infection expérimentale chez des veaux nous avons démontré que IDV possède un pouvoir pathogène respiratoire modéré et qu’il module la réponse immunitaire innée du veau. Nous avons aussi confirmé le caractère ubiquiste d’IDV en démontrant sa circulation sur le continent africain. En conclusion, grâce à des méthodes de séquençages à haut débit ce travail a permis une meilleure description et caractérisation des virus respiratoires bovins et de leur environnement immédiat. Il ouvre des perspectives pour mieux comprendre le rôle des interactions virales dans la genèse des signes cliniques respiratoires.

National audience