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"The presence of toxic and pathogenic agents in the dental waste products has made it to be classified as ""hazardous waste.""~Background~Background~To assess dental waste production rate and composition and approaches used to manage these waste products in 2017 in Birjand, Iran.~Objective~Objective~48 dental clinics were evaluated in two months of 2017. Sampling was performed from each clinic 3 times a week. Samples were manually divided into 5 categories of chemical-pharmaceutical, infectious, semi-household, sharp and cutting materials, and toxic waste products, and weighed. A checklist containing 25 questions was used to evaluate the aspects of waste management in dental clinics.~Methods~Methods~The total amount of waste products generated in dental clinics was 7848.02 kg/ year in which semi-household waste had the highest quantity (4263.411 kg/year) and toxic waste had the lowest quantity (9.275 kg/year). Components with the highest amounts in dentistry waste products were nylon gloves (16.7%), paper and cardboard (13.4%), latex gloves (10.8%), and pharmaceuticals (10.2%). Waste separation was restricted to sharp and cutting waste. More than half (57%) of dental units were equipped with amalgam filter. Fixing solutions were directly discharged to sewage in 48.6% of clinics. There was no program to reduce waste generation in 54% of the clinics. Autoclave was the main tool for sterilizing dental instruments.~Results~Results~This study showed a remarkable share of recyclable materials in the composition of dental waste and lack of special approach to manage waste in dental clinics. It is necessary to plan for minimizing generation of, separating, and recycling waste at source.~Conclusion~Conclusions" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Annually, large quantities of dyes are produced and consumed in different industries. The discharge of highly colored textile effluents to the aquatic environments causes serious health problems in living organisms. This paper investigates the performance of each of the electro-oxidation and electro-reduction pathways in the removal of reactive red 120 (RR120) from synthetic textile effluents using a novel electrochemical reactor. Methods: In the current study, a two-compartment reactor divided by cellulosic separator was applied in batch mode using graphite anodes and stainless steel cathodes. Central Composite Design was used to design the experiments and find the optimal conditions. The operational parameters were initial dye concentration (100-500 mg L-1), sodium chloride concentration (2500-12,500 mg L-1), electrolysis time (7.5-37.5 min), and current intensity (0.06-0.3 A). Results: The results showed that electro-oxidation was much more efficient than electro-reduction in the removal of RR120. According to the developed models, current intensity was the most effective factor on the electro-oxidation of RR120 as well as in power consumption (Coefficients of 12.06 and 0.73, respectively). With regard to the dye removal through electro-reduction, electrolysis time (coefficient of 8.05) was the most influential factor. Under optimal conditions (RR120 = 200 mg.L-1, NaCl = 7914.29 mg.L-1, current intensity = 0.12 A, and reaction time = 30 min), the dye was removed as 99.44 and 32.38% via electro-oxidation and electro-reduction mechanisms, respectively, with consuming only 1.21 kwhm-3 of electrical energy. Conclusions: According to the results, electro-oxidation using graphite anodes in a cell divided by cellulosic separator is very efficient, compared to electro-reduction, in the removal of RR120 from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]