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The effects of the level of berry thinning (30% and 50% berry removal) on the quality and sensory properties of Shine Muscat grapes were investigated. As berry thinning increased, the total soluble solids content increased and titratable acidity decreased. Berry thinning increased berry size and cluster weight but caused no change in individual berry weight. Phenolic concentrations as measured by total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and polymeric tannin concentrations tended to increase with an increase in berry thinning. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that C6-compounds were the significant constituents of volatile alcohols and aldehydes, linalool was the most abundant monoterpene. Odor activity analysis indicated that (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-β-damascenone, linalool, and (E)-linalool oxide were active odorants. Berry thinning increased the accumulation of linalool contributing to high sensory flavor scores in thinned berries. Furthermore, its oxidized derivative-linalool oxide-contributed to enhancing the Muscat flavor. In conclusion, berry thinning induced compositional changes in Shine Muscat grape berries by accelerating the ripening rate, contribution to improved sensory properties.

The total tannin and individual condensed tannin concentrations in the fruit skin and seeds of “Campbell Early” grapes were analyzed by ultrasound-assisted extraction using various solvents (ethanol, methanol, and acetone, both pure and diluted to 70% with and without 0.5% HCl). The total tannin contents of the grape skin and seeds depended on the extraction-solvent conditions and varied between 0.01 and 2.92 mg/g for the skin, and 8.82 and 14.72 mg/g for the seeds. The most effective solvent for extracting total tannins from both the grape skin and seeds was found to be 70% acetone, which facilitated the detection of high concentrations of tannin monomers and dimers. Monomer tannins (catechin and gallocatechin) concentrations in grape seeds were detected at high levels using both 70% acetone and 70% methanol as the extraction solvents; however, dimer tannins (procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2) were detected at high levels in grape seeds using 70% methanol. Hence, 70% methanol was effective for measuring the concentrations of condensed tannins in grape seeds. Since we are currently analyzing individual tannins, research into finding the analysis conditions most appropriate for individual situations is still required.

The astringent sensation of wines is attributable to the composition and concentration of phenolic compounds. However, in many cases, experimental results have shown a gap in relation to sensory astringency. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between the experimental evidence of astringent attributes and perceived astringency. To this end, the concentrations of phenolic compounds, namely, the total phenolic content (TPC), the polymeric tannin content (PTC), the proanthocyanidin content (PAC) and the total anthocyanin content (TAC), in wines made from a variety of grape breeding lines were estimated and their relationships to perceived astringency were evaluated. The TPC and the PTC showed strong positive correlations with perceived astringency. In contrast, the PAC showed a moderate correlation with perceived astringency, which was lower than that shown by the PTC despite their similar phenolic compositions. Unlike the other attributes, the TAC showed a weak correlation with perceived astringency. We concluded that the TPC and the PTC showed good correlations with perceived astringency and could be used as an index for predicting the astringency of wines.

본 연구는 사과 대목 M.26 (Malus pumila Mill))의 효과적인 기내 대량번식하기 위해 신초 증식과 뿌리 형성에 적합한 배지조건을 확립하고, simple sequence repeat (SSR) 마커를 이용하여 증식된 소식물체의 유전적 다양성을 분석하고자 수행하였다. MS (Murashige and Skoog) 기본배지에 benzyladenin (BA, $0.5{\sim}5...

Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV)는 사과를 감염시키는 대표적인 바이러스로, 이러한 4종 바이러스에 복합 감염된 사과 ‘홍로’의 동절기 가지의 휴면아(측아)로부터 다양한 크기 (0.4 mm~ 1.2 mm)와 발달단계 (이하 Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3라 칭함)의 경정 및 측부 분열조직을 절취하여 BA 3.0 mg/L 와 IBA 0.1 mg/L가 혼합된 배지에 배양하여 캘러스를 형성시킨 후, 감염 바이러스바이러스의 제거유무를 조사하였다. 직경 10 mm이상 증식된 캘러스 31 계통을 RT-PCR 분석으로 제거효율을 알아 본 결과, ACLSV는 100%, ASSVd와 ASPV는 93.5%의 높은 제거 효율을 보인 반면, ASGV는 25.8%로 상대적으로 제거효율이 낮았다. 4종 바이러스가 동시에 모두 제거되는 경우는 Stage 1의 휴면아의 분열조직을 배양하였을 때만 가능하였는데, 그 이유는 ASGV가 이 시기의 배양에서 주로 제거되었기 때문으로, ASGV는 다른 바이러스와는 달리 분열조직의 발달단계가 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 휴면아의 분열조직을 배양하여 바이러스를 제거한 예는 세계적으로 보고된 바가 없는 것으로서, 본 연구결과는 향 후 사과의 무병묘 생산에 매우 유용한 자료로 활용될 것이다.

본 연구진은 세계 최초로 GFkV에 단독 감염된 포도 품종 거봉의 휴면아로부터 직접 경정 분열조직을 절취하여 배양함으로써 별도의 열처리나 화학처리 없이 GFkV가 제거된 신초 재생에 성공하였다. GFkV는 포도 식물체의 체관에만 한정적으로 존재하고 접목으로 감염되는 포도 바이러스이다. 경정조직은 4°C에서 일정기간 저장된 1년생 경화가지의 휴면아로부터 0.3 mm (73 절편체)와 0.8 mm (5절편체)를 절취하였는데, 절취 부위는 생장점(apical meristem)을 포함하여 2 ~ 5개의 엽원기(leaf primordia)와 미분화 원기(uncommitted primordia) 1 ~ 4개를 포함하였다. 절취된 경정조직을 BA 3.0 mg/L와 IBA 0.1 mg/L가 혼합된 배지에 16주간 배양한 결과, 0.3 mm와 0.8 mm의 경정조직에서 각각 4.1%와 40.0%의 신초 재생률이 관찰되었고, 재생된 신초에서의 바이러스 제거율(재생된 신초수에 대한 RT-PCR negative 신초수의 백분율)은 0.3 mm의 경정조직에서는 100%를, 0.8 mm에서는 50%를 나타내었다. 신초를 증식시킨 후 감염바이러스를 다시 진단한 결과, 신초가 처음 재생되었을 때의 진단결과와 동일하였다. 휴면아로부터 분열조직을 배양하여 바이러스가 제거된 신초를 확보한 예는 세계적으로 보고된 바가 없는 것으로서, 본 연구진의 새로운 바이러스 제거방법은 향후 포도 뿐만 아니라 과수를 포함한 낙엽성 수목의 무병묘 생산에 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Blueberry cultivars have traditionally been identified based on the evaluation of sets of morphological characters; however, distinguishing closely related cultivars remains difficult. In the present study, we developed DNA markers for the genetic fingerprinting of 45 blueberry cultivars, including 31 cultivars introduced from the United States Department of Agriculture. We obtained 210 random amplified of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers using 43 different primers. The number of polymorphic bands ranged from three (OPG-10 and OPQ-04) to eight (OPR-16), with an average of five. A cluster analysis performed with the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages produced genetic similarity values among the blueberry cultivars ranging from 0.53 to 0.85, with an average similarity of 0.68. A dendrogram clustered the 45 blueberry cultivars into two main clusters, with a similarity value of 0.65. Cluster I consisted of four rabbiteye cultivars (Pink Lemonade, Alapaha, Titan, and Vernon) and the Ashworth northern highbush cultivar. Cluster II consisted of 31 northern highbush cultivars, eight southern highbush blueberry cultivars, and Northland half-highbush blueberry cultivar. Fifty five RAPD fragments selected were sequenced to develop sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, resulting in the successful conversion of 16 of 55 fragments into SCAR markers. An amplified polymorphic band has the same size as the RAPD fragment or smaller according to the primer combinations in the 16 SCAR markers. Among these markers, a combination of 11 SCAR markers provided sufficient polymorphisms to distinguish the blueberry cultivars investigated in this study. These newly developed markers could be a fast and reliable tool to identify blueberry cultivars.

The aim of this research is to establish shoot regeneration system for `Wonhwang` pear (Pyrus pyrifolia L.) using various concentrations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/L in combination with benzylaminopurine (BA) 3, 5, 10 mg/L. Medium containing 4.4 g/L of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with vitamins containing 8 g/L of plant agar and 30 g/L of sucrose with NAA 0.05 mg/L and BA 3 mg/L showed 13.3% of shoot regeneration rate. `Wonhwang` showed no root growth on existing rooting media of P. pyrifolia cv. Niitaka, `Whangkeumbae` and `Bae Yun No. 3`. We evaluated the effect of concentration and kinds of plant growth regulators and carbon source to establish efficient rooting condition for `Wonhwang` pear. In the result of using various concentrations of NAA 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L in combination with indolebutyric acid (IBA) 3, 5, 10 mg/L, rooting rate of 24% was observed using 1/4 Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with 7.5 g/L glucose as carbon source and IBA 1.0 mg/L with NAA 1.0 mg/L.

Changes in the biochemistry and flavor of Shine Muscat grapes at different ripening stages (RS) were analyzed to identify factors affecting these characteristics. The yellowness index values were 45.1, 49.4, and 50.2 in the ripening stage 1 (RS1), ripening stage 2 (RS2), and ripening stage 3 (RS3) groups, respectively, representing the different ripening stages. The yellowness of the grape berries tended to increase with ripening due to the gradual breakdown of chlorophylls and the evolution of carotenoids. The total content of monoterpenes, on the other hand, was approximately two-fold higher at RS3 than RS1 and RS2. Moreover, linalool was the most abundant compound contributing to the total content of monoterpenes. The highest correlation was observed between the linalool content and &deg, Brix/acid ratio (r = 0.9981), followed by the monoterpene content and &deg, Brix/acid ratio (r = 0.9933). These findings indicate that changes in the contents of linalool and its oxidized forms may be used as a quality index and an indicator of the timing of harvest for Shine Muscat grapes.

To identify genome sequences of Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) isolates in Korea, the field survey was performed from ‘Hongro’ apple orchards located in eight sites in South Korea (Bongwha, Cheongsong, Dangjin, Gimchoen, Muju, Mungyeong, Suwon, and Yeongwol). ASSVd was detected by RT-PCR and PCR fragments were cloned into cloning vector. Full-length viral genomes of eight ASSVd isolates were sequenced and compared with 21 isolates reported previously from Korea, India, China, Japan and Greece. Eight isolates in this study showed 92.2-99.7% nucleotide sequence identities with those reported previously. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven isolates reported in this study belong to the same group distinct from other groups.

Grapevine cultivars have traditionally been identified based on the morphological characteristics, but the identification of closely related cultivars has been difficult because of their similar pedigree backgrounds. In this study, we developed DNA markers for genetic fingerprinting in 37 grapevine cultivars, including 20 cultivars bred in Korea. A total of 180 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were obtained using 30 different primers. The number of polymorphic bands ranged from three (OPG-08 and OPU-19) to nine (OPV-01 and UBC116), with an average of six. RAPD markers were used in cluster analysis performed with the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The average similarity value was 0.69 and the dendrogram clustered the 37 grapevine cultivars into five clusters. The relationships among the grapevine cultivars were consistent with the known pedigrees of the cultivars. The 50 RAPD fragments selected were sequenced for the development of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. As a result, 16 of 50 fragments were successfully converted into SCAR markers. A single polymorphic band, the same size as the RAPD fragments or smaller, was amplified depending on the primer combinations in the 14 SCAR markers, and codominant polymorphisms were detected using the SCAR markers G119_412 and GB17_732. Among these markers, combination of 11 SCAR markers, GG05_281, G116_319, G146_365, G119_412, GW04_463, G169_515, G116_539, GV04_618, GV01_678, GG05_689, and GB17_732, provided sufficient polymorphisms to distinguish the grapevine cultivars investigated in this study. These newly developed markers could be a fast and reliable tool for identifying grapevine cultivars.

The experiment were carried out in 7-year-old 'Campbell Early' grape to increase work efficiency by fruit cluster thinning methods (Pedicel and berry thinning). Pedicel thinning, such as labor-saving cluster thinning of grape, was 6.7 fold higher than the berry thinning for work efficiency. The fruit cluster weight and number of berry were lower in the fruit cluster thinning fruits than in the none-fruit cluster thinning, however, the soluble solid content (SSC) was high and titratable acidity (TA) was low in the fruit cluster thinning fruits than in the none-fruit cluster thinning fruits. Therefore, the bruising rate of berries was decreased in the fruit cluster thinning fruits. Quality uniformity by fruit cluster thinning was proper in fruit cluster weight of 350~450 g when SSC and TA in part of lower, middle and upper of cluster was considered.

Trellising is an important cultural practice that affects grape quality and yield. Some grape cultivars require different trellising under different climate and soil conditions. To find suitable trellis conditions for grape cultivar ‘Cheongsoo’, we measured growth and fruit characteristics with three different trellis systems: curtain, Geneva double curtain (GDC), and modified T. The maximum light exposure of clusters in the curtain, GDC, modified T trellis systems was 670, 1,654, and 1,649 μmol･m -2 ･s -1 , respectively. However, there was no difference in air temperature among the three trellis systems. Net CO 2 assimilation rate at 1,500 μmol･m -2 ･s -1 light intensity was 13.4, 13.7, and 8.7 μmol･m -2 ･s -1 in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectivel y. Trunk cross section area (TCSA) and bud burst rate were not significantly different among the three systems. Shoot number was 31.3, 47.0, and 37.0 in curtain, GDC, and modified T trellis systems, respectively. The shoot length was higher (243.9 cm) in the modified T trellis system than in the single curtain (171.1 cm) and GDC (151.5 cm) systems. Interior leaf number and leaf layer number were higher in the GDC system, in which there are two primary branches, in comparison to the modified T and curtain systems, which utilize one primary branch. Primary leaf area and lateral leaf area were significantly higher in the modified T trellis system in comparison to the GDC system. Berry weight, length and diameter, and total soluble solids were not significantly different among the three trellis systems. However, cluster weight and cluster number per tree were significantly higher in GDC. Titratable acidity was significantly lower in GDC. Collectively, our data suggest that the GDC tre llis system is preferable for grape ‘Cheongsoo’ to maintain fruit quality and quantity in Korea.Additional key words

BACKGROUND: Defoliation in grapevine cultivation is practically used to improve light environment within the canopy and thereby fruit quality. Effects of defoliation in five-year-old 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating were investigated to find out optimum ratio of leaf area to fruit cluster weight (L/F). METHODS AND RESULTS: The grapevines were defoliated with berry-thinning 20 days after full bloom to provide various levels of L/F. At harvest, total leaf area values of fruit bearing branches were between 0.23 and . With increasing L/F, soluble solids and anthocyanin contents curvilinearly increased (). At L/F over , soluble solids content (SSC) leveled off. With increasing L/F, titratable acidity (TA) linearly decreased (), but the ratio of SSC to TA linearly increased (). Anthocyanin content was significantly correlated with SSC and the ratio of SSC to TA ( and , respectively). When total leaf area per fruit bearing branch was maintained , soluble solids and anthocyanin contents linearly decreased ( and , respectively), but TA linearly increased with increasing fruit cluster weight (). Fruit was low in quality when the L/F was below . CONCLUSION: L/F is recommended to be maintained at least in 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating to produce higher-quality fruits.

We investigated the effect of the cell-wall-degrading enzyme and its skin contact time on the brewing characteristics of Cheongsoo grape. The easy of juice extraction was excellent at the cell-wall-degrading enzyme and skin contact treatments, and the aroma was best after five days of skin contact treatment. Furthermore, the juice yields of the Chengsoo grape were more dramatically increased by the cell-wall-degrading enzyme and skin contact treatments than by the control. The data on the pH, total acidity, and soluble solids did not significantly differ among the treatments, and the pH range from 3.1 to 3.4; the total acidity from 0.5% to 0.6% (as tartaric acid); and the soluble solids, from 6.7 to 7.1 . The alcohol content of cell-wall-degrading enzyme treatment was highest with 13.3%. The total polyphenol was gradually increased with the longer skin contact time, and was highest after 10 days of skin contact treatment, at 306.4 mg/L. The main organic acids detected in the Cheongsoo wine were malic and tartaric acid, and citric, succinic and lactic acid were also detected. Our results show that the cell-wall-degrading enzyme and skin contact treatments were better in terms of the easy of juice extraction and significantly increased the juice yield and the volatile compound of the Cheongsoo wine.

The grape cultivar Campbell Early has high levels of malic acid as well as tartaric acid. The high concentration of total acid in the Campbell Early wine is a critical aspect of the wine's sensory characteristics. To prevent the deterioration of the wine's quality, which is caused by the strong sour taste derived from the raw material in wine making, the deacidification factor was investigated via carbonic maceration under different temperature conditions, especially in the presence or absence of malolactic bacteria. Based on the results of the presence test of the malolactic bacteria during carbonic-maceration treatment, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Streptococcus thermophilus were characterized morphologically and were identified via biochemical tests and 16S-rRNA-gene-sequencing analysis. The isolated strains were found not to consume malic acid and to produce lactic acid. Moreover, these strains were consumed as soluble solids. The isolated strains are popularly known as lactic-acid bacteria and should have produced lactic acid from glucose. The Oenococcus oeni of the malolactic bacteria was not isolated. These results showed that the isolated strains are not deacidified during carbonic-maceration treatment.

To determine the deacidification factor during carbonic maceration (CM), different temperature conditions were studied. The pH was higher in CM- and CM- and was lower in CM-. The total acid was inversely related to the pH. The malic-acid level decreased much more in CM- than in CM- while the lactic-acid level increased much more in CM-. The activity of the NADP-malic enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of L-malate into pyruvate, , and NADPH, was higher in CM- and CM- while CM- showed no NADP-malic enzyme activity. The malic-dehydrogenase (MDH) activity was higher in CM- and CM- while CM- showed no MDH activity. The oxalacetate decarboxylase activity was similar to the NADP-malic-enzyme and MDH activities. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity was shown in all the CM treatments. The L-lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not explored in the fermentation of pyruvate to lactate via LDH in the grapes during CM. In this study, it was confirmed that carbonic maceration reduced the malic acid during fermentation and was affected by the temperature. Moreover, it was assumed that the deacidification during the carbonic maceration of the grapes was probably correlated with the degradation enzyme activity of malic acid.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an important crop due to its high oil content in the seed. Recently, the demand for the improvement of crop for biodisel energy source is increased as oil prices in the world has increased dramatically. Until now, oilseed rape breeding was carried out by cross-hybridization between different varieties and related germplasms. However, like as many other crops, the application of tissue culture and gene transformation systems has been introduced into oilseed rape breeding program including the development of transgenic canola plants. In this study, we reviewed a history of tissue culture and genetic transformation research in oilseed rape plants and indicated some important aspects for the production of transgenic oilseed rape plants.

Pseudocercospora leaf spot was major disease of grape cultivar `Campbell Early` in Korea. Leaf spot first appeared in early June and rapidly dispersed to other leaves through rainy season. Disease progress of leaf spot by Pseudocercospora vitis in plastic green house, in the two provinces (Gimje and Gimcheon), were investigated in 2007. Differences of Infected leaves (%) between cultivation systems were observed in field and plastic green house, but there was no difference between provinces. Micro environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity, were correlated with infected leaves by PROC REG procedure of SAS (Statistical Analysis System). As a result, regression model best described ($R^2

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith (PM) equation is one of the most widely used equations for predicting evapotranspiration (ET) of crops. The ET rate and the base crop coefficients (Kcb) of the two different grape vines (i.e., Campbell Early and Kyoho) cultivated in Suwon were calculated by using the FAO PM equation. The ET rate of Campbell Early was 2.41 mm day−1 and that of Kyoho was 2.22 mm day−1 in August when the leaf area index was 2.2. During this period, the Kcb of Campbell Early based on the FAO PM equation was on average 0.49 with the maximum value of 0.72. On the other hand, the Kcb of Kyoho was averaged to be 0.45 with the maximum value of 0.64. The seasonal leaf area index for two grape cultivars was measured as 0.15 in April, 0.5 in May, 1.4 in June, 2.2 in July-September, and 1.5 in October. The Kcb of Campbell Early showed a seasonal variation, changing from 0.03 in April to 0.11 in May, 0.31 in June, 0.49 in JulySeptember, and 0.33 in October. The magnitudes and the seasonality of Kcb of Kyoho were similar to those of Campbell Early.