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Abstract Neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitor is promising in cutaneous melanoma but remains unknown in acral melanoma (AM). This phase Ib trial study (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04197882) assessed the efficacy and safety of the combination of neoadjuvant oncolytic virus orienX010 (ori) and anti-PD-1 toripalimab (tori) for resectable AM. Thirty patients of stage III/IV received neoadjuvant therapy of ori and tori for 12 weeks before surgery, followed by adjuvant treatment with tori for 1 year. Primary endpoints were radiographic and pathological response rates, with secondary endpoints of 1- and 2-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates, event-free survival (EFS) rates, and safety. Twenty-seven completed surgery and tori adjuvant treatment and median follow-up was 35.7 months. Radiographic and pathological response rates were 36.7% and 77.8%, with complete response rates of 3.3% and 14.8%, 1- and 2-year RFS rates of 85.2% and 81.5%, and 1- and 2-year EFS rates of 83% and 73%, respectively. Adverse events occurred in all patients, mainly grade 1–2. There was no correlation between PET/CT evaluation and pathological response or progression-free survival/overall survival. Patients with pathological response showed tumor beds with high tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Cytokines and chemokines analysis showed the combination therapy significantly increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both responders and non-responders. Therefore, neoadjuvant ori and tori demonstrated promising antitumor activity with high response rates and high 2-year RFS/EFS for AM with acceptable tolerability.

Abstract Objective Isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) is considered as the strongest predictor of Parkinson's disease (PD). Reliable and accurate biomarkers for iRBD detection and the prediction of phenoconversion are in urgent need. This study aimed to investigate whether α‐Synuclein (α‐Syn) species in plasma neuron‐derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) could differentiate between iRBD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Methods Nanoscale flow cytometry was used to detect α‐Syn‐containing NDEVs in plasma. Results A total of 54 iRBD patients and 53 HCs were recruited. The concentrations of total α‐Syn, α‐Syn aggregates, and phosphorylated α‐Syn at Ser129 (pS129)‐containing NDEVs in plasma of iRBD individuals were significantly higher than those in HCs (p

To comprehensively explore the nutritional quality and construct evaluation system, this paper studied the effects of different planting ways and growing years on the 23 nutritional qualities of Tonggu Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, and constructs of its evaluation system by correlation, factors, and clustering analysis. The results showed that the content of ethanol-soluble extractives, protein, essential amino acids (EAA), medicinal amino acids (MAA), ash and 5 constant mineral elements in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from greenhouse planting (GP) was the highest, and the nutritional score of EAA was also the optimal. Also, the content of polysaccharide and saponins in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from open planting (OP) was the most, and the four trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn and Se) were the highest in underwood planting (UP). The Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua from wild (W) had the highest content of flavonoids and total phenols. In addition, as the extension of growing years, the content of ethanol-soluble extractives, lipid, and polysaccharides in Tonggu Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua increased gradually, while there was no significant difference in the saponins, flavonoids and total phenols (P>0.05). However, the content of starch, crude fiber, protein, ash, nutritional score of EAA and mineral elements in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua was negatively correlated with the growing years. In particular, the decline of nutritional quality in GP was the most significant. Through the analysis of correlation, factor, and cluster, the 22 indicators of nutritional quality were simplified into 13 indicators, and then a comprehensive evaluation model was established by principal component analysis (PCA). It was found that the comprehensive score (−1.331~1.161) of nutritional quality of 8 types was GP-3>UP-3>W-4>GP-5>GP-4>OP-3>UP-4>OP-4, that is, the nutritional quality of GP-3 was optimal. And on this basis, a 6-level standard for the nutritional quality comprehensive evaluation of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua was established. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the screening of raw materials for development of high-value products and variety improvement of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.

Abstract Background Although radical surgical resection is the most effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the high rate of postoperative recurrence remains a major challenge, especially in patients with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC who lack effective biomarkers for postoperative recurrence surveillance. Emerging radiomics can reveal subtle structural changes in tumors by analyzing preoperative contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CECT) imaging data and may provide new ways to predict early recurrence (recurrence within 2 years) in AFP-negative HCC. In this study, we propose to develop a radiomics model based on preoperative CECT to predict the risk of early recurrence after surgery in AFP-negative HCC. Patients and methods Patients with AFP-negative HCC who underwent radical resection were included in this study. A computerized tool was used to extract radiomic features from the tumor region of interest (ROI), select the best radiographic features associated with patient’s postoperative recurrence, and use them to construct the radiomics score (RadScore), which was then combined with clinical and follow-up information to comprehensively evaluate the reliability of the model. Results A total of 148 patients with AFP-negative HCC were enrolled in this study, and 1,977 radiographic features were extracted from CECT, 2 of which were the features most associated with recurrence in AFP-negative HCC. They had good predictive ability in both the training and validation cohorts, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.709 and 0.764, respectively. Tumor number, microvascular invasion (MVI), AGPR and radiomic features were independent risk factors for early postoperative recurrence in patients with AFP-negative HCC. The AUCs of the integrated model in the training and validation cohorts were 0.793 and 0.791, respectively. The integrated model possessed the clinical value of predicting early postoperative recurrence in patients with AFP-negative HCC according to decision curve analysis, which allowed the classification of patients into subgroups of high-risk and low-risk for early recurrence. Conclusion The nomogram constructed by combining clinical and imaging features has favorable performance in predicting the probability of early postoperative recurrence in AFP-negative HCC patients, which can help optimize the therapeutic decision-making and prognostic assessment of AFP-negative HCC patients.

ABSTRACT Background Enfortumab vedotin, a fully human monoclonal antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) directed to Nectin‐4, prolonged overall survival (OS) versus standard chemotherapy in patients with previously treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) previously receiving a programmed cell death protein 1/ligand 1 (PD‐1/L1) inhibitor and platinum‐based chemotherapy in the pivotal, phase 3 EV‐301 clinical trial, supporting global approvals of enfortumab vedotin monotherapy. This bridging study was the first to evaluate enfortumab vedotin monotherapy in previously treated Chinese patients with locally advanced or mUC. Methods EV‐203 was a multicenter, open‐label, phase 2 study (NCT04995419) assessing efficacy, safety/tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and immunogenicity of enfortumab vedotin in 40 Chinese patients (PK analysis set, n = 13) with previously treated locally advanced or mUC. Patients received enfortumab vedotin 1.25 mg/kg (Days 1, 8, and 15). Primary endpoints included confirmed objective response rate (ORR) by the independent review committee (IRC) and PK parameters of ADC, total antibody (TAb), and free monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Secondary endpoints included investigator‐assessed confirmed ORR; investigator‐/IRC‐assessed duration of response (DOR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression‐free survival (PFS); OS; immunogenicity; and safety/tolerability. Results As of May 13, 2022, the median follow‐up was 6.5 months. Confirmed ORR was 37.5% (n/N = 15/40; 95% CI: 22.7%–54.2%) by IRC and 42.5% (n/N = 17/40; 95% CI: 27.0%–59.1%) by investigator assessment. By IRC, DCR was 72.5% (n = 29), median DOR was not reached, and median PFS was 4.7 months. Median OS was not reached. Endpoints assessed by investigators were consistent with IRC assessments. Two patients discontinued treatment for treatment‐related adverse events. No new safety signals were identified. ADC, TAb, and free MMAE were characterized in Chinese patients and consistent with previously characterized populations. The incidence of positive antitherapeutic antibodies postbaseline was 0%. Conclusion Enfortumab vedotin demonstrated meaningful clinical activity with a manageable safety profile in Chinese patients with previously treated locally advanced or mUC. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04995419

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) serve as calcium ion sensors and play crucial roles in all aspects of plant life cycle. While CDPK gene family has been extensively studied in various plants, there is limited information available for CDPK members in oat, an important cereal crop worldwide. Totally, 60 AsCDPK genes were identified in oat genome and were classified into four subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationship. The members within each subfamily shared similar gene structure and conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis revealed that AsCDPK gene amplification was attributed to segmental duplication events and underwent strong purifying selection. AsCDPK promoters were predicted to contain cis-acting elements associated with hormones, biotic and abiotic stresses. AsCDPK gene expressions were induced by different salt stresses, exhibiting stress-specific under different salt treatments. Moreover, overexpression of AsCDPK26 gene enhanced salt resistance in C. reinhardtii, a single-cell photoautotrophic model plants. Further analysis revealed a significant correlation between AsCDPK26 and Na+/H+ antiporter 1 (p

Groenlandicine is a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine known for its various biological activities. This study aims to validate groenlandicine’s effect on both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant osteosarcoma (OS) cells, along with exploring its potential molecular mechanism.The ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) method and molecular docking were employed to screen drugs. CCK-8 and FCM were used to measure the effect of groenlandicine on the OS cells transfected by lentivirus with over-expression or low-expression of TOP1. Cell scratch assay, CCK-8, FCM, and the EdU assay were utilized to evaluate the effect of groenlandicine on cisplatin-resistant cells. WB, immunofluorescence, and PCR were conducted to measure the levels of TOP1, Bcl-2, BAX, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3. Additionally, a subcutaneous tumor model was established in nude mice to verify the efficacy of groenlandicine.Groenlandicine reduced the migration and proliferation while promoting apoptosis in OS cells, effectively damaging them. Meanwhile, groenlandicine exhibited weak cytotoxicity in 293T cells. Combination with cisplatin enhanced tumor-killing activity, markedly activating BAX, cleaved-Caspase-3, and cleaved-Caspase-9, while inhibiting the Bcl2 pathway in cisplatin-resistant OS cells. Moreover, the level of TOP1, elevated in cisplatin-resistant OS cells, was down-regulated by groenlandicine both in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiments confirmed that groenlandicine combined with cisplatin suppressed OS growth with lower nephrotoxicity.Groenlandicine induces apoptosis and enhances the sensitivity of drug-resistant OS cells to cisplatin via the BAX/Bcl-2/Caspase-9/Caspase-3 pathway. Groenlandicine inhibits OS cells growth by down-regulating TOP1 level.Therefore, groenlandicine holds promise as a potential agent for reversing cisplatin resistance in OS treatment.

Objective: The purpose of the research is to explore post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) after catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) treatment for acute lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) risk factors. Methods: We retrospectively selected 171 patients with acute lower extremity DVT undergoing CDT treatment, collected clinical data of the patients, grouped them according to the follow-up results of 1 year after treatment, and included patients with PTS into the concurrent group and patients who did not develop PTS assigned to the unconcurrent group. Univariate analysis and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the risk factors of PTS after catheterization and thrombolytic therapy for acute lower extremity DVT. We applied R4.2.3 software to build three hybrid machine-learning models, including a nomogram, decision tree, and random forest with independent influencing factors as predictive variables. Results: The incidence of PTS after CDT in acute lower extremity DVT was 36.84 %. BMI >24.33 kg/m2, disease time >7 d, mixed DVT, varicose vein history, stress treatment time>6.5 months, and filter category were independent risk factors for PTS after CDT treatment for acute lower extremity DVT. The AUC value predicted by the random forest model was higher than that of the nomogram model (Z = -2.337, P = 0.019) and the decision tree model (Z = -2.995, P = 0.003). Conclusion: The occurrence of PTS after CDT treatment of acute lower extremity DVT is closely related to many factors, and the established random forest model had the best effect in predicting PTS complicated with PTS.

Objectives Osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) are a critical public health concern requiring urgent attention, and severe OVFs impose substantial health and economic burdens on patients and society. Analysis of the risk factors for severe OVF is imperative to actively prevent the occurrence of this degenerative disorder. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with the severity of OVF, with a specific focus on changes in the paraspinal muscles. Methods A total of 281 patients with a first‐time single‐level acute OVF between January 2016 and January 2023 were enrolled in the study. Clinical and radiological data were collected and analyzed. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) and degree of fatty infiltration (FI) of the paraspinal muscles, including the multifidus muscles (MFMs), erector spinae muscles (ESMs), and psoas major muscles (PSMs), were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the L4/5 intervertebral discs. According to the classification system of osteoporotic fractures (OF classification) and recommended treatment plan, OVFs were divided into a low‐grade OF group and a high‐grade OF group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyse s were performed to identify risk factors associated with the severity of OVF. Results Ninety‐eight patients were included in the low‐grade OF group, and 183 patients were included in the high‐grade OF group. Univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher incidence of a high degree of FI of MFMs (OR = 1.71, p = 0.002) and ESMs (OR = 1.56, p = 0.021) in the high‐grade OF group. Further multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a high degree of FI of the MFMs (OR = 1.71, p = 0.002) is an independent risk factor for the severity of OVF. Conclusion A high degree of FI of the MFMs was identified as an independent risk factor for the severity of OVF. Decreasing the degree of FI in the MFMs might lower the incidence of the severity of OVF, potentially reducing the necessity for surgical intervention in OVF patients.

Runoff prediction plays a crucial role in hydropower generation and flood prevention, enhancing prediction accuracy in hydrology. This study proposes an extreme forecast index (EFI)-driven runoff prediction approach using stacking ensemble learning to improve prediction performance. EFI is introduced as an input into four machine learning models (Support Vector Regression, Multi-layer Perceptron, Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, and Ridge Regression) for runoff prediction with lead times of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The stacking ensemble learning framework comprises four base-models and a meta-model, and model hyperparameters are re-optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The approach focuses on predicting the inflow processes of the Geheyan Reservoir in the Qing River using EFI and runoff time series. Results demonstrate that the EFI-runoff simulation can improve runoff prediction capability due to EFI’s higher sensitivity to observed runoff, and the proposed stacking ensemble learning model outperforms the individual model in predicting runoff with all lead times. The relative flood peak error, mean relative error, root mean square error, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of the model’s one-day-ahead prediction are 7.987%, 22.421%, 632.871 m3/s, and 0.771, respectively. Therefore, this approach can be effectively utilized to improve accuracy in short-term runoff prediction applications.

(1)Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with multiple unidentified pathogenic factors. The inconsistency between molecular subgroups poses challenges for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. In this study, we aimed to accurately distinguish RA patients at the transcriptome level using bioinformatics methods. (2)Methods: We collected a total of 362 transcriptome datasets from RA patients in three independent samples from the GEO database. Consensus clustering was performed to identify molecular subgroups, and clinical features were assessed. Differential analysis was employed to annotate the biological functions of specifically upregulated genes between subgroups. (3)Results: Based on consensus clustering of RA samples, we identified three robust molecular subgroups, with Subgroup III representing the high-risk subgroup and Subgroup II exhibiting a milder phenotype, possibly associated with relatively higher levels of autophagic ability. Subgroup I showed biological functions mainly related to viral infections, cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and inflammatory responses. Subgroup II involved autophagy of mitochondria and organelles, protein localization, and organelle disassembly pathways, suggesting heterogeneity in the autophagy process of mitochondria that may play a protective role in inflammatory diseases. Subgroup III represented a high-risk subgroup with pathological processes including abnormal amyloid precursor protein activation, promotion of inflammatory response, and cell proliferation. (4)Conclusion: The classification of the RA dataset revealed pathological heterogeneity among different subgroups, providing new insights and a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of RA, identifying potential therapeutic targets, and developing personalized treatment approaches.

Abstract Ferroptosis is a form of cell death that is triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and is closely associated with osteoarthritis. The primary interventions for inhibiting ferroptosis in osteoarthritis are anti-lipid peroxidation and iron chelation. The objective of our study is to investigate the characteristics of ferroptosis in osteoarthritis and identify the optimal time points for inhibiting ferroptosis to alleviate disease progression. Ferroptosis-related alterations and markers of OA were analyzed in paired intact and damaged cartilages from OA patients by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, mitochondrial membrane potential and immunohistochemistry. We also compared Ferroptosis-related alterations in cartilage of mild, moderate, and severe OA (according to the modified Mankin score). In addition, we compared the effect of Fer-1 on ferroptosis and the protection of chondrocytes by detecting markers of both ferroptosis and OA by immunofluorescence, CCK8 and qRT-PCR. Ferroptosis-related alterations (GPX4 downregulation, ACSL4 upregulation, MDA, LPO accumulation, Mitochondrial membrane potential decreased) in the damaged area cartilage were more severe than those in the intact area and increased with the progression of OA. Compared with mild OA group, the activity of chondrocytes treated with Fer-1 (a ferroptosis inhibitor) was increased, mitochondrial function was improved, and ferroptosis was reduced (GPX4 upregulation, SLC7A11 upregulation, ACSL4 downregulation,), and promoted the expression of COL2A1 and inhibited the expression of MMP13. However, these changes were not observed in moderate and severe OA chondrocytes. Ferroptosis occurs in a region-specific manner and is exacerbated with the progression of human OA cartilage degeneration. Inhibition of ferroptosis might had a therapeutic effect on chondrocytes with mild OA but had no significant therapeutic effect on chondrocytes with moderate to severe OA.

Arthritis has a high global prevalence. During the early ancient human era, bee (Apis) venom therapy was employed in Egypt, Greece, and China to alleviate ailments such as arthritis and neuralgia. In addition, bee venom has long been used as a traditional medicine for immune-related diseases in Korea. Wasp (Vespa) venom is a folk medicine of the Jingpo people in Yunnan, China, and has been widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In spite of this, the underlying mechanisms of bee and wasp venoms for the treatment of arthritis are yet to be fully understood. In recent years, researchers have investigated the potential anti-arthritic properties of bee and wasp venoms. Studies have shown that both bee and wasp venom can improve swelling, pain, and inflammation caused by arthritis. The difference is that bee venom reduces arthritis damage to bone and cartilage by inhibiting the IRAK2/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and JAK/STAT signaling pathway, as well as decreasing osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway. Wasp venom, on the other hand, regulates synovial cell apoptosis via the Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway, inhibits the JAK/STAT signaling pathway to reduce inflammation production, and also ameliorates joint inflammation by regulating redox balance and iron death in synovial cells. This review provides a detailed overview of the various types of arthritis and their current therapeutic approaches; additionally, it comprehensively analyzes the therapeutic properties of bee venom, wasp venom, or venom components used as anti-arthritic drugs and explores their mechanisms of action in anti-arthritic therapy.

The accuracy of long-term runoff models can be increased through the input of local weather variables and global climate indices. However, existing methods do not effectively extract important information from complex input factors across various temporal and spatial dimensions, thereby contributing to inaccurate predictions of long-term runoff. In this study, local–global–temporal attention mechanisms (LGTA) were proposed for capturing crucial information on global climate indices on monthly, annual, and interannual time scales. The graph attention network (GAT) was employed to extract geographical topological information of meteorological stations, based on remotely sensed elevation data. A long-term runoff prediction model was established based on long-short-term memory (LSTM) integrated with GAT and LGTA, referred to as GAT–LGTA–LSTM. The proposed model was compared to five comparative models (LGTA–LSTM, GAT–GTA–LSTM, GTA–LSTM, GAT–GA–LSTM, GA–LSTM). The models were applied to forecast the long-term runoff at Luning and Pingshan stations in China. The results indicated that the GAT–LGTA–LSTM model demonstrated the best forecasting performance among the comparative models. The Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of GAT–LGTA–LSTM at the Luning and Pingshan stations reached 0.87 and 0.89, respectively. Compared to the GA–LSTM benchmark model, the GAT–LGTA–LSTM model demonstrated an average increase in NSE of 0.07, an average increase in Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE) of 0.08, and an average reduction in mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 0.12. The excellent performance of the proposed model is attributed to the following: (1) local attention mechanism assigns a higher weight to key global climate indices at a monthly scale, enhancing the ability of global and temporal attention mechanisms to capture the critical information at annual and interannual scales and (2) the global attention mechanism integrated with GAT effectively extracts crucial temporal and spatial information from precipitation and remotely-sensed elevation data. Furthermore, attention visualization reveals that various global climate indices contribute differently to runoff predictions across distinct months. The global climate indices corresponding to specific seasons or months should be selected to forecast the respective monthly runoff.

The current aseismic design has seldom considered the effect caused by underlain tunnels. Previous studies focused on the scenarios of tunnels embedded in homogeneous soil under transverse seismic excitation. This paper aims to investigate the tunnel effect on the surface acceleration response in soil-rock strata by shaking table tests. Three sets of excitations are employed and input along the shaking table in both transverse and longitudinal directions. The soil-rock site is classified as four micro-zones with varying conditions, to mount observation stations of acceleration sensors. Dynamic characteristics of the four zones are identified by the transfer function (TF) method, and the tunnel effect on the ground acceleration response is obtained by comparing the spectral acceleration results between the free-field and ground-tunnel models. The test results indicate that the tunnel effect varies with the site conditions. Distinctively, a significant amplification effect is observed at the A4 zone, located on the soil deposit near the soil-rock interface. Then, it is proved that the scattering waves generated at the interface and the standing waves trapped between the tunnel and upper ground surface account for the amplification, revealed by the discrepancies of the TF results and acceleration details between the free-field and ground-tunnel models.

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease plaguing the elderly. Recently, chondrocyte ferroptosis has been demonstrated to promote the progression of OA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is an important factor in maintaining cartilage health. However, the relationship between PPARγ and chondrocyte ferroptosis in OA and its mechanism is completely unclear. Methods We established a surgically induced knee OA rat model to investigate PPARγ and chondrocyte ferroptosis in OA. Rat knee specimens were collected for Safranin O/Fast Green staining and immunohistochemical staining after administered orally placebo or pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist) for 4 weeks. We used RSL3 to establish a chondrocyte ferroptosis model cultured in vitro to study the role of PPARγ activation toward ferroptosis, mitochondrial function, and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Pink1)/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist), Mdivi-1 (mitophagy inhibitor), and chloroquine (mitophagy inhibitor) were employed to investigate the mechanism of PPARγ-Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy in the inhibition of ferroptosis. Results We found that PPARγ activation by pioglitazone attenuated not only OA but also inhibited the expression of the ferroptosis marker acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) at the same time in rats. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro data indicated that PPARγ activation restored Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy, improved mitochondrial function, inhibited chondrocyte ferroptosis, and delayed the progression of OA. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that PPARγ activation attenuates OA by inhibiting chondrocyte ferroptosis, and this chondroprotective effect was achieved by promoting the Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy pathway.

Abstract Sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) is highly expressed in human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage, accompanied by ferroptosis hallmarks, especially the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides (LPO). However, the role of SCP2 in chondrocyte ferroptosis remains unexplored. Here, we identify that SCP2 transports cytoplasmic LPO to mitochondria in RSL3-induced chondrocyte ferroptosis, resulting in mitochondrial membrane damage and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The localization of SCP2 on mitochondria is associated with mitochondrial membrane potential, but independent of microtubules transport or voltage-dependent anion channel. Moreover, SCP2 promotes lysosomal LPO increase and lysosomal membrane damage through elevating ROS. However, SCP2 is not directly involved in the cell membrane rupture caused by RSL3. Inhibition of SCP2 markedly protects mitochondria and reduces LPO levels, attenuating chondrocyte ferroptosis in vitro and alleviating the progression of OA in rats. Our study demonstrates that SCP2 mediates the transport of cytoplasmic LPO to mitochondria and the spread of intracellular LPO, accelerating chondrocyte ferroptosis.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of two types microencapsulated Origanum oils (MOO) (HMOO: hot spray microencapsulated Origanum oils; CMOO: cold spray microencapsulated Origanum oils) supplemented at different levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) on growth performance, antioxidant ability, nonspecific immune responses, gut bacterial communities, gut histology, and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth black bass (mean body weight = 9.72 g). The growth performance were significantly improved in both HMOO and CMOO groups (P 0.05). A significant interaction between the microencapsulation techniques and dosages was observed in some parameters (e.g., CAT, SOD, GSH-PX, MDA, LYZ, AKP, and ACP) of serum, liver, and intestine, which were influenced by MOO dosage. The α diversity index (observed_species, Chao1, and ACE) of intestinal bacteria and the relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa (Fusobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Cetobacterium, Plesiomonas, and Romboutsia) were significantly affected by different MOO supplemental levels (P 0.05). Villus height and disease resistance increased in the HMOO groups with different MOO dosages (P 0.05). HMOO had more positive effects on villus height and disease resistance than CMOO. In conclusion, the effects of MOO on black bass were more dependent on the supplemental dosage than the microencapsulation techniques.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lentinan (LNT) on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Largemouth bass (initial weight: 10.31 ± 0.25 g) were divided into the CK, L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 groups in triplicate and fed with diets containing LNT at 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% for eight weeks. Results showed that FBW, WGR, SGR and FE were significantly increased in the L3, L4 and L5 groups compared to the CK group. VSI, HSI, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were similar among different treatment groups. Trypsin and lipase activities of intestinal tract were elevated in the L4 and L5 groups. The length of intestinal microvilli was increased in all experimental groups (P

BackgroundCortical amyloid deposition is a common observation in Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) patients. Aβ1-42 is linked to a more rapid progression of dementia. Platelets, which degranulate upon activation, are a primary source of Aβ. It has been repeatedly reported that peripheral extracellular vesicles (EVs) can partially reach the central nervous system. Thus, we speculate that activated platelet-derived Aβ1-42-containing EVs (PEV-Aβ1-42) play a crucial role in the cognitive decline of PD patients.MethodsThe study included 189 participants: 66 with non-dementia PD, 73 with PDD, and 50 healthy controls. All participants underwent blood collection and clinical assessments. Twenty PD patients underwent re-examination and repeated blood collection 14 months later. A nano-scale flow cytometry assay was used to detect PEVs and PEV-Aβ1-42 using fluorescence-labeled CD62P and Aβ1-42 antibodies.ResultsParkinson’s disease dementia patients had higher PEV-Aβ1-42 concentrations than healthy controls (p = 0.028). The ratio of PEV-Aβ1-42 to PEV was significantly higher in PDD patients compared to those in non-dementia PD and healthy controls (pPD-ND

Abstract Background Anti-programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) monotherapy is the standard treatment for metastatic melanoma in current. Camrelizumab is a humanized IgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody whose safety and efficacy have not been reported in advanced Asian melanoma patients. Methods This phase I study investigated the safety, activity, and pharmacokinetics of camrelizumab in Chinese patients with advanced melanoma. The study included two phases, the dose-escalation phase (“3 + 3” design at 60 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg) and the dose-expansion phase. Results No dose-limiting toxicities were recorded over the dose-escalation phase, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) in 36 patients were reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation, followed by rash, fever, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, vitiligo, and fatigue. Five grade 3 or above TRAEs were reported (13.9%), including two cases of elevated γ-glutamyltransferase and blood triglycerides without clinical symptoms, and one liver injury recovered after symptomatic treatment. The confirmed overall response rate was 13.9% (95%CI: 4.7, 29.5%) and disease control rate was 38.9% (95%CI: 23.1, 56.5%). The median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95%CI: 1.1, 2.4) and the median overall survival was 11.1 months (95%CI: 6.8, 15.4). Conclusions Camrelizumab had acceptable tolerability and similar anti-tumor activity compared with other anti-PD-1 antibodies in advanced Asian melanoma patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identification: NCT02738489. Registered on 14/04/2016, prospectively registered.

Background Accumulating data suggest that mucosal melanoma, well known for its poor response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and abysmal prognosis, is a heterogeneous subtype of melanoma with distinct genomic and clinical characteristics between different anatomic locations of the primary lesions. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus (PMME) is a rare, highly aggressive disease with a poorer prognosis compared with that of non-esophageal mucosal melanoma (NEMM). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of anti-programmed death (PD)-1 in patients with PMME and explored its molecular basis.Methods The response and survival of patients with PMME and NEMM under anti-PD-1 monotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. To explore the molecular mechanisms of the difference in therapeutic efficacy between PMME and NEMM, we performed genomic analysis, bulk RNA sequencing, and multiplex immunohistochemistry staining.Results We found that PMME (n=28) responded better to anti-PD-1 treatment than NEMM (n=64), with a significantly higher objective response rate (33.3% (95% CI 14.3% to 52.3%) vs 6.6% (95% CI 0.2% to 12.9%)) and disease control rate (74.1% (95% CI 56.4% to 91.7%) vs 37.7% (95% CI 25.2% to 50.2%)). Genomic sequencing analysis revealed that the genomic aberration landscape of PMME predominated in classical cancer driver genes, with approximately half of PMME cases harboring mutations in BRAF, N/KRAS, and NF1. In contrast, most NEMM cases were triple wild-type. Transcriptome analysis revealed that, compared with NEMM, PMME displayed more significant proliferation and inflammatory features with higher expression of genes related to antigen presentation and differentiation, and a less immunosuppressive signature with lower expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and dedifferentiation-related genes. The multiplex immunohistochemical analysis also demonstrated higher CD8+ T-cell infiltration in PMME than in NEMM.Conclusions PMME is an outlier of mucosal melanoma showing a malicious phenotype but a particularly high response rate to ICB because of its distinct molecular characteristics. Patient stratification based on anatomic origin can facilitate clinical decision-making in patients with mucosal melanoma following the verification of our results in future prospective studies.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease with a gradually increasing morbidity in the aging and obese population. Emerging evidence has implicated pyroptosis in the etiology of OA and it may be recognized as a therapeutic target in OA. We have previously reported regarding another disease that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) activation exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor containing protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome. However, the relationship between PPAR-γ and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in OA cartilage and its underlying mechanisms is fully unclear. In this study, we found that the level of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in severe lateral femoral condyle cartilage wear in the knee of an OA patient was significantly higher than that in the mild lateral femoral condyle cartilage wear areas. Moreover, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced primary chondrocytes and knee OA rat models, we demonstrated that activation of PPAR-γ by pioglitazone (Piog) attenuated LPS/ATP-induced chondrocyte pyroptosis and arthritis. These effects were partially counteracted by either blocking the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2)/NLRP3 or PGC1-α/Δψm signaling pathway. Simultaneous depression of these two signaling pathways can completely abrogate the protective effects of Piog on OA and chondrocytes. Taken together, Piog protects OA cartilage against pyroptosis-induced damage by simultaneously activating both the Nrf2/NLRP3 and PGC-1α/Δψm pathways, which enhances antioxidative and anti-inflammatory responses as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, Piog may be a promising agent for human OA cartilage damage in future clinical treatments.

Owing to its novel properties, such as high electrical conductivity and large specific surface area, graphene has been found as suitable support material for the electrocatalyst design. This work reports the preparation of platinum-nickel alloy nanoparticles (PtNi NPs) electrocatalyst by electrodeposition of PtNi NPs onto graphene support. The obtained PtNi/graphene electrocatalysts were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicating the controllable morphological and compositional profiles of PtNi NPs on graphene. The electrocatalytic characteristics of PtNi/graphene toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were systematically investigated showing comparable kinetic performance. Moreover, the graphene during electrodeposition process induces carbon vacancies and defects, increasing interaction between nanoparticles and graphene and enhancing electrocatalytic stability by limiting aggregation of the nanoparticles during accelerated stability test. This work opens a promising path for the preparation of graphene-supported alloy electrocatalyst.

Abstract Background Due to its low incidence and diverse manifestations, paradoxical embolism (PDE) is still under-reported and is not routinely considered in differential diagnoses. Concomitant acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and acute pulmonary embolism (PE) caused by PDE has rarely been reported. Case presentation A 45-year-old woman presented with acute chest pain and difficulty with breathing. Multiple imaging modules including ECG, echocardiography, emergency cardioangiogram (CAG), and CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries showed acute occlusion of the posterolateral artery and acute PE. After coronary aspiration, no residual stenosis was observed. One month later, a bubble study showed inter-atrial communication via a patent foramen ovale (PFO). The AMI in this patient was finally attributed to PDE via the PFO. PFO closure was performed, and long-term anticoagulation was prescribed to prevent recurrent thromboembolic events. Conclusions PDE via PFO is a rare etiology of AMI, especially in patients with concomitant AMI and PE. Clinicians should be vigilant of this possibility and close the inter-atrial channel for secondary prevention.

JinQi Jiangtang tablet (JQJTT) is a Chinese patent medicine that has been shown to be beneficial for patients with diabetes both preclinically and clinically; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of JQJTT remains unclear. In this study, surface plasmon resonance fishing was employed to identify JQJTT constituent molecules that can specifically bind to fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), leading to the retrieval of palmatine (PAL), a key active ingredient of JQJTT. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that PAL can significantly stimulate FGFR1 phosphorylation and upregulate glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT-1) expression, thereby facilitating glucose uptake in insulin resistance (IR) HepG2 cells as well as alleviating hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Our results revealed that PAL functions as an FGFR1 activator and that the hypoglycemic effect of JQJTT is partially dependent on the PAL-induced activation of the FGFR1 pathway. In addition, this study contributed to the understanding the pharmacodynamic basis and mechanism of action of JQJTT and provided a novel concept for future research on PAL.

BackgroundAdjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to produce a favorable prognosis for patients with resectable mucosal melanoma (MM), resulting in the need for stratification to optimally select patients to benefit from adjuvant therapy. This study analyzed Ki67 as a potential stratification index for adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable MM.MethodsPatients with resected MM who received subsequent adjuvant therapy in Beijing Cancer Hospital between 2010 and 2018 were retrospectively enrolled and analyzed. Relapse-free survival (RFS) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS) curves were used to perform the survival comparisons across different subgroups.ResultsFrom Jan 2010 to Dec 2018, 1106 MM patients were screened from a database of 4706 patients and 175 of these patients were finally enrolled. A total of 100 patients received temozolomide (TMZ)-based adjuvant chemotherapy and 75 patients received high-dose interferon-α2b (HDI) adjuvant therapy. Compared with HDI, patients who received TMZ-based adjuvant chemotherapy had significantly superior RFS (21.0 vs. 9.6 months, P = 0.002). For patients with low Ki67 expression (

In this study, the effect of choline chloride on intestinal microbiota and its association with the liver lipid accumulation were tested in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model. We performed a trial for six weeks on zebrafish dietary with high-lipid diets containing different choline chloride levels (0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%; labelled as C0, C2, C4 and C6 treatment, respectively). The liver samples were collected for oil red O (ORO) staining at the 2nd, 4th and 6th week. The liver fatty infiltration were formed at the 2nd week and reached maximum proportion in C0 treatment at the 6th week, while the lowest proportion was present in C6 treatment. High-throughput sequencing was performed to characterise intestinal microbiota of fish fed C0 and C6 choline chloride. In comparison with C0 treatment, the relative abundances of Sphingomonas, Phyllobacterium and Bacteroides were increased in C6 treatment. Bacterial genes predicted that the flora of fish in C6 treatment was mainly concentrated in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. Thereafter, the gut microbiota of C0 or C6 treatment was transferred to germ-free (GF) 3 dpf (days post fertilisation) zebrafish and fed with high-lipid diet without choline. ORO revealed that the intestinal microbiota was contributed to reduce the liver lipid accumulation of fish accepted bacteria of C6 treatment (GFTC6). Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in dephosphorylation, lipid transport, lipid localisation and lipoprotein metabolic process in GFTC6 treatment. Our findings suggested a probable association between composition changes of intestinal microflora and liver fat accumulation in fish dietary with choline chloride.

Background: Cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) liners have been used for total hip arthroplasty (THA) to address the problem of osteolysis and revision surgery associated with conventional polyethylene (CPE) liners. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the long-term efficacy of HXLPE in preventing revision surgery and radiological osteolysis in comparison to CPE. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their respective inception to September 2018 was conducted to identify potential candidate articles. Data were pooled using Stata software 14.0. The quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies was assessed by two different authors using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS), respectively. Results: Eight RCTs and six observational studies were included in this review. The pooled results significantly favored HXLPE over CPE in terms of total number of revisions and radiological osteolysis, with a risk reduction of 78% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.36; p

Context Genistein (Gen) has shown protective effects against ageing process. Objective To explore the role of Gen on the senescence of H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and investigate the possible mechanism. Materials and methods HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of H2O2 (50, 100, 200 and 400 μmol/L) for 1 h or Gen administration (20, 40, 80 and 160 μg/mL) for 24 h. Functional experiments (cell counting kit-8, β-galactosidase staining and flow cytometry) were used to detect the effect of Gen on H2O2-induced HUVECs. After HUVECs were transfected with TXNIP overexpression plasmids, the expression of p16, p21, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-1 in HUVECs were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Results H2O2 (200 and 400 μmol/L) inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs. At concentrations of >50 μmol/L, H2O2 induced the cell cycle progression arrests in G1 phase and promoted cell senescence of HUVECs. Gen had no obvious cytotoxicity to HUVECs below 160 µg/mL. H2O2-induced HUVEC senescence and the expression of TXNIP and NLRP3 in HUVECs were down-regulated by Gen (40 and 80 µg/mL). Expressions of TXNIP and NLRP3 in HUVECs were up-regulated by H2O2 but down-regulated by Gen. Overexpressed TXNIP partially reversed the suppressive effect of Gen on H2O2-induced senescence and apoptosis of HUVECs. Expressions of p16, p21, TXNIP, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-1 in H2O2-treated HUVECs were inhibited by Gen, while the inhibition as such was partially reversed by overexpressed TXNIP. Discussion and conclusions H2O2-induced HUVEC senescence was alleviated by Gen via suppressing the TXNIP/NLRP3 axis, which may offer a potential therapeutic approach for improving HUVEC senescence and provide a new direction for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

This study aimed to analyze and discuss the biomarkers of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) injection-induced hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) in advanced breast cancer patients. Fourteen patients from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital were included in the study between April 15th, 2020 and April 14th, 2021. Patient plasma was collected 30 min before PLD injection. HSRs were found to occur in a total of 9 patients (64.3%). No association was found between HSRs and various patient characteristics such as age, body surface area, anthracycline treatment history, IgE, and complement 3 and 4 (p > 0.05). Non-targeted metabolomics analysis of patient plasma was performed, and several metabolites showed significant association with HSRs. In particular, l-histidine (fold change = 91.5, p = 0.01) showed significantly higher levels in the immediate HSR group, while myristicin (fold change = 0.218, p = 0.003), urocanic acid (fold change = 0.193, p = 0.007), and d-aldose (fold change = 0.343, p = 0.003) showed significantly lower levels in the same group. In vivo experiments showed that exogenous histidine aggravated HSRs and increased IgE plasma levels in rats following the injection of PLD. Histidine can be decarboxylated to histamine by histidine decarboxylase. Histidine decarboxylase inhibitor 4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid improved symptoms and IgE levels in vivo. These findings suggested that l-histidine can be a potential biomarker for PLD-induced HSR. Moreover, an antihistamine drug, histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, or dietary histidine management could be used as potential preventive measures. Furthermore, metabolomics research could serve as a powerful method to explore biomarkers or uncover mechanisms of drug side effects.

The regulatory networks that govern chromatin accessibility and gene expression in brown and beigeadipocytes remain to be fully elucidated. Here the authors use fat-specific inactivation of BAF60a toreveal a differential role for this chromatin remodeling factor in brown fat thermogenesis and coldinduced browning of inguinal fat.

This article focuses on the establishment of an accurate and sensitive quantitation method for the analysis of furan fatty acids. In particular, the sensitivity of GC/MS and UPLC/ESI/MS/MS was compared for the identification and quantification of furan fatty acids. Different methylation methods were tested with respect to GC/MS analysis. Special attention needs to be paid to the methylation of furan fatty acids, as acidic catalysts might lead to the degradation of the furan ring. GC/MS analysis in full-scan mode demonstrated that the limit of quantitation was 10 μM. UPLC/ESI/MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode displayed a higher detection sensitivity than GC/MS. Moreover, the identification of furan fatty acids with charge-reversal derivatization was tested in the positive mode with two widely used pyridinium salts. Significant oxidation was unexpectedly observed using N-(4-aminomethylphenyl) pyridinium as a derivatization agent. The formed 3-acyl-oxymethyl-1-methylpyridinium iodide derivatized by 2-bromo-1-methylpyridinium iodide and 3-carbinol-1-methylpyridinium iodide improved the sensitivity more than 2,000-fold compared with nonderivatization in the negative mode by UPLC/ESI/MS/MS. This charge-reversal derivatization enabled the targeted quantitation of furan fatty acids in human plasma. Thus, it is anticipated that this protocol could greatly contribute to the clarification of pathological mechanisms related to furan fatty acids and their metabolites.

Background Mucosal melanoma is an aggressive melanoma subtype with poor response to antiprogrammed cell death-1 (PD-1) monotherapy. Axitinib in combination with toripalimab, a humanized IgG4 mAb against PD-1, showed a promising response rate in patients with metastatic mucosal melanoma (MM) in a phase Ib study. Here, we report the updated overall survival (OS), duration of response (DoR), and biomarker analysis results.Methods Patients with advanced MM received toripalimab 1 or 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks combined with axitinib 5 mg orally two times per day until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Tumor programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and gene expression profile (GEP) by messenger RNA sequencing were evaluated for correlation with survival.Results As of April 2, 2021, the median follow-up was 42.5 months. Among 29 chemotherapy-naïve patients with metastatic MM, the median OS was 20.7 months (95% CI 9.7 to 32.7 months); the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.5 months (95% CI 3.8 to 14.8 months); and the median DoR was 13.4 months (95% CI 5.5 to 20.6 months). The OS rates of 1, 2, and 3 years were 62.1%, 44.8%, and 31.0%, respectively. Biomarker analysis found that PD-L1 expression and TMB level were not associated with survival benefits. In contrast, a 12-GEP signature correlated with improved PFS (17.7 vs 5.7 months, p=0.0083) and OS (35.6 vs 17.6 months, p=0.039).Conclusions The 3-year survival update confirmed the antitumor activity and long-term survival benefit of the toripalimab plus axitinib combination in patients with advanced MM. The 12-gene GEP is of value in predicting the outcomes of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor and PD-1 blockade combination therapy, but requires further validation.Trial registration numbers NCT03086174.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of radical resection compared with non-radical resection for vaginal or cervical melanoma.Methods: We retrospectively analysed the clinical data of post-operative patients with primary lower genital tract melanoma hospitalised at Peking University Cancer Hospital between Jan 2014 and Dec 2020. The study endpoints were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan–Meier method-plotted survival curves and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify the factors associated with RFS and OS, and to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Results: A total of 80 patients were included. Thirty-one patients had received non-radical resection, and 49 patients had received radical resection. The median patient age was 55.5 (IQR 45.3–60.0) years. Sixty-two (77.5%) patients had vaginal melanoma. Sixty-four patients (80.0%) had received post-operative adjuvant therapy. The median follow-up time was 36.0 months (95% CI 10.1–62.1 months). Sixty-four patients developed recurrence, and 44 patients died. The median RFS (mRFS) was 6.0 months (95% CI 3.4–8.6 m), and the RFS for the radical resection group was longer than that for the non-radical resection group (9.5 vs. 5.3 m), with no significant difference (P > 0.05). The median OS (mOS) was 25.9 months (95% CI 14.4–37.4 m). The mOS was 24.6 months (95% CI 10.3–38.9 m) and 25.9 months (95% CI 10.9–40.9 m) in the non-radical resection group and the radical resection group, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that surgical approach, infiltration depth of the tumour, lymph node metastasis, and post-operative adjuvant therapy were independent risk factors for RFS and that post-operative adjuvant therapy was an independent risk factor for OS.Conclusion: By performing multivariate analysis, which corrected for potential confounding factors, we identified surgical procedures that were associated with RFS, and we found that RFS and OS in patients with vaginal melanoma and cervical melanoma benefitted from post-operative adjuvant therapy.

Objective: To describe the frequency and spectrum of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of immunotherapy combined with antiangiogenic therapy in patients with melanoma.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included three clinical trials on patients with stage III/IV melanoma treated with anti–PD 1 and antiangiogenic therapy.Results: We analyzed data from 72 patients with a median follow-up time of 25.9 months (95% CI, 9.1–42.7 m). The median treatment duration was 7.5 months (range, 0.7–42.8 m), and the median of treatment cycles was 11.0 (range, 1–90). Most patients (70 of 72 or 97.2%) experienced TRAEs (mostly grades 1 or 2). No drug-related deaths were reported. Most TRAEs were hepatic (75%), endocrine (72.2%), skin (65.3%), and gastrointestinal tract (59.7%) manifestations, followed by myelosuppression (55.6%), renal dysfunction (55.6%), and dyslipidaemia (54.2%). The adverse event (AE) spectra were similar between regimens. Using multivariate Cox proportional risk models showed that hypertension was associated with a long PFS. According to our multivariable logistic regression models, TRAEs were not associated with ORR.Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of AEs was higher than that of anti–PD-1 monotherapy. Most of the AEs were mild. The AE spectra were similar to those seen after anti–PD-1 or antiangiogenic therapy monotherapy, without unexpected AEs. Immunotherapy combined with antiangiogenic therapy was well tolerated.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03955354.

BackgroundPyroptosis is a new programmed cell death discovered in recent years. Pyroptosis plays an important role in various diseases. Nevertheless, there are few bibliometric analysis systematically studies this field. We aimed to visualize the research hotspots and trends of pyroptosis using a bibliometric analysis to help understand the future development of basic and clinical research.MethodsThe articles and reviews regarding pyroptosis were culled from Web of Science Core Collection. Countries, institutions, authors, references and keywords in this field were visually analyzed by using CtieSpace and VOSviewer software.ResultsA total of 2845 articles and reviews were included. The number of articles regarding pyroptosis significantly increased yearly. These publications mainly come from 70 countries led by China and the USA and 418 institutions. We identified 605 authors, among which Thirumaladevi Kanneganti had the most significant number of articles, and Shi JJ was co-cited most often. Frontiers in immunology was the journal with the most studies, and Nature was the most commonly cited journal. After analysis, the most common keywords are nod like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome, apoptosis, cell death, gasdermin D, mechanism, caspase-1, and others are current and developing areas of study.ConclusionResearch on the pyroptosis is flourishing. Cooperation and exchanges between countries and institutions must be strengthened in the future. The related pathway mechanism of pyroptosis, the relationship between pyroptosis and other types of programmed cell deaths as well as the role of pyroptosis in various diseases have been the focus of current research and developmental trends in the future research.

ObjectivesTo examine the long-term survival outcome of dabrafenib in combination with trametinib in Chinese patients with unresectable or metastatic acral/cutaneous melanoma with BRAF-V600 mutation and to explore potential predictors of effectiveness.MethodsThis was a long-term follow-up of Chinese patients with unresectable or metastatic BRAF V600-mutant acral/cutaneous melanoma administered dabrafenib (150 mg twice daily) plus trametinib (2 mg once daily) in an open-label, multicenter, single-arm, phase IIa study (NCT02083354). Efficacy endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). The impacts of baseline characteristics on PFS and OS were analyzed.ResultsA total of sixty patients were included. The median age was 48 years, and 24 patients (40.0%) were male. Totally 12 individuals (20.0%) had acral melanoma, and 45 (75.0%) had failed previous systemic therapy. Up to July 2020, the median duration of follow-up was 37.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.1-44.9) months. The updated ORR was 71.7% (95%CI 60.3%-83.1%). The 3-year OS rate was 28.8% (95%CI 19.1-43.6%) in the overall population, and 35.7% (95%CI 15.5–82.4%) in acral melanoma patients. The median DOR was 7.5 months (95%CI 4.5 to 10.5). Baseline normal lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), metastatic organ sites

Background: Exosomes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become an active research field with substantial value and potential. Nevertheless, there are few bibliometric studies in this field. We aimed to visualize the research hotspots and trends of exosomes in CVDs using a bibliometric analysis to help understand the future development of basic and clinical research.Methods: The articles and reviews regarding exosomes in the CVDs were culled from the Web of Science Core Collection, and knowledge maps were generated using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software.Results: A total of 1,039 articles were included. The number of exosome articles in the CVDs increased yearly. These publications came from 60 countries/regions, led by the US and China. The primary research institutions were Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Nanjing Medical University. Circulation Research was the journal and co-cited journal with the most studies. We identified 473 authors among which Lucio Barile had the most significant number of articles and Thery C was co-cited most often. After analysis, the most common keywords are myocardium infarction, microRNA and mesenchymal stem cells. Ischemic heart disease, pathogenesis, regeneration, stem cells, targeted therapy, biomarkers, cardiac protection, and others are current and developing areas of study.Conclusion: We identified the research hotspots and trends of exosomes in CVDs using bibliometric and visual methods. Research on exosomes is flourishing in the cardiovascular medicine. Regenerative medicine, exosome engineering, delivery vehicles, and biomarkers will likely become the focus of future research.

Listeria monocytogenes

BackgroundAnti-PD-1 monotherapy is the standard therapy for advanced melanoma patients, including those with NRAS mutations. The influence of NRAS mutation on immunotherapy, especially in noncutaneous melanoma, is largely uncharacterized.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed clinical data of four clinical trials for advanced melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy between 2016 and 2019. The impact of NRAS mutation on efficacy and outcome of immunotherapy were analyzed in cutaneous and noncutaneous groups separately.ResultsA total of 206 patients were assessed, including 92 cutaneous melanoma patients with 12 NRAS mutations and 114 noncutaneous melanoma patients with 21 NRAS mutations. In cutaneous melanoma, the response rates of NRAS mutant patients were lower than patients without NRAS mutations (9.5% vs. 23.9%), the median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) were shorter for patients with NRAS mutations, although without significant difference for OS (P=0.081). In noncutaneous melanoma, the response rates were 0 and 13.7% for NRAS mutant and wild-type patients, the median PFS were 3.6 months (95% CI: 0.9-6.3) and 4.3 months (95%CI: 2.9-5.7) (P=0.015), and the median OS were 10.8 months (95% CI: 1.5-20.1) and 15.3 months (95% CI: 13.2-17.4) (P=0.025), respectively. In multivariate analysis, NRAS mutation, along with ECOG performance score and LDH level, was negatively associated with both PFS (HR 1.912, P=0.044) and OS (HR 2.210, P=0.025) in noncutaneous melanoma.ConclusionIn advanced Asian melanoma treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy, NRAS mutant patients had lower response rates and poorer prognoses compared to wild-type patients, especially in noncutaneous subtypes.

Abstract Background JS001, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor, blocks the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands and promotes T cell activation in preclinical studies. This phase I study is designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of JS001 in advanced melanoma or urologic cancer patients who are refractory to standard systemic therapy. Patients and methods In the dose escalation cohorts, subjects initially received a single-dose, intravenous infusion of JS001, and were followed for 28 days followed by multi-dose infusions every 2 weeks. In the dose expansion cohorts, subjects received multi-dose infusions every 2 weeks. Clinical response was evaluated after each 8-week treatment cycle according to RECIST v1.1 criteria. Results Thirty-six subjects diagnosed with advanced melanoma (n = 22), urothelial cancer (UC) (n = 8), or renal cell cancer (RCC) (n = 6) were enrolled. Melanoma subjects included 14 acral and 4 mucosal subtypes. JS001 was well tolerated, and no dose-limiting toxicity was observed. By the safety data cutoff date, 100% of subjects had treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) with most adverse events being grade 1 or 2, and ≥ grade 3 TRAEs occurred in 36%. Among all 36 subjects, 1 confirmed complete response (acral melanoma), 7 confirmed partial responses (2 acral melanoma, 1 mucosal melanoma, 2 UC, and 2 RCC), and 10 stable disease were observed, for an objective response rate of 22.2% (95% CI, 10.1 to 39.2), and a disease control rate of 50.0% (95% CI, 32.9 to 67.1). Clinical responses were correlated with PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), baseline tumor volume, ECOG performance status, serum LDH levels, high percentage of activated CD8+ T cells and CD3− CD16+ CD54+ NK cells in the peripheral blood as well as tumor mutational burden (TMB). Conclusion JS001 was well tolerated and demonstrated promising anti-tumor activity in UC and RCC as well as in previously underexplored acral and mucosal melanoma subtypes. Subjects with an immune-active profile in the tumor microenvironment or in peripheral blood responded favorably to JS001 treatment. The completion of the current phase I study has led to the initiation of the first prospective anti-PD-1 registration trial in Asia focusing on acral and mucosal melanoma subtypes, representative of the regional disease epidemiology. Trial registration Clinical Trial ID: NCT02836795, registered July 19, 2016, retrospectively registered.

Background: The best response and survival outcomes between advanced melanoma patients treated with the anti-PD-1 monotherapy vary greatly, rendering a risk model in need to optimally stratify patients based on their likelihood to benefit from the said treatment.Methods: We performed an ad hoc analysis of 89 advanced melanoma patients treated with the anti-PD-1 monotherapy from two prospective clinical trials at the Peking University Cancer Hospital from April 2016 to May 2018. Clinicodemographical characteristics, baseline and early-on-treatment (median 0.6 months after anti-PD-1 monotherapy initiation) routine laboratory variables, including complete blood count and general chemistry, and best response/survival data were extracted and analyzed in both univariate and multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazard models.Results: After three rounds of screening, risk factors associated with a poorer PFS included a high pre-treatment neutrophil, derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), low pre-treatment hemoglobin, and low early-on-/pre-treatment fold change of eosinophil; those with a poorer OS included a high pre-treatment neutrophil, eosinophil, PLT, early-on/pre-treatment fold change of LDH and neutrophil; and those with a poorer best response included a high pre-treatment NLR and early-on-/pre-treatment LDH fold change. Risk models (scale: low, median-low, median high, and high risk) were established based on these risk factors as dichotomous variables and M stage (with vs. without distant metastasis) for PFS (HR 1.976, 95% CI, 1.507–2.592, P < 0.001), OS (HR 2.348, 95% CI, 1.688–3.266), and non-responder (OR 3.586, 95% CI, 1.668–7.713, P = 0.001), respectively. For patients with low, median-low, median-high, and high risks of developing disease progression (PD), six-month PFS rates were 64.3% (95% CI, 43.5–95.0%), 37.5% (95% CI, 22.4–62.9%), 9.1% (95% CI, 3.1–26.7%), and 0%, respectively. For patients with OS risks of low, median-low, median-high, and high, OS rates at 12 months were 82.5% (95% CI, 63.1–100%), 76.6% (95% CI, 58.4–100%), 42.1% (95% CI, 26.3–67.3%), and 23.9% (95% CI, 11.1–51.3%), respectively. For patients with risks of low, median-low, median-high, and high of being a non-responder, objective response rates were 50.0% (95% CI, 15.7–84.3%), 27.8% (95% CI, 9.7–53.5%), 10.3% (95% CI, 2.9–24.2%), and 0%, respectively.Conclusion: A risk scoring model based on the clinicodemographical characteristics and easily obtainable routinely tested laboratory biomarkers may facilitate the best response and survival outcome prediction and personalized therapeutic decision making for the anti-PD-1 monotherapy treated advanced melanoma patients in Asia.

Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody therapy is becoming a standard treatment for advanced melanoma that produces durable responses and prolonged survival, but the prognosis of patients with liver metastases is still unsatisfactory. Here, we analyzed five clinical studies (second-line or later, JS001-I-PK, CT4, KN151, BGB-A317-102, and SHR-1210-102; performed between 2015 and 2018) of anti-PD-1 monotherapy for advanced melanoma to explore prognostic variables for patients with liver metastases. A total of 168 patients with stage IV melanoma were included, among which 47 had liver metastasis and 121 did not. The objective response rate (ORR) of the no liver metastasis group was significantly higher than that of the liver metastasis group (20.7 vs. 4.3%, P < 0.05). The median progression-free survival (PFS) time was 3.6 months for the patients with liver metastasis and 7.4 months for those without liver metastasis (P < 0.05). The no liver metastasis group also had a longer median overall survival (OS) time than the liver metastasis group (22.8 vs. 15.7 months, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that liver metastasis was negatively associated with PFS. In the liver metastasis group, compared to metastases in other sites (lymph node, subcutaneous, and lung), liver metastases responded worse to anti-PD-1 monotherapy and were most likely to progress. Intrahepatic progression (defined as an increase in liver metastasis by more than 20% from baseline or having new liver metastases, P < 0.05) was negatively associated with OS, which indicates the need to find a more effective therapy that can target liver metastases. Interestingly, with a median PFS and OS time of 6.0 and 30.9 months, respectively, previous oncolytic virotherapy might bring more benefits to patients with liver metastasis, but confirmation is needed because of the limited number of samples. These findings emphasize that liver metastasis is a poor prognostic factor for advanced melanoma treated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy. Further exploration is still needed to find a new treatment approach for these patients.

This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary microencapsulated carvacrol (MC) on growth, resistance to A. hydrophila, and intestinal health parameters including intestinal bacteria, intestinal morphology and intestinal cytokines, in Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze). Fish were divided into four groups. Each group was fed a different diet for 56 days (a control diet or diets supplemented with 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg of MC). Our results indicate that MC had no effect on growth but significantly decreased A. hydrophila infection-associated mortality rates at 400 and 600 mg/kg and the lowest mortality was present at 600 mg/kg. The intestinal health of fish receiving the control diet was compared with that of the group receiving 600 mg/kg MC. High-throughput sequencing showed that MC increased the abundance of phylum Fusobacteria. It also increased the abundance of the genus Cetobacterium and decreased those of Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images support the ability of MC to improve the integrity of the lamina propria, increase microvilli height, and strengthen tight junctions, especially in the foregut. An ELISA assay indicated that levels of intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins-1β, were reduced, whereas the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukins-10 was increased of fish administered dietary MC. We conclude that carvacrol promotes intestinal bacteria composition, intestinal morphology status and reduces intestinal inflammatory, which enhances resistance to A. hydrophila in Pengze crucian carp.

Background: Vorolanib (X-82, CM082) is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This study aimed to evaluate the tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and antitumor activities of vorolanib plus everolimus (an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin). Methods: Patients had histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced RCC and failed with standard therapy were eligible for this study. Dose-escalated combinations of vorolanib (100, 150 or 200 mg once daily) with everolimus (5 mg once daily) were administered on 28-day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity using a conventional 3 + 3 dose-escalation design. Findings: 22 patients (100 mg n = 4, 150 mg n = 3, 200 mg n = 15) were enrolled. Only one patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT, grade 4 thrombocytopenia) in the vorolanib 200 mg combination cohort, and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached. The most common treatment-related adverse events were proteinuria (100%), leukopenia (77%), hypercholesterolaemia (77%), increased low-density lipoprotein (68%), hypertriglyceridaemia (64%), hyperglycaemia (59%), and fatigue (55%). Most treatment-related adverse events were grade 1 to 2, with grade 3 or higher toxicities mostly seen in the 200 mg cohort. Single dosing of vorolanib demonstrated dose-proportional increases in the Cmax and AUC, and observed short t1/2z ranging from 4.74±1.44 to 12.89±7.49 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters for everolimus were similar among all cohorts. Of 19 evaluable patients, the ORR and DCR was 32% (n = 6, 95% CI, 13–57%) and 100% (95% CI, 82–100%), respectively. Interpretation: Combination therapy of vorolanib 200 mg plus everolimus 5 mg once daily is potentially effective with potential activity. Further evaluation of the combination in advanced RCC patients is ongoing (NCT03095040). Funding: Betta Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China.

OBJECTIVE: Asian melanoma patients, predominantly comprised of acral and mucosal subtypes, might not benefit from immunotherapy and targeted therapy as much as Caucasian patients. Novel treatment strategies are demanded after conventional treatment failure. This was a prospective, single-arm, and single-center dose escalation study to investigate the safety and preliminary efficacy of apatinib combined with temozolomide in heavily treated advanced melanoma patients. METHODS: Patients were sequentially admitted to four dose-escalating groups of apatinib and temozolomide (three cases in each group) using a traditional 3 + 3 dose escalation design method. RESULTS: Twelve patients were enrolled between December 2016 and August 2017. Most patients with an acral or mucosal primary origin progressed after immunotherapy or targeted therapy. Dose escalation had been completed without dose-limiting toxicity. Common adverse events included hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, proteinuria, neutropenia, nausea, and fatigue. All adverse events were grade 1 or 2, while the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Up to January 2018, 1 patient achieved partial response, 9 experienced stable disease, and 2 exhibited progressive disease. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 8.3% and 83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, apatinib combined with temozolomide was well tolerated and has demonstrated efficacy in advanced melanoma patients.

Background/Aims: Both physiologic remodeling and pathologic regeneration of cartilage tissue rely upon chondrocyte functions and are benefited from factors that promote viability and inhibit apoptosis of the cell, and associated mechanisms. High level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokines activate apoptosis signaling and initiate cell death, which can be attenuated by antioxidants. This study examined the effect of catalase (CAT) on ROS and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced apoptosis in human C28/I2 chondrocytes cultured in monolayer. Methods: Chondrocytes were treated with diluted CAT in the presence or absence of TNF-α and compared to untreated cells. Levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were measured using fluorescent labeling, cell apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry using Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining, gene expression was detected by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the proteins were investigated by Western blotting. Results: CAT effectively reduced the intracellular ROS caused by the monolayer culture system, enhanced the Δψm depending on the presence of TNF-α and promoted morphological features at sub-cellular level. CAT also attenuated the TNF-α-upregulated expression of factors/mediators of extrinsic cell death cascade and apoptotic caspases, ultimately resulted in promoted cellular viability. Conclusion: The anti-apoptotic effect of CAT on chondrocytes via scavenging ROS and suppressing TNF-α-induced cell apoptosis by TNF/TNF receptor (TNFR) mediated death signaling pathway and potentiate CAT as a complementary agent beneficial to cartilage remodeling and regeneration in vivo, and cell-based therapies of cartilage repair demanding viable cells expanded ex vivo.

Objective: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as powerful regulators of adipocyte differentiation and gene expression. However, their significance in adipose tissue metabolism and physiology has not been demonstrated in vivo. We previously identified Blnc1 as a conserved lncRNA regulator of brown and beige adipocyte differentiation. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of Blnc1 in thermogenesis, adipose remodeling and systemic metabolism. Methods: We generated fat-specific Blnc1 transgenic and conditional knockout mouse strains and investigated how adipocyte Blnc1 levels are causally linked to key aspects of metabolic health following diet-induced obesity. We performed studies using cultured adipocytes to establish cell-autonomous role of Blnc1 in regulating adipocyte gene programs. Results: Blnc1 is highly induced in both brown and white fats from obese mice. Fat-specific inactivation of Blnc1 impairs cold-induced thermogenesis and browning and exacerbates obesity-associated brown fat whitening, adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, leading to more severe insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. On the contrary, transgenic expression of Blnc1 in adipose tissue elicits the opposite and beneficial metabolic effects, supporting a critical role of Blnc1 in driving adipose adaptation and homeostatic remodeling during obesity. Mechanistically, Blnc1 cell-autonomously attenuates proinflammatory cytokine signaling and promotes fuel storage in adipocytes through its protein partner Zbtb7b. Conclusions: This study illustrates a surprisingly pleiotropic and dominant role of lncRNA in driving adaptive adipose tissue remodeling and preserving metabolic health. Keywords: lncRNA, Adipose tissue remodeling, Brown fat, White fat, Whitening, Inflammation, Obesity