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Body composition refers to body weight in terms of the absolute and relative amounts of muscle, bone, and fat tissues. Under graduate health science students are required to undertake various activities while pursuing their course so they are required to be fit. As a result, the students should be well aware of their body composition and how aerobic capacity varies on this basis. To study the effect of body composition on aerobic capacity and blood pressure in under graduate health science students. The objectives include estimation of Body composition by calculating body fat %, VO2 max after completion of Queen’s College Step Test, evaluating the blood pressure, resting & post QCST test protocol in under graduate health science students. 280 under graduate health science students able to complete QCST test were recruited. Documentation of demographic data and baseline parameters were done. Skin fold measurements at various sites were taken to estimate the body fat percentage. The QCST was done and Post-test recovery pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded. The post-test parameters were used to calculate the Vo2 max. The result of the study shows that there is an effect of body composition on aerobic capacity and blood pressure in under graduate health science students thereby supporting the aim of the study. It is clear that body composition does affect the aerobic capacity and blood pressure in undergraduate health science students. Furthermore it is to note that the fitness level of health science students are better if their body fat percentage is lower because they are exhibiting higher aerobic capacity and also the blood pressure values have found to be comparatively lower.

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease with excessive accumulation of body fat, exceeding the normal health level and affecting the physiological functioning of the body. Objective: To establish an obesity evaluation standard closely related to health based on sports medicine indexes, and to provide a new theory and method for the formulation of an obesity evaluation standard in China. Methods: Height, weight, skin fold thickness (shoulder, arm) and medical indexes (SBP, DBP, TC, TG, HDL, INS) of 108 female subjects in a city were tested by means of anthropometry, experiment, and mathematical statistics. All the selected medical indicators were evaluated according to clinical medical standards. Results: the body mass index of 108 women was positively correlated with such medical indexes as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin and so on (P

Objectives: Obesity is one of the important risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) is a non-invasive test, which may be used for earlier detection of PAD. ABPI in healthy obese/overweight subjects has not been studied. In present study, we investigated correlation of adiposity indices with ABPI. We have also compared ABPI by three different methods in healthy obese/overweight subjects. Materials and Methods: Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference (HC), waist height ratio, waist hip ratio, skin fold thickness, and body fat percentage were measured in 45 healthy overweight/obese males. Ankle and brachial pressures were measured by Doppler ultrasound based method. ABPI was calculated using high ankle pressure (ABPI-HIGH), mean ankle pressure (ABPI-MEAN), and low ankle pressure (ABPI-LOW) methods. Results: BMI and HC show positive significant correlation with ABPI-LOW (P = 0.028, P = 0.046, respectively). Significant difference was observed between ABPI-LOW and ABPI-HIGH (P = 0.003). ABPI-MEAN and ABPILOW were also significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a correlation of obesity indices with ABPI-LOW. ABPI-LOW methods could be more appropriate method and contrastingly HC may have direct correlation with PAD detection by ABPI in apparently healthy obese.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of strength training on physical fitness and obesity of college girls. The selected (n = 70) participants were girls' students of Yazman, Bahawalpur. The selected variables were 600m race for endurance, 30m dash for speed, standing broad jump for leg power, zigzag run for agility, sit and reach for flexibility, and handgrip strength. The body composition was estimated through five skin folds, seven girths, three breadths, and the lengths of upper and lower limbs. Eight weeks training schedule was adopted, (five days in a week) which comprises of different physical activities such as a 400m race, sit-ups, skipping, matches of badminton and volleyball. A paired t-test was applied to examine the effect of training on body composition and physical fitness of college girls. The result showed that strength training significantly affects bicep skin fold, hip girth, chest girth, 30m race, and flexibility. It is concluded that strength training increases physical fitness and reduces the body fat of college girls. The comparative analysis results revealed that after eight-week strength training, the college girls' students become physically active, reduced body fats, and assist in weight management.

Aim: To determine General anthropometric data and dental caries and their association of paternal Individual Deprivation Measure among 12- to 15-year-old school going children in Tiruvallur District. Methods and Material: The Anthropometric data such as Body mass index, Skin fold thickness and mid arm circumference was assessed. The study was also conducted to assess children's paternal deprivation using individual deprivation index (IDM). Paternal deprivation was calculated using Individual deprivation index which comprises of 15 dimensions. Pilot study was done to calculate sample size which is found to be 800. Results: Dimension of paternal individual deprivation measure in parent Education, Housing, toileting, family planning, problem in visiting doctor between Government and Private School children was significant with P value of 0.0005. Interpretation of Paternal individual deprivation measure was found to be significant among Government and private school children. There was no association of individual deprivation measure with dental caries, but there was an association of Individual paternal deprivation measure with one of the anthropometric measure was mid arm circumference. In paternal deprivation index 21.8% of the children's parent were not deprived, 45.8% were somewhat deprived, 22.6% were deprived, 7.3% were very deprived, 2.6 were extremely deprived among school children.

Purpose: to investigate and determine anthropometric indicators (length and body weight, abdominal circumference, skin fold thickness, calculate body mass index and percentage of adipose tissue) of examined patients with metabolic syndrome, evaluate the effectiveness of our comprehensive physical therapy program based on the study of the dynamics of anthropometric indicators women with metabolic syndrome during the rehabilitation process. Material and methods: 28 women with metabolic syndrome were examined, the main group (MG) (n = 14) and the control group (CG) (n = 14), the average age was in MG – 31.49 ± 0.71 years, in the CG – 31.06 ± 0.57 years. Women of the main group studied according to the author’s program of physical therapy, women of the control group - according to the program, used for metabolic syndrome according to the methods of S.M. Popova (2005, 2008), N.A. Beloy (2001). Results: allowed us to analyse the dynamics before the indicators were fully scrutinized by the programs of physical therapy and to separate the results from the main and control groups. Conclusions: the author's program of physical therapy is effective, was carried out in order to normalize body weight and reduce the manifestations of abdominal obesity. Keywords: anthropometry, author’s program, women, physical therapy, metabolic syndrome.

Cerebral palsy (CP) causes walking disability in children which could lead to profound changes in body composition. This study assessed relationship between body composition and each of dynamic muscle strength, mobility and energy cost of ambulation (ECA) among children with CP. The cross sectional survey, recruited participants from a secondary and a tertiary hospitals in Kano. Body composition was assessed with BMI for age charts and skin fold calipher. Dynamic muscle strength, balance and ECA were assessed with step-up test, time-up-and-go test and physiological cost index respectively. Data was analysed with Pearson Product Moment Correlation and unpaired t test at alpha level of P0.05). It was concluded that about two-thirds of the children with CP in the study are underweight and having low percent body fat. Body composition may not have significant influence on the muscle strength, stability and the energy expended during walking function. Paediatricians and physiotherapists should encourage caregivers of children with CP to feed them with balanced diet in order to avoid diseases associated with malnutrition.

A system of fifteen variables (7 morphological and 8 variables for assessing postural status) was applied to a sample of 284 male and female students from the first to the third grade of primary school, with the aim of determining the differences between boys and girls. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the examined samples in the following morphological variables: in the first class (body weight and skin fold of the triceps), in the second class (body height, body weight, skin fold of the triceps and skin fold of the biceps) and in third grade (body height, skin fold of triceps, skin fold of back, skin fold of biceps, and skin fold of lower leg). Statistically significant differences in the variables for assessing postural status exist in the following variables: in the first grade (head posture, shoulder posture, shoulder posture, chest shape and leg shape), in the second grade (shoulder posture, chest shape, and spinal deviation in frontal plane) and in the third grade (deviation of the spinal column in the frontal plane, holding the anterior abdominal wall and the shape of the legs). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that in the younger school-age in morphology there is a significant sexual dimorphism and with it in connection with the change of postural status.

Some of the severe manifestations of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease are the pseudobulbar and bulbar syndromes complicated by the hypotrophy of the various degrees of severity. The clinical case of the nutritional support for the child with grade II hypotrophy that complicated the course of Werdnig–Hoffmann disease in one-year-old child is presented. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of Clinutren Junior high-calorie formula for children from 1 to 10 years of age on the growth and development of the child diagnosed with type I spinal muscular atrophy. The results were analyzed according to the degree of change in the following anthropometric data: mid-arm circumference, mid-hip circumference, the size of the skin fold in the periumbilical region, as well as laboratory data, as follows: albumin, total protein, lymphocytes.

Introduction: Extracorporeal shock waves (ESWs) have been shown to have a positive effect on skin wound healing; however, little is known on the regeneration of the microcirculation and angiogenesis as well as the different application modes. Methods: A total of 40 BALB/c mice were provided with dorsal skin fold chambers and were divided into 3 therapy groups (n = 30) and one control group (n = 10). The 3 therapy groups were treated with shock waves at different pulse rates (500–1,000 pulses/min) and application frequencies (day 0 and day 6 or day 0 only). Photographic documentation and intravital microscopy were carried out on day 1, 2, 4, and 6 after wounding. Results: Using the newly developed Diver Box, shock waves could be applied in vivo without mechanical tissue damage. Shock wave therapy to skin wounds demonstrated to induce faster wound closure rates in the beginning than controls in groups with higher pulse rates and frequencies of the shock waves. Furthermore, the regeneration of microcirculation and perfusion in the healing skin was significantly improved after the application of, in particular, higher pulse rates as given by increased numbers of perfused capillaries and functional vessel density. The study of inflammation showed, especially in high-pulse ESW groups, higher leukocyte counts, and rolling leukocytes over time until day 6 as a response to the induction of inflammatory reaction after ESW application. Angiogenesis showed a marked increase in positive areas as given by sprouts, coils, and recruitments in all ESW groups, especially between days 4 and 6. Conclusion: The major findings of this trial demonstrate that ESW therapy to skin wounds is effective and safe. This is demonstrated by the initially faster wound closure rate, but later the same wound closure rate in the treatment groups than in controls. Furthermore, during the regeneration of microcirculation and perfusion in the healing skin, a significant improvement was observed after the application of, in particular, higher ESW pulse rates, suggesting an ESW-related increase in nutrient and oxygen supply in the wound tissue.

Introduction: Skin fold thickness is a measure of adiposity and is a validated method of assessing malnutrition in older children. The present study was undertaken to see the role of skin fold thickness measurement in neonates as an index of foetal nutritional assessment and to compare between CAN (Clinical Assessment of Nutrition) score and other anthropometric indicators in foetal malnutrition (FM). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in postnatal ward of Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital for a duration of six months. Three hundred seventy term newborns were assessed by CAN score and anthropometry recorded. The CAN score was determined and those with scores < 25 was classified as having foetal malnutrition. Skin fold thickness using the Slim Guide skin fold caliper was taken at the triceps, biceps, sub scapular, supra iliac and quadriceps locations for each neonate. Two readings were taken at every site and the mean was recorded. All the skin fold thickness measurements were correlated with the CAN score and statistical comparisons were made. Results: Incidence of FM was 18.38%. The mean (SD) for sum of all skin-fold thickness at all sites for males and females were 4.3 ± 1.61 and 4.18 ± 0.72 mm respectively. All the skin-fold thickness measurements correlated significantly with the CAN score, but the sum of the five had the best correlation. The mean (SD) of anthropometric data of babies and sum of all comparing foetal malnutrition versus without foetal malnutrition using nutritional status CAN score was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). Conclusions: The sum of all five skin-fold measurements might be a useful screening tool for FM in view of its objectivity, convenience and simplicity, but it is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to replace the CAN score in the identification of FM in neonates.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate clinico-biochemical changes occurred in bacterial diarrhea in Egyptian Buffalo calves less than three months old. The study was carried out on 50 buffalo calves in El-Galaa Military farm that located in Ismailia Governorate, 40 diarrheic calves aged 55-75 days with an average body weight (35±2.5) kg were detected and 10 apparently healthy calves were kept as a control group to investigate the clinico-biochemical profiles. E. coli mixed or co-infection of Acinetobacterbaumannii/Iwoffiiss species with Klebsiella and pseudomonas species were isolated from the diarrheic calves. Diarrheic calves show signs of anorexia, weakness, dullness, staggering movement, weight loss, pale mucous membranes with sunken eyes and dehydration. Analysis of clinical and biochemical profile of the diarrheic calves revealed significant increase in body temperature, respiratory rate, skin fold test, serum potassium, chloride, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, GGT, triacylglycerols, cortisol, CRP and CPK withsignificant decrease in pulse rate, serum sodium, glucose and total protein concentrations.It could be concluded that, bacterial diarrhea has a severe negative impact on the clinical and biochemical profile of the affected buffalo calves.

Resumen Introduccion La asociacion entre la presencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y el estado clinico de la artritis reumatoide (AR) es un tema aun no resuelto. Objetivo Evaluar la asociacion entre el tipo de composicion corporal y el estado clinico en pacientes con AR. Metodos Estudio prospectivo, comparativo y transversal que incluyo a 123 pacientes (98,4% mujeres, 86,3% FR+, 9,3±8,7 anos de duracion) con AR (criterios ACR/EULAR 2010) en quienes se determino actividad inflamatoria (DAS 28), estado funcional (HAQ-Di) y tipo de tratamiento; ademas, el tipo de composicion corporal evaluada por IMC, circunferencias de cintura, cadera y brazo medio, indice cintura/cadera, plicometria y bioimpedancia electrica. Resultados Las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad (IMC-OMS) fueron del 30,9% y del 45,5%. Cuando se reclasificaron mediante los puntos de corte de Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, las prevalencias aumentaron a 31,7 y 58,5%, respectivamente. Con este criterio, los pacientes con sobrepeso/obesidad tuvieron mas articulaciones inflamadas que los pacientes con composicion corporal subnormal/normal (3,8±3,3 vs. 1,9±2,5; p=0,02). El conteo de articulaciones inflamadas mostro correlacion positiva significativa con 6 de 11 metodos antropometricos: IMC, circunferencia de brazo y cadera, pliegue tricipital y porcentaje de grasa corporal (determinado por bioimpedancia electrica y plicometria). Conclusiones El sobrepeso y la obesidad se asociaron a mayor actividad inflamatoria caracterizada por mayor cantidad de articulaciones inflamadas. Encontramos correlacion positiva significativa entre el numero de articulaciones inflamadas y la mayoria de los indicadores de masa grasa corporal estudiados. La evaluacion y optimizacion de la composicion corporal podria llegar a ser una parte importante para el abordaje clinico de pacientes con AR. Introduction The effect of overweight/obesity on clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is still a controversial topic. To assess the association between body composition and clinical status in RA patients. Methods A prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study was performed on 123 (98.4% women, 86.3% FR+, 9.3±8.7 duration years) RA patients diagnosed according to ACR/EULAR 2010 criteria who were assessed for inflammatory activity (DAS 28), functional status (HAQ-Di), and type of treatment. Body composition was evaluated by BMI, waist, hip, and middle arm girths, waist/hip ratio, skin fold measurements, and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI-WHO cut-off points) was 30.9% and 45.5% respectively. Using Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou cut-off points, each corresponding prevalence increased to 31.7% and 58.5%, respectively. Pooled patients in the overweight/obesity classification (Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou classification) exhibited a significantly higher number of swollen joints as compared to subnormal/normal body composition subjects (3.8±3.3 vs. 1.9±2.5; p=.02). Swollen joint count showed significant positive correlation with 6 out of 11 body composition parameters: BMI; arm and hip girths, triceps skin fold, body fat average determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and skin fold measurements. Conclusions Prevalence of obesity in RA varies according to BMI cut-off points. Overweight and obesity were associated with higher inflammatory activity characterized by a higher count of tender and swollen joints. A positive correlation was found between swollen joint amount and the majority of the body fat mass indicators assessed. Body composition assessment/improvement should be an important part of the routine care of RA patients.

Background and Study Aim. ln this academic research, it was aimed to compare the physical activity and skinfold thickness of the students living in the city center and rural areas. Material and Methods. 89 students attending the 6th grade level, whose total age is 12 years old, residing in the city center and rural areas of Çanakkale participated in the study. Students were examined with SenseWear armband bmi, total energy consumption, daily step count, met, active energy consumption, physical activity time, reach time and sleep times. Body mass index was determined with Holtain Skinfold Caliper. For the analysis of the dataset, the Independent Sample t test was utilized to examine the difference between the students' physical activity levels and skin fold thickness. Then, the relevance between physical activity level and skinfold thickness was examined for pearson correlation. Significance value p

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap 1) Pengaruh latihan senam aerobik terhadap penurunan berat badan 2) Pengaruh latihan senam aerobik terhadap persentase lemak tubuh, dan 3) Pengaruh latihan senam aerobik terhadap peningkatan massa otot. Penelitian mengunakan eksperimen semu (quasi-exsperiment). Populasi adalah semua anggota senam fit club simpang D Kabupaten Rokan Hulu, dengan sampel berjumlah 10 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan total sampling dengan jumlah 10 orang. Instrumen penelitian untuk memperoleh data adalah: (1) Timbangan badan digital innerscan Tanita BC-541 body composition untuk mengukur berat badan, (2) Skin fold caliper untuk mengukur persentase lemak tubuh dan (3) Timbangan badan digital innerscan Tanita BC-541 body composition untuk mengukur massa otot. Teknik analisa data yang digunakan adalah uji t. Hasil dan analisa data menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Latihan senam aerobik memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penurunan berat badan thitung 2,186 > ttabel 1.782. Nilai rata-rata pretest 66,86 kg dan posttest 66,12 kg. Terdapat penurunan 0,74 kg. (2) Latihan senam aerobik memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penurunan persentase lemak tubuh thitung 3,285 > ttabel 1.782. Nilai rata-rata pretest 40.45 % dan posttest 37,18 %, Terdapat penurunan 3,27 %.(3) Latihan senam aerobik memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap massa otot thitung 1,835 > ttabel 1.782. Nilai rata-rata pretest 37,72 dan posttest 37,63,Terdapat penurunan 0,09 %.

During the preclinical studies of new drugs, the study of the degree of manifestation of their irritant and allergenic effects affects subsequent clinical studies, for example the routes of administration, the need to add excipients to reduce irritation. The article presents the results of studies of the irritant effects and allergenic properties of the Iron in rare unconventional valence – IV. The irritant effect of the Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes on the skin was studied comprehensively. 20 rabbits were divided into 4 groups (control and three experimental), 5 animals each. The ointment on the vaseline and aqueous solution of the Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes was applied to the skin of rabbits of the experimental groups. Also this solution was introduced subcutaneously. The investigated dosage forms were used at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight (based on the active ingredient 500 mg/kg body weight of the laboratory animal). The results of the studies showed that of the Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes has no irritant properties when used externally and is characterized by a lack of local reaction by subcutaneous injection. Determination of allergenic properties was performed by detecting itching and swelling in the guinea pigs in animals which were sensitized with this substance. In addition, in order to assess the severity of the inflammatory reaction, the skin temperature was determined before the experiment and on the 20th day of the experiment, and the skin fold thickness was measured using a caliper. The results of the studies showed that there is no allergic action of the Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes. The results of the ophthalmic test on laboratory animals confirmed the data obtained.Therefore, comprehensive studies of the irritant and allergenic effects of the Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes were performed for the first time. The Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes in the form of ointment and solution does not irritate the skin and mucous membranes and has no allergenic properties to the body of the laboratory animals.

Objective:Waist-to-height ratio has been shown to be an important indicator of cardiometabolic risk. There are few studies evaluating this measure against existing measures of adiposity and cardiometabolic markers in early childhood. The objectives were: (i) to determine in young children the ability of waist-to-height ratio, BMI z-score, weight for length, and sum of skin fold thickness to predict cardiometabolic risk and (ii) to examine this association at ages 1, 3 and 5 years.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:A university hospital in Toronto, Ontario.Participants:Infants at 1 (n 406), 3 (n 112) and 5 years of age (n 94) born to mothers with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.Results:Weight for length and BMI z-score demonstrated the strongest correlations with biochemical measures compared to waist-to-height ratio, including leptin (at 5 years, weight for length z-score: ρ = 0·65, P < 0·001; BMI z-score: ρ = 0·67, P < 0·001) and measures of insulin resistance (at 3 years, weight for length z-score: ρ = 0·25, P = 0·02; BMI z-score: ρ = 0·24, P = 0·02). The magnitude of associations between anthropometric measures and biochemical measures strengthened over time. Weight for length and BMI z-scores were moderately correlated with overall measures of fat mass as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (ρ = 0·65, P = 0·00; ρ = 0·61, P = 0·01).Conclusions:Waist-to-height ratio was not superior to existing measures in predicting cardiometabolic risk in young children. BMI z-score is a preferred measure of adiposity between birth and 5 years of age.

Background Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine offers many herbs and formulations for management of obesity. Baidyanath Bhawan Pvt. Ltd has designed a formulation, HFO-02, based on Ayurvedic literature. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of Herbal Formulation for Obesity (HFO-02) in overweight individuals. Materials & methods With approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, a proof of concept study was carried out in overweight individuals (Body Mass Index, BMI ≥25.0 and ≤ 30.0 kg/m2), devoid of any endocrinological disorders. Tablet HFO-02 (500 mg) was administered to these individuals twice daily for 90 days, during which they were called at study site fortnightly. After stopping the treatment, they were further followed up for 30 days off-medication and the last follow up was scheduled on day 120. Anthropometric parameters were assessed at every visit, while biochemical parameters viz. lipid profile, blood sugar & insulin levels (both fasting and post prandial), C- reactive protein and adipocytokines (leptin & adiponectin) were estimated monthly. Results Of the 18 participants recruited in the study; 14 completed the study. HFO-02 did not show reduction in weight, however a significant decrease in the body circumference and skin fold was demonstrated. This decrease was maintained till day 120. The levels of all biochemical parameters were maintained and no adverse events were reported throughout the study. Conclusion Tablet HFO-02 reduced body circumferences and skinfold thickness indicating its potential for obesity management. Clinical trial registration number CTRI/2016/07/007067.

An open label, randomized, comparative, interventional pilot study was done to assess the effect of Lekhana Basti (medicated enema) and Rechana Nasya Karma (Errhine therapy) in the management of Sthoulya with special reference to obesity. In the study 30 clinically diagnosed patient of either sex were randomly divided into two groups. In Basti group, Lekhana Basti in Karma Basti manner was given for 30 days. Anuvasana Basti (enema with Triphaladi Taila) in the dose of 120 mL and Asthapana Basti (enema with Triphaladi decoction etc.) in the dose of approximately 960 mL was given. In Nasya group, Rechana nasya on alternate days was given with Triphaladi (oil) in the dose of 0.5 mL per nostril for total 28 days. The patients were assessed on objective criteria such as such as weight, chest circumference, mid-arm circumference, mid-thigh circumference, triceps skin fold thickness, sub-scapular skin fold thickness, abdominal skin fold thickness, waist-hip ratio and lipid profile. It was observed that Basti group was a better intervention in providing relief, however there intergroup standard deviation was low on most of the variable expect the lipid profile. The results suggest that the Nasya Karma may be developed as a better practical approach in obesity management.

Purpose: People with Crohn's disease are at risk of nutritional deficiency, especially those subject to strict diet. Aim of this study is to study the relationship between malnutrition and Crohn's disease during clinical remission.Methods: The patients were randomized from the Benghazi Medical Center. The total of the patients was 50 patients with 26 males and 24 females aged from 18 years and over was performed between the January 2017 to April 2017. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect personal information. The questionnaire included socio-economic characteristics, anthropometry, 24hr.recall method to find out whether they are malnourished or not.Result: approximately 82% of patients had their weight within the normal range, while 8% of their weight was below the normal range among of them approximately 6% represented with men according to the BMI. As for skin fold thickness, it appeared that 36% of patients have ideal fat levels, 26% have lower fat levels, while ,22% have medium fat levels, whereas the rest (14%) have higher fat levels. Regarding the 24-hour recall method shows that most patients had their daily calories at a low rate and the maximum daily calorie consumption was 1115Kcal , while the minimum was 305Kcal.Conclusion: We conclude that the relationship between Crohn's disease and malnutrition is does not exist based on our study. Our study may lack some laboratory investigations of patients. Future studies will be needed to document the relation between malnutrition and Crohn's disease.

Introduction:Breast cancer patients referred for external beam radiotherapy and who have large and/or pendulous breasts can present positioning and immobilisation challenges. Deep infra-mammary and/or lateral wrap skin folds can occur that can lead to unwanted radiation-induced skin toxicity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immobilisation techniques adopted for this subgroup of patients in order to inform best practice.Method:A survey aimed to identify the current clinical practice in radiotherapy centres throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland was undertaken. The email survey was distributed with support of the Radiotherapy Services Managers group.Results:Twenty-six of the 74 radiotherapy centres responded to the survey. Responses demonstrated that supine positioning with or without additional immobilisation was preferable. Of the eight different immobilisation techniques identified, patients positioned supine on a breast board wearing a bra was the most common. Only two of the centres reported using a prone technique.Conclusions:Immobilisation and reproducibility are key for successful external beam radiotherapy particularly when advanced treatment techniques are being employed. No single technique gained widespread acceptance as the optimum for the effective immobilisation of patients with large and/or pendulous breasts. Further evaluative research in the form of a multi-centre trial is warranted in order to clearly establish the most effective immobilisation methods/devices for this ever expanding, subgroup of cancer patients.

Introduction/Objective. Body fat percentage (BFP) is the most reliable indicator of the nutritional status. For clinical practice, it is important but also insufficiently examined whether the determination of BFP should be relied exclusively on the latest methods or whether classical anthropometric methods are also reliable. The aim was to investigate the correlation between the results of BFP measuring using a contemporary method of bioimpedance and classic methods of skin fold thickness (SFT) and body mass index (BMI). Method. There were 279 patients of the Dietetic Counseling Center of the Institute for Public Health in Nis who were included in the research during 2015. BFP was determined using three classic anthropometric methods: SFT over the triceps, SFT over the scapula, and BMI. OMRON BF 302 apparatus was used for BFP measuring using the bioimpedance method. Results. Using single-factor analysis of variance we found a statistically significant difference between the mean values of the BFP obtained with bioimpedance and those obtained with anthropometric methods (F = 24.19, p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the BFP determined with bioimpedance and SFT over the triceps and the scapula, while the anthropometric method based on BMI gave the results similar to those from bioimpedance. Conclusion. We show that the most reliable anthropometric method of determination of BFP is that based on BMI, as its results correlate best with those obtained with a contemporary method of bioimpedance.

The experiment was conducted with the duration of six months at ABIS (Aamir Bahadur Sultan Ali) Buffalo Dairy Farm, Gormara, Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh) to investigate the variability of skin thickness in relation to milk production. A total of 120 milking Murrah buffaloes were selected for the experiment. The Murrah buffaloes were selected in a range of first to sixth parity and each parity containing 20 buffaloes. All the selected Murrah buffaloes of the present investigation were kept under similar housing system i.e. loose housing system with one shelter along one side of the paddock and provided green fodder and total mix ration as per their requirement. Drinking water was made available ad lib to whole day. The milking was done by milking machine in milk parlour in morning and evening. Daily milk yield and total milk yield were recorded from the records. The correlation between skin thickness of neck, chest, abdomen, rump, hind quarter, udder and flank and total milk yield were -0.377, -0.498, -0.355, -0.282, -0.207, 0.073 and -0.072 respectively. Correlation between lactation length and different site of skin thickness was found significantly positive. However, negative correlation was observed for daily milk yield. On the other hand, regression coefficient of skin thickness and milk yield indicated that an increase in skin thickness of neck, chest, rump and hind quarter could decrease in average total milk.

Impaired nutritional status is a frequent complication of congenital heart disease (CHD). Non cyanotic congenital heart disease (NC-CHD) have problem with lung overfl ow and heart failure. Consequences of Cyanotic congenital heart disease (C-CHD) are decrease pulmonary blood fl ow and prolong hypoxia. These conditions can have eff ect on nutritional status and outcome of surgery. This study aimed to compare anthropometric profi les of children with C-CHD and NC-CHD. Cross-sectional study conducted in 66 children, age 3 months until 5 years old who met inclusion criteria in Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Unit Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya in November 2012. A total of 66 children, consisted of 26 children with C-CHD and 40 children NC-CHD included in study. We measure weight, length/height, head circumference, upper arm circumference, and skin fold thickness. We used Chi Square test for statistical analysis with Confi dence Interval 95%. Mean age of both groups was 27.82 ± 16.63 months. Majority of NC-CHD was Ventricular Septal Defect (28.6%) and C-CHD was Tetralogy of Fallot (21.4%). There were no signifi cant diff erence from weight for age, length for age weight for length, head circumference for age, mid upper arm circumference for age, mid upper arm circumference for age, and skin fold thickness for age between children with C-CHD and NC-CHD (p= 0.80; 0.98;0.54 0.29; 0.80; 0.53 respectively). There were no diff erence in anthropometric profi les among children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and non-cyanotic congenital heart disease in this study.

The purpose of the study was to observe the Physical fitness and body composition of national level female football players. 22National level 15 to 18 years female football players were selected as subjects of this study. To conduct the study AAHPERD youth physical fitness test battery (i.e. 50 yard dash, sit up, flex arm hang, standing broad jump, shuttle run and 600 yard run/walk )and skin fold method of Jackson & Pollock for body composition were taken as criterion measure. After collecting the data descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were adopting and the following conclusions were drawn – 1. The female National level football players of Purba Medinipur district were found having more lean body mass. 2. % of fat was found less in female National level football players. 3. No significant relation was found between physical fitness and Body Composition.

The single and comparative intradermal tuberculin (SIT and CIT) tests are used for the ante-mortem diagnosis of caprine tuberculosis (TB). The tuberculin injection site has been associated with a different performance of the test in cattle. In contrast to that required in cattle in Europe (cervical injection), it can be carried out in the scapular region in goats. Nevertheless, there are no previous data concerning the effect of the injection site on the performance of the test in goats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two different inoculation sites (cervical and scapular) on the performance of the SIT/CIT tests. This was done by intradermally inoculating 309 goats from two infected herds and one TB-free herd with both avian and bovine PPDs in the mid-cervical and scapular regions. None of the animals from the TB-free herd had positive reactions, and the number of reactors was not significantly higher, regardless of the inoculation site, in the high and low prevalence herds. However, significantly higher increases in skin fold thickness were observed on the cervical site when compared to the scapular site after the avian and bovine PPD inoculations in the TB-free herd (p < 0.001) and after the bovine PPD injection in the high prevalence herd (p = 0.003). The presence of clinical signs was also more evident on the cervical site when using avian and bovine PPDs in the high prevalence herd (p < 0.01). In contrast, increases in higher skin fold thickness were observed on the scapular site when compared to the cervical site after the bovine and avian PPD inoculations were employed in the low prevalence herd (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the cervical injection of PPDs may improve the sensitivity of the intradermal tuberculin test in high TB prevalence caprine herds, mainly owing to the increased presence of local clinical signs and a better performance of the CIT test. Moreover, specificity was not affected when using standard interpretations, although further analyses in a great number of herds are required in order to confirm these findings. This study was funded by the Herramientas para alcanzar la erradicación de la tuberculosis caprina (GoaTBfree) project (PID2019-105155RB-C31) and the Spanish Government's Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. JO was supported by an FPU (Formación de Profesorado Universitario) contract-fellowship provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU18/05197). Sí

Birth weight has been universally used as a measure of intrauterine growth, because of its correlation with gestation, and relative ease of recording in hospital setting. Weight is the most widely used single clinical indicator of growth. However birth weight by itself is not infallible. Infants of identical race, sex, gestational age and length have been known to differ in their body weights by up to 40%. Also birth weight is the sum of fat and lean body tissue. Weight gain represents the sum of increments of different body components including muscle, skeleton, adipose tissue and water. So it is rather a non-specific measure of growth. All the singleton live born babies born in the hospital were examined within 48 hours of birth. Gestational age was calculated by enquiring into 1st day of mothers last menstrual period and will be subsequently confirmed by New Ballard Score. If any disparity of more than 2 weeks between gestational age by enquiring LMP and by NBS were excluded from the study. In the present study it was observed that the mean ± SD of Birth weight was 2800.52±446, the mean ± SD of Crown heel length was 48.75 ± 2.0, the mean ± SD of Head circumference was33.64 ± 1.4 the mean ± SD of Chest circumference was31.86 ± 2.19, the mean ± SD of Abdominal circumference was 27.42 ± 2.14, the mean ± SD of Mid arm circumference was 9.08 ± 0.83, the mean ± SD of Calf circumference was 9.9 ± 1.16, the mean ± SD of Skin fold thickness was 4.63 ± 0.64, the mean ± SD of Foot length was 8.03±0.8, and the mean ± SD of Thigh circumference was 15.16 ± 1.35.

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) often develop nutritional disorders, their incidence reaches 80% (according to the literature data).Purpose. To analyze the frequency of nutritional disorders and features of nutritional status in children with CP.Characteristics of children and research methods. We studied the anthropometric indicators (weight, height, body mass index, triceps and subscapular skin fold thickness), physical development characteristics depending on the motor abilities of the child according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System scale and body composition by bioelectrical impedance.Results. Nutritional status disorders were detected in 88.8% of patients, while the diagnostic was based on a reduced physical development in 55.5% of patients. 22.2% of patients had protein-energy deficiency of the first degree, 15.5% of patients had protein-energy deficiency of the second degree, 6.7% of patients had protein-energy deficiency of the third degree, 11.1% of patients suffered from overweight. Besides, nutritional disorders were diagnosed in 33.3% of patients with normal physical development, but with altered body composition, namely, with the imbalance of fat and lean body weight, the isolated increase of the percentage of fat mass, the decrease of active cellular and musculoskeletal weight. These patients also require nutritional correction.Conclusion. These data confirm the dependence of physical development and body composition on the patient’s motor activity and demonstrate the need for complex comprehensive study of nutritional status in children with CP.

Cellulite is a widespread problem involving women’s buttocks and thighs (85% of postadolescent women). It is characterized by an irregular, dimpled skin surface with thinning of the epidermis/dermis and presence of nodular clusters of fat cells. Caffeine has anticellulite effect owing to its lipolytic activity in fatty cells. Moreover, shock wave therapy treats cellulite through improvement of cell permeability. To compare between the effects of caffeine phonophoresis and shock wave therapy in the treatment of women with cellulite. A total of 41 women with bilateral cellulite grade 2 and 3 at their thighs (ages 30–45 years) were randomly assigned into two groups. The caffeine phonophoresis group received caffeine 5% gel phonophoresis with an intensity of 0.2 W/cm2 at a rate of 1 min/cm2, three times/week. The shock wave group received shock wave therapy for two times/week. The treatments were conducted to a randomly selected side (the contralateral side serving as an untreated control). The cellulite grade and skin fold thickness were measured before and after 4 weeks of intervention. There was a significant decrease in the cellulite grade and skin fold thickness of the treated side of both groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between the pretreatment values of both groups (P=0.724 and 0.341, respectively), and no significant difference between the posttreatment values of cellulite grade and skin fold thickness of both groups (P=0.149 and 0.268, respectively). Caffeine phonophoresis and shock wave therapy were equally effective in improving the cellulite grade and skin fold thickness in adult women with cellulite.

Introduction: Physical fitness has been defined as the individuals’ ability to meet the demands of a specific physical activity. Dance is recognized as a mode of physical activity, which requires physical fitness activities like sport and exercise. Garba is a folk dance of Gujarat, India, composed of multiple levels of speed, co-ordination and full body movements with fast steps synchronized with the rhythm of music and lyrics. Aims and Objective: To measure the effects of Garba dance on physical fitness, cardiovascular fitness, and emotional status in women. Materials and Methods: The study design was non-experimental. 25 female college students, age range 19-25 years, gave voluntary consent. All participants performed Garba, 3 times per week for 10 weeks, for total 30 sessions. Each session lasted for about 30 minutes. Sessions were composed of the following activities: 5 minutes warm up, 20 minutes Garba and 5 minutes cool down. Variables measured were flexibility, BMI, skin fold thickness, cardio-vascular fitness and emotional status of participants. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) for Windows. Results: Post training, significant changes (p for skin fold thickness, sit to stand, and sit and reach test have significant changes with a P value Conclusion: A 10-week Garba programme improved physical fitness, cardiovascular fitness, lower body flexibility lower body strength as well as exercise tolerance. Keywords: Folk dance of Gujarat – Garba, Physical fitness, Cardiovascular fitness, Emotional status.

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of smoking in 41-43-year-old men living in Moscow and its association with other chronic non-communicable diseases risk factors.Material and methods. People of male sex were prospectively followed up during 32 years since childhood (11-12 years). Only 301 (30%) representatives of 1005 initially enrolled people were examined after 32 years. The examination included: survey by a standard questionnaire (the passport data, the level of physical activity, bad habits – smoking, alcohol consumption); three-time blood pressure measurement; assessment of heart rate; measurement of weight and height, thickness of skin folds (over the triceps, under the scapula and on the abdomen); waist circumference.Results. Almost 50% of 41-44-year-old males smoked every day; less than a third of the study participants had never smoked. Every fifth of the smokers smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day while more than a half of them – a pack and more. The vast majority of the past smokers (85.2%) had stopped smoking at their own will and only very few (1.2%) by doctor’s advice. The intensity of smoking according to the pack/year index was >10 in almost 81.9% of the current smokers. The past smokers had abdominal obesity significantly more often than the non-smokers and the current smokers (57.5% vs 37% and 50.7%, respectively). The current smokers revealed the significantly higher risk of hypertension. The past smokers had 2.5 times higher risk of general obesity and 2.3 times higher one – of abdominal obesity as compared to the non-smokers. The intensity of smoking at the present time correlated with heart rate (HR). The past smokers (who smoked ≥20 cigarettes/day) as compared to the non-smokers had significantly higher HR, the Quetelet index, thickness of skin fold over the triceps and on the abdomen. The currents smokers revealed correlation of the status of smoking with HR, while the past smokers – with such parameters as the Quetelet index, waist circumference, thickness of skin fold under the scapula and over the triceps and no correlation with HR. The current smokers had significantly higher the 10-year risk of death as compared to thepast smokers and the non-smokers. Conclusion. Smoking is one of the most important risk factors of development of chronic non-communicable diseases. The struggle against smoking must be promoted, while close attention should be paid to people who had stopped smoking as a group of risk of cardiovascular disease onset.

Tawas ut tuber (Ampelocissus rubiginosa Lauterb.) contains of flavonoid, tanin, compound and saponin which is potentially anti-inflammatory. This objective of this research is to prove by effect giving extrak ethanol tawas ut tuber about effect anti-inflammatory topical based on consideration the fold of the skin and amount of cell neutrofil to mice which induced by carageenan. Thirty mice ware divided into 6 groups. They were normal control group (palacebo gel), positive control (Voltaren®), negative control (karagenin), and testing groups with gel extract concentrations of 0,5%, 1%, and 2%. Ethanol extract of Tawas ut tuber leaf applied, after back of test animals was induced by 0,2 ml of 3% carageenan, then every hour was measured for middosal skin fold thickness during 6 hours observation. The animal’s skin was cut off to perform test at 24 hours after treatment. The neutrophils migration was observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stining method. The percentage result of inhibition (%PI) ethanol extrak of tawas ut tuber with concentration 0,5%, 1%, and 2% were 20,00%; 23,51%; and 24,92% respetively. The average result of netrofil total from ethanol extrak of tawas ut tuber with concentration 0,5%, 1% and 2% were 28,28; 20,88; and 16,24 respecively. Gel 2% posesses the most effective topical anti-inflammatory. Based on the result, it can be concluded that ethanol extrak of tawas ut tuber posesses anti-inflammatory in skin oedema of back of mice induced by carageenan.

Introduction: Anthropometric parameters of judo players play an important role for success in combats. Aerobic capacity is significant in terms of optimal use of the judoka’s system and timely recovery process. Study was undertaken with objective to compare body build and aerobic capacity of judokas with untrained peers and understand changes in judokas due to training. Materials and Methods: Judo players (n=31) with minimum 3 years of training and who were in regular practice were included and compared with age matched medical students (n=31). Students who practice regular exercise regime were excluded. Anthropometric parameters were measured in terms of weight, height body mass index, seven site body circumferences, seven site skin fold thickness. Body fat percentage was further calculated as per standard formula. VO2max or the aerobic capacity was determined by using treadmill and following Bruce protocol. Results and Discussion: Control group showed significantly higher values for Skinfold thickness, body density and body fat % than judo group. Mean value of circumference of upper limb was more in judo players group. VO2max was more for Judo group 63.9ml/ kg/ min, than control 48.9ml/kg/min. Conclusion: The results of the study can be utilised as a means to understand the different physiological changes due to training in a player and also to optimise and upgrade the training regime so as to achieve best performance in the judo players. Keywords: Judo, VO2Max, Anthropometry, Body fat, Skinfold thickness.

Background: Obesity has received considerable attention as a major health hazard and can be an underlying cause of many disorders such as type 2 diabetes.Aim of Study: The purpose of present study is to investigate the effects of ultrasound cavitation on weight reduction for prediabetic obese patients.Design: Randomized control trial design.Subjects: Fifty patients prediabetic obese women from the out clinic of Faculty of Physical Therapy of Deraya University, Minia, Egypt. They were randomly assigned into two groups, each group twenty-five patients.Patients and Method: Group I (control group): Twenty-five patients were received aerobic exercises and low caloric diet, three times per week for twelve weeks. Group II (exper-imental group): Twenty-five patients were received aerobic exercise, ultrasound cavitation and low caloric diet treatment, twice weekly ultrasound cavitation sessions for six weeks, and aerobics exercise three times per weeks for twelve weeks. (Bщ WHR, skin fold, fasting blood sugar level, post prandial blood sugar level and HbA1c level) were measured before treatment (pre-test data), and after the completion of the treatment program, as a post-test measurement.Results: There was a statistical significant effect of ultra-sound cavitation to low calorie balanced diet and treadmill exercise on reduction in weight, Bщ WHR, skin fold, fasting blood glucose level, post prandial blood glucose level and HbA1c level in prediabetic obese female patients.Conclusions: Adding Ultrasound cavitation to low calorie balanced diet and treadmill exercise could be utilized as physical therapy program design for treatment to prediabetic obese female patients.

To date, insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of diabetes management; but the art of injecting insulin is still poorly understood in many health facilities. To address this gap, the Forum for Injection Technique and Therapy Expert Recommendations (FITTER) published recommendations on injection technique after a workshop held in Rome, Italy in 2015. These recommendations are generally applicable to the majority of patients on insulin therapy, athough they do not explore alternative details that may be suitable for low- and middle-income countries. The East Africa Diabetes Study Group sought to address this gap, and furthermore to seek consensus on some of the contextual issues pertaining to insulin therapy within the East African region, specifically focusing on scarcity of resources and its adverse effect on the quality of care. A meeting of health care professionals, experts in diabetes management and patients using insulin, was convened in Kigali, Rwanda on 11 March 2018, and the following recommendations were made: (1) insulin should be transported safely, without undue shaking and exposure to high (> 32 °C) temperature environments. (2) Insulin should not be transported below 0 °C. (3) If insulin is to be stored at home for over 2 months, it should be stored at the recommended temperature of 2–8 °C. (4) Appropriate instructions should be given to patients while dispensing insulin. (5) Insulin in use should be kept at room temperature and should never be kept immersed under water. Immersing insulin under water after the vial has been pierced carries a high risk of contamination, leading to loss of potency and likelihood of causing injection abscesses. (6) The shortest available needles (4 mm for pen and 6 mm for insulin syringe) should be preferred for all patients. (7) In routine care, intramuscular injections should be avoided, especially with long-acting insulins, as it may result in severe hypoglycaemia. (8) The practice of slanting the needle excessively should be avoided as it results in sub-epidermal injection of insulin which leads to poor absorption and may cause “tattooing” of the skin and scarring. (9) In patients presenting in a wasted state, with “paper-like skin”, injections should, if possible, be initiated with pen injection devices, so as to utilise the 4-mm needle without lifting a skin fold (pinching the skin); otherwise lifting of a skin fold is required, if longer needles are utilised. (10) Reuse of needles and syringes is not recommended. However, as the reuse of syringes and needles is practiced for various reasons, and by many patients, individuals should not be given alarming messages; and usage should be limited to discarding when injections become more painful; but at any rate not to exceed reusing a needle more than 5 times. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13300-019-0574-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background & aims: Assessment of body composition is an important aspect of disease management in patients with intestinal insufficiency (INS) or intestinal failure (IF). However, in daily clinical settings most body composition methods are too expensive or impractical, leaving body composition to be assessed by less reliable methods such as skin fold thickness. The aim of this study was to investigate and validate the use of an equation for the estimation of fat-free mass (FFM) with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as reference method. Methods: A literature search for identification of urinary creatinine-based FFM-prediction equations was carried out a long side the creation of an equation by multiple linear regression. The correlation of each equation with FFM (measured by BIA in 277 patients with either INS or IF) was done by Pearson's correlation. Further investigation and validation of performance was done for the equations with the strongest correlation by Bland–Altman analysis, determination of root mean square error (RMSE), and intraclass correlation (ICC). The validation was carried out in a new group of 37 patients with either INS or IF. Results: A total of 11 prediction equations were correlated with FFM measured by BIA. The equation called FFMmultiple and FFM-5 had the strongest correlation (r = 0.969, p < 0.01 and r = 0.950, p < 0.01, respectively). FFMmultiple was superior to FFM-5 regarding Bland–Altman analysis, RMSE, and ICC in the study group (Mean bias ± Standard Deviation = 0.042 ± 2.352 versus 0.309 ± 3.196; 95% limits of agreement = [-4.568; 4.651] versus [-5.955; 6.578]; RMSE = 0.158 versus 0.236; ICC = 0.969 versus 0.948). Cross-validation resulted in a Bland–Altman analysis with a statistically significant difference between FFMmultiple and FFM by BIA. FFM-5 showed wide 95% limits of agreement ([-6.977; 6.421]). Conclusions: Two urinary creatinine-based equations (FFMmultiple and FFM-5) showed promising results as possible substitutes to BIA, however further investigation and cross validation revealed inauspicious results. Thus, the present study cannot recommend the use of a prediction equation instead of BIA for the assessment of FFM in patients with INS and IF.

Undernutrition in infants and young children is a major problem leading to millions of deaths every year. The objective of this study was to provide a new model for body composition assessment using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) to help correctly identify low body fat in infants and young children. Eligibility included infants and young children from 3–24 months of age. Fat mass values were collected from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), deuterium dilution (DD) and skin fold thickness (SFT) measurements, which were then compared to NIR predicted values. Anthropometric measures were also obtained. We developed a model using NIR to predict fat mass and validated it against a multi compartment model. One hundred and sixty-four infants and young children were included. The evaluation of the NIR model against the multi compartment reference method achieved an r value of 0.885, 0.904, and 0.818 for age groups 3–24 months (all subjects), 0–6 months, and 7–24 months, respectively. Compared with conventional methods such as SFT, body mass index and anthropometry, performance was best with NIR. NIR offers an affordable and portable way to measure fat mass in South African infants for growth monitoring in low-middle income settings.

Introduction and objectives: malnutrition remains an unrecognised problem in psychiatric centers. The aim of the present study was to find out the prevalence of malnutrition and to recognize the importance of diet in the nutrition of the mentally ill. Methods: the nutritional status of 65 patients was assessed by anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, tricipital skin fold, bicipital skin fold, subscapular skin fold, suprailiac skin fold, tibial skin fold, abdominal skin fold, waist-hip index, hip circumference and waist circumference), blood tests (ferritin, triglycerides, albumin, cholesterol, glucose), other variables (blood pressure), the MNA-2009 questionnaire, and the one-week menu. Personal data, sex, smoking habits, age, type of disease, physical activity, family visits and the variables included in the MNA-2009 questionnaire were also recorded for each patient. Results: the sample consisted of 13 women and 52 men, all of whom were mentally ill patients in a psychiatric institution. A total of 43.1 % were overweight and 21.5 % obese, with more women than men in each category. Regarding biochemical values, it was observed that triglyceride and cholesterol levels were higher than recommended values. In addition, they presented a great imbalance in macronutrients and micronutrients in the daily nutritional assessment. Conclusion: this study has demonstrated the high prevalence of malnutrition in psychiatric patients, in particular obesity, due to the large excess of each of the macronutrients and micronutrients in the daily menu of psychiatric patients.Introducción y objetivos: la malnutrición continúa siendo un problema no reconocido en los centros psiquiátricos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de la malnutrición y reconocer la importancia de la dieta en la alimentación de los enfermos mentales. Métodos: se evaluó el estado nutricional de 65 pacientes mediante medidas antropométricas (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, pliegue cutáneo tricipital, pliegue cutáneo bicipital, pliegue cutáneo subescapular, pliegue cutáneo suprailíaco, pliegue cutáneo tibial, pliegue cutáneo abdominal, índice cintura-cadera, circunferencia de la cadera y circunferencia de la cintura), analíticas (ferritina, triglicéridos, albúmina, colesterol, glucosa), otras variables (presión arterial), el cuestionario MNA-2009 y el menú de una semana. De cada paciente, además, se registraron datos personales, sexo, hábito tabáquico, edad, tipo de enfermedad, actividad física, visitas familiares y las variables enmarcadas en el cuestionario MNA-2009. Resultados: la muestra estuvo formada por 13 mujeres y 52 hombres, todos ellos enfermos mentales de una institución psiquiátrica. El 43,1 % presentaban sobrepeso y el 21,5 % obesidad, siendo estos índices superiores en las mujeres que en los hombres. Respecto a los valores bioquímicos, se observó que los niveles de triglicéridos y colesterol eran superiores a los valores recomendados. Además, los sujetos presentaron un gran desequilibrio en macronutrientes y micronutrientes en la valoración nutricional diaria. Conclusión: en este estudio se ha demostrado la gran prevalencia de la malnutrición en los pacientes psiquiátricos, en concreto de la obesidad por el gran exceso que presentan cada uno de los macronutrientes y micronutrientes repartidos en el menú durante el día de los pacientes psiquiátricos.