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1. Sleep problems and recall memory in children with Down syndrome and typically developing controls

Author

Lukowski, Angela F, Slonecker, Emily M, and Milojevich, Helen M

Subjects
Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Clinical Research, Sleep Research, Brain Disorders, Down Syndrome, Pediatric, Mental Health, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), Behavioral and Social Science, Mental health, Case-Control Studies, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Memory Consolidation, Mental Recall, Sleep Wake Disorders, Down syndrome, Recall memory, Sleep, Consolidation
Abstract

BackgroundResearch conducted with typically developing (TD) infants and children generally indicates that better habitual sleep and sleep after learning are related to enhanced memory. Less is known, however, about associations between sleep and recall memory in children with Down syndrome (DS).AimsThe present study was conducted to determine whether parent-reported sleep problems were differentially associated with encoding, 1-month delayed recall memory, and forgetting over time in children with DS and those who were TD.Methods and proceduresTen children with DS (mean age = 33 months, 5 days) and 10 TD children (mean age = 21 months, 6 days) participated in a two-session study. At each session, recall memory was assessed using an elicited imitation paradigm. Immediate imitation was permitted at the first session as an index of encoding, and delayed recall was assessed 1 month later. In addition, parents provided demographic information and reported on child sleep problems.Outcomes and resultsAlthough parents did not report more frequent sleep problems for children with DS relative to TD children, regression-based moderation analyses revealed that more frequent sleep problems were associated with increased forgetting of individual target actions and their order by children with DS. Evidence of moderation was not found when examining encoding or delayed recall.Conclusions and implicationsAlthough group differences were not found when considering parent-reported sleep problems, more frequent sleep problems were positively associated with increased forgetting by children with DS relative to those who were TD. Although future experimental work is needed to determine causality, these results suggest that improved sleep in children with DS might reduce forgetting, ultimately improving long-term recall memory. more...

Published
2020

2. Victuals and Values: Exploring Cultural Differences in Family Health Using a Food Memory Framework

Author

Slonecker, Emily

Subjects
Psychology, Developmental psychology, Cognitive psychology, eating, food, health, lifespan, memory
Abstract

Food memories are salient across the lifespan and recent work suggests that memories for past food experiences, especially those from childhood, may influence caregivers’ present-day eating and family meal planning behaviors. Yet, researchers have not identified how cultural ideology interacts with the memory system to inform the intergenerational transmission of food values and beliefs within the family unit. This omission has the potential to perpetuate pre-existing health disparities in families belonging to minority groups and limits the efficacy and appeal of nutritional initiatives within an ever-diversifying U.S. population. Across three studies, the present dissertation examined qualitative and quantitative data on childhood memories, eating motivations, and physical health collected from caregivers belong to four subcultural groups in the U.S. The primary aims of this dissertation were to provide a systematic comparison of food and non-food memories using mixed methods (Study 1), examine food memories from a cultural perspective (Study 2), and identify potential pathways between food memories, eating motivations, and health (Study 3). The three studies presented in this dissertation demonstrated that childhood autobiographical food memories are unique, culturally bound, and potentially linked to food-related behaviors, eating motivations, and health status later in life. This dissertation provides the first known evidence of a culturally moderated pathway between the autobiographical memory system, eating motivations, health perceptions, and caregiver BMI and represents a first step towards identifying how the memory system can be used to develop more inclusive and efficacious healthcare programs. more...

Published
2022

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3. Who Really Chopped Down the Cherry Tree? Accuracy Demands and Child Gender in Parent-Child Reminiscing

Author

Slonecker, Emily

Subjects
Psychology, Developmental psychology, accuracy demand, autobiographical memory, evaluations, gender, parent child conversations, reminiscing
Abstract

Parents frequently talk to their children about past experiences. When parents perceive it is important for their child to provide a highly factual recount of a past event, they may use evaluations to encourage accuracy. Specifically, negative evaluations serve to negate the child’s input (“No, that didn’t happen”) while positive evaluations are used to specifically affirm their input (“Yes, that’s right”) or more generally encourage conversation (“Uh-huh” or “Oh, I see”). However, some literature suggests that these more general encouraging evaluations may serve a different function relative to appraising, or positive and negative, evaluations. As such, the present research explored this relation in conjunction with conversation accuracy demand and child gender. Eighty-nine children (Mage = 54.93 months) engaged in a brief, scripted play activity with a researcher. Afterwards, caregivers were instructed to discuss the event with their child, either in a factual way or an entertaining way. These conversations were coded on a variety of narrative characteristics, including how frequently caregivers used evaluations. Analyses revealed that parents used appraising and encouraging evaluations differently. In addition, an interaction between child gender and context condition was found for appraising evaluations. Theoretical implications, as well as potential application and future directions, are discussed. more...

Published
2018