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Overweight and obesity are a worldwide public health problem. Obesity prevalence has increased considerably, which indicates the need for more studies to better understand these diseases and related complications. Diet induced-obesity (DIO) animal models can reproduce human overweight and obesity, and there are many protocols used to lead to excess fat deposition. So, the purpose of this review was to identify the key points for the induction of obesity through diet, as well as identifying which are the necessary endpoints to be achieved when inducing fat gain. For this, we reviewed the literature in the last 6 years, looking for original articles that aimed to induce obesity through the diet. All articles evaluated should have a control group, in order to verify the results found, and had worked with Sprague–Dawley and Wistar rats, or with C57BL-/-6 mice strain. Articles that induced obesity by other methods, such as genetic manipulation, surgery, or drugs were excluded, since our main objective was to identify key points for the induction of obesity through diet. Articles in humans, in cell culture, in non-rodent animals, as well as review articles, articles that did not have obesity induction and book chapters were also excluded. Body weight and fat gain, as well as determinants related to inflammation, hormonal concentration, blood glycemia, lipid profile, and liver health, must be evaluated together to better determination of the development of obesity. In addition, to select the best model in each circumstance, it should be considered that each breed and sex respond differently to diet-induced obesity. The composition of the diet and calorie overconsumption are also relevant to the development of obesity. Finally, it is important that a non-obese control group is included in the experimental design.

Background Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a protein involved in inflammation resolution that might be altered in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), which is a chronic inflammatory disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate AnxA1 serum levels in individuals with and without DM stratified according to the body mass index (BMI), and the dynamic of AnxA1 expression in adipose tissue from humans with obesity and non-obesity. Methods Serum samples were obtained from 41 patients with DM (lean, overweight and obese) and 40 controls, and adipose tissue samples were obtained from 16 individuals with obesity (with or without DM), and 15 controls. Results DM patients showed similar AnxA1 serum levels when compared to controls. However, when the individuals were stratified according to BMI, AnxA1 levels were higher in individuals with obesity than lean or overweight, and in overweight compared to lean individuals. Moreover, AnxA1 was correlated positively with IL-6 levels. AnxA1 levels were also positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. Furthermore, higher levels of cleaved AnxA1 were observed in adipose tissue from individuals with obesity, independently of DM status. Conclusions Enhanced levels of AnxA1 in serum of individuals with obesity suggest an attempt to counter-regulate the systemic inflammation process in this disease. However, the higher levels of cleaved AnxA1 in the adipose tissue of individuals with obesity could compromise its anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions, locally. Considering our data, AnxA1 cleavage in the adipose tissue, despite increased serum levels of this protein, and consequently the failure in inflammation resolution, suggests an important pathophysiological mechanism involved in inflammatory status observed in obesity.

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.O chá branco é um chá não fermentando feito a partir de brotos jovens da Camellia sinensis protegidos da luz solar para evitar a degradação de polifenóis. Embora os níveis de catequinas sejam mais elevados que os do chá verde (mesma planta), nenhum estudo foi realizado sobre estresse oxidativo relacionado obesidade. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do chá verde na obesidade e suas complicações, usando um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Quarenta camundongos C57BL/6 machos foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica para indução da obesidade ou mesma dieta suplementada com 0,5% de extrato de chá branco durante 8 semanas. Foram estudadoso tecido adiposo bem como o perfil lipídico e o estresse oxidativo. A suplementação com chá branco não foi capaz de reduzir a ingestão alimentar, peso corporal ou adiposidade visceral. De forma similar, não foram encontradas diferenças no perfil de lipoproteínas ricas em colesterol. Uma redução de triacilgliceróis sanguíneos, associada ao aumento de lipídios cecais, foi observada no grupo suplementado com chá branco. A suplementação também reduziu o estresse oxidativo no fígado e tecido adiposo. Em conclusão, suplementação com extrato de chá branco (0,5%) não interfere no peso corporal ou adiposidade em camundongos obesos. Seus benefícios são restritos redução do estresse oxidativo associada obesidade e melhora da hipertrigliceridemia.

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.

Apolipoprotein E deficient (Apo E-/-) mice are more resistant to the development of obesity compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. They also hold a high basal oxidative status due to the loss of antioxidant action of apolipoprotein E. Since obesity is also an inducer of inflammation, we studied the effect of high-fat diet on obesity and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 and Apo E-/- mice for 9 weeks. The results confirmed that Apo E-/- mice fed high-fat diet are more resistant to the increase of both body weight and adiposity compared to C57BL/6 mice. Despite this, Apo E-/- mice presented a higher basal oxidative stress that was enhanced by high-fat diet. Macrophage infiltration, macrophage forming crown-like structures and proinflammatory adipokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were all higher in adipose tissue from Apo E-/- compared to C57BL/6 mice, regardless of diet type. In conclusion, although Apo E-/- mice are more resistant to becoming obese, they develop more severe adipose tissue inflammation companied by its consequences.

Objectives The rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the fat mass and obesity-associated ( FTO ) gene is involved in obesity. Few studies have been conducted on patients who underwent bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of FTO SNPs on body weight, body composition, and weight regain during a 60-mo follow-up period after bariatric surgery. Methods The rs9939609 was genotyped in 146 individuals using a real-time polymerase chain reaction TaqMan assay. Data for lifestyle, comorbidities, body weight, body mass index (BMI), excess weight loss (EWL), and body composition were obtained before and 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 mo after surgery. Data were analyzed by comparing two groups of patients according to rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism. Mixed-regression models were constructed to evaluate the dynamics of body weight, BMI, and EWL over time in female patients. Results No differences were observed between the groups during the first 24 mo after surgery. After 36, 48, and 60 mo, body weight, fat mass, and BMI were higher, whereas fat-free mass and EWL were lower in the FTO -SNP patient group. Weight regain was more frequent and occurred sooner in the FTO -SNP group. Conclusions There is a different evolution of weight loss in obese carriers of the FTO gene variant rs9939609 after bariatric surgery. However, this pattern was evident at only 2 y postbariatric surgery, inducing a lower proportion of surgery success and a greater and earlier weight regain.

A obesidade está relacionada com desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Tem sido considerado que alterações que ocorrem no tecido adiposo na obesidade estão implicadas no desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Entretanto nem todos os indivíduos obesos as desenvolvem. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a expressão e secreção de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias e anti-inflamatórias, expressão de metaloproteinases de matriz, fatores relacionados à ação da insulina e fatores imunorreguladores no tecido adiposo subcutâneo e visceral de indivíduos obesos grau III metabolicamente normais e compará-los com indivíduos eutróficos. Houve diferença na expressão de leptina, adiponectina, GluT4 entre os grupos, porém não foi encontrada diferença na expressão de IRS1, CCL2/MCP1, IL-6 e TNF entre os grupos ou tecidos. Os níveis circulantes e a expressão de IL10 foram superiores nos indivíduos obesos, e no tecido adiposo subcutâneo. Embora o nível sérico de TGF tenha sido similar entre os grupos, a expressão e a secreção são mais elevadas no tecido adiposo de indivíduos obesos em comparação aos dos controles. Expressão de FOXP3 e MMPs foi maior no tecido adiposo subcutâneo e visceral respectivamente de indivíduos obesos, em comparação aos controles. De acordo com esses resultados é possível sugerir que perfil encontrado no tecido adiposo de obesos provavelmente está exercendo efeito protetor no desenvolvimento de doenças metabólicas. Obesity is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been described that changes that occur in the adipose tissue of obese individuals are implicated in the development of these diseases. However, not all obese individuals develop them. The aim of this study was to compare the expression and secretion of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines, expression of matrix metalloproteinases, factors related to insulin action and immunoregulatory factors in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in grade III obese subjects metabolically normal and compare them with normal individuals. There were differences in the expression of leptin, adiponectin, GluT4 between groups, but no difference in the expression of IRS1, CCL2/MCP1, IL6 and TNF tissues or between groups was found. Circulating levels and the expression of IL10 were higher in obese, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Although the serum level of TGF be similar between groups, the expression and secretion are higher in adipose tissue of obese subjects compared to controls. Expression of MMPs and FOXP3 was higher in visceral and subcutaneous in obese subjects respectively, compared to controls adipose tissue . According to these results it is possible to suggest that profile found in adipose tissue of obese is probably exerting a protective effect on the development of metabolic diseases.

Obesidade e ingestão energética aumentada exercem efeitos prejudiciais à saúde relacionados ao estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contribuição de um estado pró-oxidativo e do aumento da adiposidade em diversas caracterísiticas do tecido adiposo visceral em animais controles (C57BL/6) ou com estresse oxidativo basal (ApoE-/-). Animais de ambas as linhagens foram divididos em subgrupos: dieta comercial e hiperlipídica. Foram avaliados: estresse oxidativo, parâmetros de obesidade e secreção de adipocinas no tecido adiposo. Foi demonstrado que animais ApoE-/- com dieta hiperlipídica apresentaram maior estresse oxidativo que os C57BL/6 com a mesma dieta. Os parâmetros de obesidade foram maiores em ambas as linhagens alimentadas com dieta hiperlipídica. As adipocinas proinflamatórias foram maiores no ApoE-/- com dieta hiperlipídica demonstrando a importância do estresse oxidativo e obesidade associados na inflamação do tecido adiposo ASSOCIATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DIET-INDUCED OBESITY IN ADIPOKINES SECRETION. Obesity and increased energy intake exert adverse health effects related to oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of a pro-oxidative state and increased adiposity in several characteristic lines of visceral adipose tissue in control animals (C57BL/6) or basal oxidative stress (ApoE-/-). Animals of both strains were divided into subgroups: commercial and high-fat diet. We evaluated oxidative stress, parameters of obesity and adipokines in adipose tissue. It was shown that animals ApoE-/- high-fat diet had higher oxidative stress than the C57BL/6 with the same diet. The parameters of obesity were higher in both strains fed high-fat diet. Inflammatory adipokines were higher in ApoE-/- high-fat diet demonstrating the importance of oxidative stress and associated with obesity in adipose tissue inflammation

Pacientes com doenças graves de fígado que demandam transplante hepático (TH) comumente evoluem com alterações do estado nutricional e do balanço energético pré e pós-operação. Essas alterações podem impactar negativamente a morbimortalidade desses enfermos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes parâmetros de avaliação nutricional para predizer desfechos clínicos no momento pré-transplante e avaliar a evolução nutricional e do balanço energético após o TH. Ainda, avaliar se essas alterações impactam no tempo de internação (no centro de terapia intensiva CTI; e hospitalar) e na morbidade e mortalidade desses pacientes. No pré-operatório e pós-transplante precoce foram avaliados estado nutricional por meio da Avaliação Global Subjetiva (AGS), antropometria (circunferência do braço CB; dobra cutânea tricipital DCT e área muscular do braço AMB), dinamometria manual (DM), Teste de 6 minutos de Caminhada (T6MC) e ângulo de fase padronizado (AFP). Gasto energético de repouso (GER) foi mensurado por calorimetria indireta, ingestão alimentar foi estimada por registro alimentar e, foi realizado cálculo do balanço energético (BE). Desfechos clínicos no pré-transplante compreenderam complicações de cirrose e mortalidade e, no pós-transplante o tempo de internação no CTI e hospitalar, a presença de complicações pós-operatórias e a mortalidade. Essas variáveis foram coletadas a partir de prontuário médico do paciente. Análise uni e multivariada e curva ROC foram realizadas, sendo p