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The standard CISPR 16-1-1 defines the measuring receiver using a black-box approach and sets requirements for its accuracy and spectral properties. Traditionally, such test receivers were developed using a superheterodyne architecture. Recently, time-domain electromagnetic emission measurement systems have been built employing direct sampling instruments, mainly oscilloscopes, and relying on specific signal processing to emulate the performance of compliant instruments. In these cases, the short-time Fourier transform is used for spectral estimation, but the corresponding electromagnetic compatibility standards lack details for its correct use with respect to parameters such as windowing function, overlapping factor, and frequency interpolation. Moreover, it is unclear which combination of spectral estimation parameters is best fit for this purpose. Obtaining reliable, consistent and low uncertainty spectral estimates of electromagnetic emissions measured in time-domain needs appropriate configuration and tuning of the signal processing algorithms. This paper investigates the error in the calculated spectrum for various reference signals: multitone, chirp pulses and rectangular pulses. The analysis is carried out for each CISPR band from A to D, that is, between 9 kHz and 1 GHz. After 489.6×10^3 iterations, distributed in 1700 different digital implementations of the CISPR 16-1-1 measuring receiver, the simulations outcomes point to certain sets of parameters that showed satisfactory performance overall, being the Nutall, Kaiser, and Parzen windows with more than 75% of overlapping and using interpolation factor higher than 5, generally suitable. Calibration results are used to experimentally verify that a valid set of parameters is adequate to fulfil CISPR 16-1-1 requirements., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper compares the measurement results obtained from three different implementations of measuring receivers regarding spectral level accuracy. The objective is to validate the suitability of direct sampling electromagnetic emissions measurements with respect to those delivered by a high-end EMI receiver in frequency swept and FFT modes. The experimental setups follow the verification methods described in the ECSS-E-ST-20-07C Rev.2 standard to set realistic and reproducible conditions. Between 50 kHz and 100 MHz, common mode and differential mode currents are measured when multi-sine excitation signals with controlled amplitude profiles are used as references. Subsequently, conducted and radiated emissions tests are run to investigate the correlation between measurements with the different receivers. The instruments used are a low-cost USB digitiser Picoscope PS5444D, a high-performance benchtop oscilloscope R&S RTO6 and the R&S ESW44 full-compliant EMI test receiver. The analysis concludes that the emissions measurements performed with the direct sampling approach are excellent for the intended application, exhibiting an accuracy comparable to the dedicated EMI test receiver and a well-adequate dynamic range and noise level., The project (21NRM06 EMC-STD) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States. EMC Barcelona’s project under grant number SNEO20211223 has received funding from CDTI, which is supported by “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” and financed ´ by the European Union – NextGenerationEU – through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperacion, Transfor- ´ macion y Resiliencia”. ´ Dr. Azpurua has received funding from the StandICT.eu ´ 2023 project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe - Research and Innovation Programme - under grant agreement no. 951972. Dr. Pous work was supported in part by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801342 (TecniospringINDUSTRY) and the Government of Catalonia’s Agency for Business Competitiveness (ACCIO) and in part by the Spanish “Ministe- ´ rio de Ciencia e Innovacion” under project PID2019- ´ 106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This article represents a contribution to the Rapid Emission Check of installations project in IEC CISPR Sub Committee A (SC A) Joint Working Group 9 (JWG9). Time domain measurements are used to identify sources and critical frequencies of radiated electromagnetic emissions. The objective of such a said quick evaluation is to provide PV installers with a procedure and affordable tools to effectively detect new interference situations arising from PV installations. IEC CISPR SC A JWG9 was established in 2023 and is tasked with developing guidelines for Rapid Emission Checks addressed to stakeholders like installers. This group will consider quick alternatives with more affordable instrumentation and test methods than those used when testing according to international standards in accredited laboratories. The proposal in this article includes a reduced test sequence regarding the number of measurement points and axis compared to more extensive methods in other CISPR publications. In the study case presented, oscilloscope-based time domain emissions measurements provide an agile and cost-effective alternative compared to traditional EMI receivers., This work is part of the project DIN2021-012003 (gran no. MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and it received support from PID2019- 106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, both funded by "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación"., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works, Performing in-situ radiated emissions measurements, that is, in locations different from a standard test site, can be a challenging task because of the high electromagnetic noise levels in the ambient. A harsh electromagnetic environment characterizes such sites, and it usually results in difficulties when discerning between emissions from the equipment under test (EUT) and electromagnetic fields generated by surrounding devices. Moreover, communication signals from broadcasting services are generally significantly higher than the standard emission limits, making it even harder to determine compliance. In this article, we present different techniques leveraging the advantages of time-domain measurement systems to provide effective and practical solutions to mitigate ambient noise’s effect on radiated electromagnetic interference measurements. First, the test method used is described, and pragmatic considerations are given to ensure reliable and repeatable measurements. Multichannel time-domain measurement systems are introduced as the fundamental tool for the proposed strategies. Subsequently, different study cases are evaluated with real test examples, highlighting several criteria intended to reduce the impact of ambient noise on the actual emissions measures produced by the EUT. Finally, a real application of those strategies for measuring a photovoltaic system is described. Overall, the methods employed and the main advantages of using full-time-domain FFT-based receivers are reviewed. In addition, the possibility of incorporating this article’s outcomes into forthcoming electromagnetic standards about in-situ radiated emission measurements is also debated., This work was supported in part by the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States under Project 21NRM06 EMC-STD, and in part by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” through the Project DIN2021-012003 under Grant MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and Grant PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The work of Jordi Solé-Lloveras was supported by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” and financed by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, which has received funding from CDTI through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia” under Grant SNEO-20211223. The work of Marco A. Azpúrua was supported in part by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” and financed by the European Union—NextGenerationEU, which has received funding from CDTI through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia” under Grant SNEO-20211223, and in part by the StandICT.eu 2023 Project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe—Research and Innovation Programme—under Agreement 951972., Peer Reviewed, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats Sostenibles, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant, Postprint (published version)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., This paper presents three different case studies where the electromagnetic emissions of atypical equipment (a photovoltaic system, a passenger boarding bridge and a pallet washing machine) have been assessed in situ using time-domain measurement systems. The magnetic field (150 kHz-30 MHz) and electric field (30 MHz-1 GHz) emissions are considered. The technical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted for each scenario will be highlighted by describing the methodology employed. The goal is to relate the empirical knowledge and know-how gained through those study cases with the specific requirements and procedures defined in the standards. In that sense, multi-channel time-domain emissions measurements have been essential to carry out those measurement campaigns efficiently. The results are summarised as lessons learned during the experiences reported in this article. This work is relevant to support the revision or development of standards about in situ EMC testing as it provides helpful evidence to validate alternative radiated emissions measurement methods under realistic conditions., The project (21NRM06 EMC-STD) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States. EMC Barcelona’s project under grant number SNEO-20211223 has received funding from CDTI, which is supported by “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” and ´ financed by the European Union – NextGenerationEU – through the guidelines included in the “Plan de Recuperacion, ´ Transformacion y Resiliencia”. ´ Dr. Azpurua has received funding from the StandICT.eu ´ 2023 project, financed by the European Union’s Horizon Europe - Research and Innovation Programme - under grant agreement no. 951972., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2023 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The study of currents flowing through the fuselage of an airplane is of vital importance from the standpoint of electromagnetic compatibility due to their potential for causing severe failures on embedded systems. Direct lightning strikes can produce extremely high currents propagating through the fuselage panels. Such high currents are critical when flowing through mechanical joints, a point of complex analysis due to the existing electrical discontinuities. Consequently, understanding the propagation of these currents is vital for protecting avionics through improved joints not only from a structural standpoint but also from an electromagnetic perspective. In this paper, we propose designing and validating a Rogowski coil sensor to measure the current flux through the mechanical joints that attach different fuselage panels. This sensor is theoretically analyzed, and a circuit model is provided. Then, a PCB Rogowski coil is designed and manufactured for measuring high-intensity pulsed currents with a bandwidth of 10 MHz. Subsequently, the probe is characterized through its S-parameters. Next, its equivalent lumped-element circuit is extracted and simulated for validating the sensor’s transient response. Finally, the Rogowski coil sensor is experimentally evaluated in the measurement of a surge current pulse that emulates a real scenario., This work was supported in part by the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion” under ´ project PID2019-106120RBC31/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works., The study of electric currents flowing through the airframe is important from an EMC standpoint due to the potential to cause severe aircraft failures. Nevertheless, this is a challenging task because of the complex shape, materials, joints, and apertures found in most fuselages. In this paper, we present the design, simulation, and experimental validation of a test fixture intended to emulate the discontinuity between two fuselage panels mechanically attached. This fixture allows several configurations of the mechanical joint, as well as, the insertion of current probes. The main features of the fixture are analysed, such as bandwidth and frequency performance. Subsequently, simulation and S-parameters measurements are used to investigate the performance of several screwed joint configurations., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Additive manufacturing using conductive polylactic acid (PLA) is an emerging technology. This work presents a double-loaded loop probe made of conductive PLA and evaluates its performance compared to a previous design built on a printed circuit board (PCB). The results show that constructing near-field probes using 3D printing with conductive PLA is feasible., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The study of electrical currents flowing through the airframe is very important from an EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) standpoint due to the potential to produce severe aircraft faults. As an example, direct lightning strikes are one of the main failure causes, effect on which we will orient our work. Furthermore, one of the key points where the study of currents is more complex are the discontinuities formed by the mechanical joints that attach fuselage plates, in addition to the difficulty of placing sensors to measure current flowing through these junctions. In this work, a fixture intended to emulate such discontinuities of mechanically attached panels will be developed and evaluated. Subsequently, a prototype of probes capable to measure current flow will be built and studied theoretically and experimentally. Having the prototypes validated, flat probes embedded in a PCB will be constructed to be able to be inserted into the mechanical junctions, such as screws or rivets. Finally, current probes will be verified by means of a surge generator, capable of producing a wave similar to the one originated by a direct lightning strike.

Testing the immunity to conducted radiofrequency disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields, is fundamental within the electromagnetic compatibility assessment of devices having input and/or output cables. This procedure requires assuring the repeatability and accuracy of the test level applied, that is, the voltage and power of the signal injected into the equipment’s cables when these tests are performed. During a preliminary calibration, different instruments could be employed to measure and adjust the disturbance voltage to the corresponding test level, typically, power meters, test receivers or spectrum analyzers. In this paper it is proposed to use oscilloscopes as measuring device and the calibration method has been adapted accordingly. Results indicate oscilloscopes enable valid and time efficient measurements of the radiofrequency voltage signals involved in the tests according the EN 61000-4-6 standard method, with comparable accuracy at lower costs, while it provides further measurements analysis capability and increased robustness., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Each electronic device with commercial purposes within the European Union shall declare the EMC normative compliance. One the requirements consists on assuring that the device continues operating as intended when electromagnetic perturbations are applied, with the need of performing radiated and conducted immunity tests. The purpose of this project is to develop a control software to automatize tests performed at GCEM-UPC. Current requirements will be taken into account, with a previous study of the state of art of the different regulations and standards. A wide range of instrumentation will be controlled, prioritizing code optimization in order to minimize tests? duration and assuring the integrity of all instruments. Code implementation will be performed with MATLAB, a privative programming language based in Java and C++. It has to allow communications with different protocols such as GPIB, Ethernet, USB or RS-232. Software must also allow to perform tests of products in a residential or industrial environment, automotive components and railway products, with the performance of the previous calibrations. Finally, some tools will be included to monitor and process video signals to ensure automatically a correct functioning of the different products, or an advanced application to allow research and investigative measurements., Cualquier equipo electrónico con finalidades comerciales dentro de la Unión Europea tiene que declarar el cumplimiento de la directiva de compatibilidad electromagnética (EMC). Uno de los requisitos consiste en asegurar el correcto funcionamiento de los dispositivos delante de interferencias electromagnéticas, con la necesidad de realizar ensayos de inmunidad radiada y conducida. La finalidad de este proyecte es desarrollar un software de control para automatizar los ensayos de inmunidad que se realizan en GCEM-UPC. Se adecuarán a los requisitos actuales, previo estudio del arte de las normativas, y se controlará todo tipo de instrumentación, priorizando la optimización del código para minimizar la duración de los ensayos y asegurando en todo momento la integridad de todos los instrumentos. La implementación del código se realiza en el lenguaje privativo basado en Java y C++ de MATLAB, y permitiendo la comunicación mediante diversos protocoles como GPIB, Ethernet, USB o RS-232. El software permite la realización de ensayos tanto en equipos en general de entorno doméstico o industrial, componentes de automoción o productos ferroviarios, y la realización de las calibraciones previas. Finalmente, se incorporan herramientas para monitorizar y procesar señales de vídeo para asegurar el funcionamiento de los equipos de manera automática, u otras aplicaciones avanzadas que permiten la realización de medidas de investigación., Qualsevol equip electrònic amb finalitats comercials dins la Unió Europea ha de declarar el compliment de la directiva de compatibilitat electromagnètica (EMC). Un dels requeriments consisteix en assegurar el correcte funcionament dels dispositius davant interferències electromagnètiques, amb la necessitat de realitzar els assaigs d'immunitat radiada i conduïda. La finalitat d'aquest projecte és desenvolupar un software de control per automatitzar els assaigs d'immunitat que es fan a GCEM-UPC. S'adequarà als requisits actuals, previ estudi del estat de l'art de les normatives, i controlarà tot tipus d'instrumentació, prioritzant la optimització del codi per minimitzar la durada dels assaigs i assegurant en tot moment la integritat de tots els instruments. La implementació del codi és en el llenguatge privatiu basat en Java i C++ de MATLAB, i permet la comunicació mitjançant diversos protocols com GPIB, Ethernet, USB o RS-232. El programari permet la realització dels assaigs tant per equips en general d'entorn domèstics o industrial, com per components d'automoció o producte ferroviari, i la realització dels calibratges previs. Finalment, s'incorporen eines per monitoritzar i processar senyals de vídeo per tal d'assegurar el funcionament dels equips de manera automàtica, o d'altres aplicacions avançades que permeten la realització de mesures de recerca.