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1. Acute neuromuscular and perceptual responses to U‐18 English Premier League academy football match play.

Author

Springham, Matthew, Singh, Nav, Stewart, Perry, Matthews, Jordan, Jones, Ian, Norton‐Sherwood, Charlie, May, Dominic, Trehan Sharma, Sapna, Salter, Jamie, Strudwick, Anthony J., and Shaw, Joe

Subjects
*SELF-evaluation, *MUSCLE fatigue, *RESEARCH funding, *DATA analysis, *NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, *ISOMETRIC exercise, *NEUROMUSCULAR system, *MULTIVARIATE analysis, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *PSYCHOLOGY of movement, *MUSCLE strength, *PRE-tests & post-tests, *SPORTS events, *CONVALESCENCE, *ANALYSIS of variance, *STATISTICS, *PATIENT monitoring, *JUMPING, *ATHLETIC ability, *SOCCER injuries, *WELL-being, *MUSCLE contraction
Abstract

We examined the sensitivity and time‐course of recovery of neuromuscular and perceptual player monitoring measures to U‐18 English Premier League academy football match play. Eighteen players performed maximal posterior chain, hip adductor and abductor isometric strength tests, countermovement jumps (CMJ) and provided self‐report wellbeing scores around eight competitive league home games: 1 day before (MD‐1), pre‐match (MD‐PRE), post‐match (MD‐POST) and two (MD+2) and three (MD+3) days post‐match. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance and post hoc univariate analyses of variance were used to examine match‐induced responses to monitoring variables. Between MD‐1 and MD‐POST, we observed small to moderate reductions to the adductor and abductor peak force and maximal impulse and IPCS peak force; small reductions to CMJ jump height (JH) (flight time), eccentric peak force and eccentric deceleration rate of force development and moderate to large reductions to perceived fatigue, muscle soreness and mood. No match‐induced changes were observed for CMJ flight time: contraction time or eccentric duration. Posterior chain, abductor, CMJ and self‐report measures normalised by MD+3 but adductor peak force remained compromised at MD+3 (ES = small). Posterior chain, adductor and abductor peak isometric force and maximal impulse; CMJ JH, eccentric peak force and eccentric deceleration rate of force development and perceived fatigue, muscle soreness and mood are sensitive to match‐induced fatigue. Since adductor peak force remained compromised at MD+3, it is apparent that players might not achieve complete neuromuscular recovery within 3 days of match play, and that the adductor muscle group might be particularly vulnerable to match‐induced fatigue. Highlights: U‐18 English Premier League (EPL) academy football match play induced acute reductions to countermovement jump (jump height [flight time], eccentric peak force and eccentric deceleration rate of force development); isometric strength (abductor, adductor and posterior chain peak force and abductor and adductor maximal impulse) and athlete self‐report (perceived fatigue, muscle soreness and mood) measures.Match‐induced changes to countermovement jump, abductor, posterior chain and self‐report measures typically normalised between MD+2 and MD+3 but adductor peak force remained compromised at MD+3.No meaningful match‐induced changes were observed to widely used countermovement jump movement strategy measures (i.e., flight time: contraction time ratio or eccentric duration).U‐18 EPL academy football players might not achieve complete neuromuscular recovery by MD+3. The adductor muscle group might be particularly susceptible to match‐induced fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Selected immunoendocrine measures for monitoring responses to training and match load in professional association football: A review of the evidence

Author

Springham, Matthew, Newton, Robert U., Strudwick, Anthony J., Waldron, Mark, Springham, Matthew, Newton, Robert U., Strudwick, Anthony J., and Waldron, Mark

Abstract

Biomarkers relating to player "stress balance," immunological (ie, immunoglobulin-A), and hormonal (ie, testosterone and cortisol [T : C]) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load and their relationships with player health. The commonly reported relationship between immunoglobulin-A and training or match load highlights its sensitivity to changes in psychophysiological stress and the increased risk of compromised mucosal immunity. This is supported by its close relationship with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and its association with perceived fatigue in football players. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the testosterone-cortisol ratio are sensitive to changes in player load, but the direction of their response is often inconsistent and is likely influenced by player training status and non-sport-related stressors. Some evidence indicates that sustained periods of high training volume can increase resting testosterone and that sustained periods of low and high training intensity can increase resting cortisol, compromising the testosterone-cortisol ratio. These findings are noteworthy, as recent findings indicate interrelationships between testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol and perceived measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness in football players. Variability in individual responses suggests the need for a multivariate and individualized approach to player monitoring. Overall, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of salivary immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone:cortisol measures as part of a multivariate, individualized player monitoring system in professional football.

Published
2022

5. The Demands of a Professional Ballet Schedule: A Five-Season Analysis

Author

Brown, Derrick, Williams, Sean, Springham, Matthew, Shaw, Joseph, Tallent, Jamie, Pedlar, Charles, and Mattiussi, Adam

Subjects
SportRxiv|Theatre and Performance Studies|Dance, bepress|Arts and Humanities|Theatre and Performance Studies|Dance, SportRxiv|Sport and Exercise Science|Other Sport and Exercise Science, SportRxiv|Sport and Exercise Science, bepress|Life Sciences|Kinesiology, bepress|Arts and Humanities|Theatre and Performance Studies, SportRxiv|Theatre and Performance Studies
Abstract

Periodizing rehearsal and performance schedules in professional ballet is difficult given a lack of published longitudinal data. We aimed to describe the structure of a professional ballet season, and identify factors associated with inter-dancer and inter-production variation in dance hours. Scheduling data were collected from 123 dancers over five seasons at The Royal Ballet. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate differences in weekly dance hours and performance counts across sexes, company ranks, and months. Random forest regressions were used to investigate factors associated with the variation in rehearsal hours across different productions. Performance congestion was observed in December, whereas total dance hours peaked between January and April. Differences in weekly dance hours were observed between company ranks (p < .001, range in means: 19.1–27.5 h·week-1). Seasonal performance counts varied across company ranks (p < .001), ranging from 28, 95% CI [22, 35] in principals, to 113, 95% CI [108, 118] in artists. Rehearsal durations were greatest in preparation for newly choreographed and longer ballets. Dancers creating roles in new ballets completed considerably more rehearsal hours than for existing ballet. These results provide a basis for the implementation of rehearsal and repertoireperiodization in professional ballet.

Published
2021
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8. Large reductions in match play physical performance variables across a professional football season with control for situational and contextual variables

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Burgess, Darren, Newton, Robert Usher, Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Burgess, Darren, and Newton, Robert Usher

Abstract

This investigation examined match play physical performance across a professional football season using a multicamera computerized tracking system. A linear mixed-effects model, controlling for situational and contextual variables, identified decreases in team average total distance (TD): season quarter 1 (Q1) (11,047 m) > season quarter 2 (Q2) (10,473 m) ( = ; ES = ), season quarter 3 (Q3) (10,449 m) ( < 0.001; ES = ), and season quarter 4 (Q4) (10,385 m) ( < 0.001; ES = ); work rate (WR): Q1 (115 m/min) > Q3 (108 m/min) ( < 0.001; ES = ), Q4 (107 m/min) ( < 0.001; ES = ); Q2 (109 m/min) > Q4 (107 m/min) ( = 0.003; ES = ); high-speed running distance (HSR): Q1 (1,051 m) > Q2 (813 m) ( = 0.006; ES = ); number of high-speed runs (NHSR): Q1 (87) > Q2 (65) ( < 0.001; ES = ), Q3 (64) ( = 0.002; ES = ); sprint distance (SD): Q1 (202 m) > Q4 (130 m) ( < 0.001; ES = ), Q2 (179 m) > Q3 (165 m) ( = 0.035; ES = ), Q4 (130 m) ( < 0.001; ES = ) and number of sprints (NS): Q1 (20.4) > Q3 (10.2) ( < 0.001; ES = ), Q4 (8.3) ( < 0.001; ES = ); Q2 (14.9) > Q3 (10.2) ( < 0.001; ES = ), Q4 (8.3) ( < 0.001; ES = ). Within-position changes were observed for WR: Q1 (122 m/min) > Q4 (113 m/min) ( = 0.002; ES = ) in central midfielders and for NS: Q1 > Q3 in wide defenders (21.7 vs. 10.8) ( = 0.044; ES = ) and central midfielders (18.1 vs. 8.3) ( = 0.002; ES = ); Q1 > Q4 in central defenders (13.1 vs. 5.3) ( = 0.014; ES = ), wide defenders (21.6 vs. 7.1) ( < 0.001; ES = ), central midfielders (18.1 vs. 8.5) ( = 0.005; ES = ), and wide midfielders (20.8 vs. 12.2) ( = 0.012; ES = ); Q2 > Q3 in central midfielders (16.9 vs. 8.3) ( = 0.002; ES = ) and Q2 > Q4 in wide defenders (16.3 vs. 7.1) ( = 0.005; ES = ), central midfielders (16.9 vs. 8.5) ( = 0.004; ES = ), and wide midfielders (20.8 vs. 12.2) ( = 0.007; ES = ). The match-play physical performance was reduced across the competitive season. The most notable reductions were observed in wide defenders, central midfielders, and wide midfield

Published
2020

9. Salivary Immunoendocrine and Self-report Monitoring Profiles across an Elite-Level Professional Football Season.

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Strudwick, Anthony J., Mclellan, Chris, and Newton, Robert U.

Subjects
*SALIVA analysis, *IMMUNOGLOBULIN analysis, *MYALGIA, *SELF-evaluation, *TESTOSTERONE, *IMMUNE system, *MUSCLE fatigue, *EXERCISE physiology, *PATIENT monitoring, *AMYLASES, *SLEEP, *EMPLOYEES' workload, *FOOTBALL, *HYDROCORTISONE
Abstract

Purpose: This investigation examined the longitudinal changes and interrelationships of salivary and self-report monitoring measures across a professional football season. Methods: Measures were collected biweekly from 18 senior professional male players across a 6-wk preseason and eight 5-wk in-season mesocycles and analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Analysis identified a small (P = 0.003) cross-season suppression of salivary immunoglobulin A, small reductions to salivary α-amylase (P = 0.047) and salivary cortisol (P = 0.007), and trivial changes to salivary testosterone (P > 0.05). The testosterone/cortisol ratio typically responded inversely to changes in player workload. Self-report measures of fatigue (P = 0.030), sleep quality (P = 0.003), and muscle soreness (P = 0.005) improved (ES = small) across the first half of the season. Fatigue and sleep measures were most consistently related to hormonal measures (R 2 = 0.43–0.45). For these relationships, increases in cortisol were associated with compromised self-report responses, whereas increases in testosterone/cortisol were associated with improved responses. Nonlinear relationships were identified for fatigue with immunoglobulin A (P = 0.017; ES = trivial) and testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), for sleep quality with testosterone (P < 0.001; ES = trivial), for muscle soreness with testosterone (P = 0.012; ES = trivial), and for the self-report inventory sum with testosterone (P = 0.027; ES = trivial). For these relationships, self-report responses were optimal at mean immunoglobulin A and testosterone levels, and very low levels (−2 SD) exerted the most compromising effects. Conclusions: Players can experience a chronic cross-season suppression of mucosal immunity. Salivary immunoglobulin A, testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol measures relate to self-report measures of fatigue, sleep quality, and muscle soreness. In-season reductions in testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone/cortisol or increases in cortisol among elite football players could be used to indicate the need for reduced workload, which might lead to improved well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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10. Summated training and match load predictors of salivary immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and T:C profile changes in elite-level professional football players: A longitudinal analysis

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Mclellan, Chris, Newton, Robert U., Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Mclellan, Chris, and Newton, Robert U.

Abstract

Springham, M., Williams, S., Waldron, M., Mclellan, C., & Newton, R. U. (2021). Summated training and match load predictors of salivary immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and T:C profile changes in elite-level professional football players: A longitudinal analysis. European Journal of Sport Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1949638

11. Large reductions in match play physical performance variables across a professional football season with control for situational and contextual variables

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Burgess, Darren, Newton, Robert Usher, Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Burgess, Darren, and Newton, Robert Usher

Abstract

Springham, M., Williams, S., Waldron, M., Burgess, D., & Newton, R. U. (2020). Large reductions in match play physical performance variables across a professional football season with control for situational and contextual variables. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 120. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.570937

12. Salivary immunoendocrine and self-report monitoring profiles across an elite-level professional football season

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Strudwick, Anthony J., Mclellan, Chris, Newton, Robert U., Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Strudwick, Anthony J., Mclellan, Chris, and Newton, Robert U.

Abstract

Springham, M., Williams, S., Waldron, M., Strudwick, A. J., Mclellan, C., & Newton, R. U. (2020). Salivary immunoendocrine and self-report monitoring profiles across an elite-level professional football season. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(5), 918-927. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002553

13. Prior workload has moderate effects on high-intensity match performance in elite-level professional football players when controlling for situational and contextual variables

Author

Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Strudwick, Anthony J., Mclellan, Chris, Newton, Robert U., Springham, Matthew, Williams, Sean, Waldron, Mark, Strudwick, Anthony J., Mclellan, Chris, and Newton, Robert U.

Abstract

Springham, M., Williams, S., Waldron, M., Strudwick, A. J., Mclellan, C., & Newton, R. U. (2020). Prior workload has moderate effects on high-intensity match performance in elite-level professional football players when controlling for situational and contextual variables. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1778355

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