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Coral reefs face worldwide decline from threats such as climate change, destructive fishing practices, overfishing and pollution. Artificial reefs have shown potential as a method to mitigate localised habitat loss and biodiversity decline on degraded coral reefs. The health of coral reefs in Indonesia and their associated faunal populations have displayed a downward trend in recent decades, and community-managed non-government organisations have started using artificial reefs to restore local degraded reef habitats. In this study, we demonstrate how locally-managed NGOs and communities in north Bali, Indonesia have implemented artificial reef projects, and assess the associated benefits to biodiversity. Using Remote Underwater Video (RUV) over a 3 month period in north Bali, fish assemblages on two artificial reefs of different ages (new and mature) were compared to two nearby natural habitats: degraded sand flats and relatively healthy coral reefs. When compared with a nearby degraded sand habitat, both artificial reefs displayed a significantly higher number of species, which for the mature artificial reef was not statistically different to a nearby coral reef. Community structure was also compared, again showing similarity between artificial reefs and natural coral reefs, but differing in a few species, including specific damselfish and wrasse. This study is one of few which highlight the potential of artificial reef habitat enhancement in Indonesia, and suggests that these structures can provide ecologically equivalent mobile faunal communities to a natural reef on a localised scale. As such, well designed projects may be able to provide some local ecosystem services lost from degraded coral reefs, and become an important focus for coastal communities.

Human beings are an active component of every terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Although our local impact on the evolution of these ecosystems has been undeniable and extensively documented, it remains unclear precisely how our activities are altering them, in part because ecosystems are dynamic systems structured by complex, non-linear feedback processes and cascading effects. We argue that it is only by studying human–environment interactions over timescales that greatly exceed the lifespan of any individual human (i.e., the deep past or longue durée), we can hope to fully understand such processes and their implications. In this article, we identify some of the key challenges faced in integrating long-term datasets with those of other areas of sustainability science, and suggest some useful ways forward. Specifically, we (a) highlight the potential of the historical sciences for sustainability science, (b) stress the need to integrate theoretical frameworks wherein humans are seen as inherently entangled with the environment, and (c) propose formal computational modelling as the ideal platform to overcome the challenges of transdisciplinary work across large, and multiple, geographical and temporal scales. Our goal is to provide a manifesto for an integrated scientific approach to the study of socio-ecological systems over the long term. 1. Introduction 2. The Importance of the Longue Durée 3. The Knotty Problem of Humans 4. Transdisciplinary Integration through Computational Modelling 4.1. Modelling as a Platform 4.2. Data Challenges 4.3. The Question of Scale 5. The (Im)practicalities of Transdisciplinarity 6. Concluding Remarks

The results of a study investigating heredity components of mathematical ability as well as sexual differences related to this ability are reported. A test containing 26 arithmetic problems was administered to 300 pairs of twins. Analysis of the data included within and between pair variance, and intraclass correlations for each sex and zygosity group. In addition, the data were also analyzed by a new technique called "dichotomic analysis" to test for evidence of an underlying biomodality in the distribution of scores. The author concludes that there is an underlying heredity component for proficiency in quantitative reasoning, and that this component fits a sex-linked recessive model fairly well. The paper also includes summaries of previous studies of heredity and environmental components of mathematical abilities, and a bibliography of related research. [Not available in hardcopy due to marginal legibility of original document.] (CT)

This study on psychological traits examines three hypotheses: (1) there is a similarity between parents and their children unexplained by a similarity between the parents, (2) this similarity may be explained by hereditary components, and (3) these hereditary components are of the discrete or segregated type of inheritance. There were 104 families selected. Included in the study were the fathers, the mothers, and 58 teenage sons, and 72 teenage daughters. They were given eight psychological tests. In the 58 tests of the first hypothesis, word association was the only variable which did not show significant similarity between parent and child. In regard to the last part of the hypothesis, English vocabulary and height were the only factors which showed a significant correlation between father and mother. The second hypothesis was accepted because spatial visualization and reasoning ability showed a unique family correlation pattern. In the third hypothesis, only perceptual speed and musical aptitude clearly fulfilled the requirement that the best fits to the autosomal genetic model were approximately same percentages for the father-son distribution of scores as they were for the mother-daughter scores. Inductive reasoning showed a possibility of having an underlying dichotomy, but none of the remaining variables showed any evidence of underlying dichotomy for both father-son and mother-daughter distribution.s (DO)

During the past decade both the Guilford and Torrence groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential. Many of these measures purport to evaluate "creativity" but one element seems to be lacking in each: i.e., the last of "reality-based, real world measures" which would allow relevant response tendencies to emerge. To meet this need the Hobby-Accomplishment Information Questionnaire (HAIQ) was designed. The HAIQ, based on a layman's concept of creativity, consists of 70 items; of these, 29 were selected as having internal consistency as well as a positive correlation with the total score. The HAIQ was administered to 166 male and female college students along with measures of convergent thinking. A four factor solution was chosen to illustrate the factorial structure: I convergent thinking, II originality production, III creative fluency, and IV drive. It is concluded that psychologists and educators should become aware of the probability that intelligence and creativity are independent. (Author/CK)

Ocean plastic is a contemporary focal point of concern for the marine environment. However, we argue there are bigger issues to address, including climate change and overfishing. Plastic has become a focus in the media and public domains partly through the draw of simple lifestyle changes, such as reusable water bottles, and partly through the potential to provide ‘quick fix’ technological solutions to plastic pollution, such as large scale marine clean-up operations and new ‘biodegradable’ plastic substitutes. As such, ocean plastic can provide a convenient truth that distracts us from the need for more radical changes to our behavioural, political and economic systems, addressing which will help address larger marine environmental issues, as well as the cause of plastic pollution, i.e. over-consumption.