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Purpose Intracranial rescue stent angioplasty is a bailout strategy for acute stroke patients in cases of unsuccessful endovascular thrombectomy due to underlying atherosclerotic stenosis. However, there is no consensus on a preprocedural and intraprocedural antiplatelet regimen. The aim of this single-centre study was to compare the safety and efficacy of emergency stenting in patients exhibiting intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis-related acute large-vessel occlusion with or without peri-interventional intravenous infusion of tirofiban. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 78 patients who were treated with rescuestent angioplasty between 2010 and 2019 due to acute ischaemic stroke. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who received peri-interventional intravenous tirofiban and those who did not receive tirofiban. We compared clinical safety and functional outcomes in both treatment groups with symptomatic haemorrhage as the primary endpoint. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between tirofiban and outcome measures. Results Thirty-seven patients were treated with intravenous tirofiban (47.4%), and 41 patients did not receive intravenous tirofiban (52.6%). Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of symptomatic haemorrhage (16.2% in the tirofiban group versus 14.6% in the control group, p = 0.847). The 3-month mortality (21.6% in the tirofiban group versus 17.1% in the control group, p = 0.611) and good functional outcomes according to the modified Rankin scale (45.9% versus 34.1%, p = 0.289) were comparable. Conclusion The results of our study suggest that the application of tirofiban for rescue stenting after failed mechanical thrombectomy is safe.

To investigate prevalence, course, and predictors of longitudinal decision regret in long-term prostate cancer (PC) survivors treated by radical prostatectomy (RP).1003 PC survivors from the multicentre German Familial PC Database completed questionnaires on average seven years after RP in 2007 and at follow-up 13 years later in 2020. Patients completed standardized patient-reported outcome measures on decision regret, decision-making, HRQoL, and psychosocial factors. Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to assess predictors of longitudinal decision regret.Decision regret increased significantly over time (9.0% after 6.9 years in 2007 and 12% after 19 years in 2020; p=0.009). Favourable localized PC (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.05-3.68), decision regret in 2007 (OR: 6.38, 95% CI 3.55-11.47), and a higher depression score (OR 1.37 95% CI 1.03-1.83) were associated with decision regret in 2020. Shared decision-making (OR: 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.93) was associated with less decision regret.Findings of the present study underline the perseverance of decision regret in long-term PC survivors and the definitive need for involving patients in the decision-making process to mitigate regret over the long term.

Purpose The objective of the current study was to assess whether and how preoperative risk group distribution and pathological outcomes have changed in men treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) over the past 25 years. Methods 11,071 patients from a large contemporary registry-based nationwide cohort with RP as primary treatment between 1995 and 2019 were included. Preoperative risk stratification, postoperative outcomes, and 10 years other-cause mortality (OCM) were analyzed. Results After 2005, the proportion of low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) decreased from 39.6% to 25.5% in 2010 and decreased further to 15.5% in 2015, and 9.4% in 2019 (p p p Conclusion The current analysis documents a clear shift in utilization of RP toward higher-risk PCa in men with long life expectancy. Patients with low-risk PCa or favorable localized PCa are rarely operated. This suggests a shift in applying surgery only to patients who may really benefit from RP and the long-standing discussion of overtreatment might become outdated.

Compared to other malignancies, there is a lack of easy-to-evaluate biomarkers for gastric cancer, which is associated with an adverse clinical outcome in many cases. Here, we present Stroma AReactive Invasion Front Areas (SARIFA) as a new histological prognostic marker. We defined SARIFA as the direct contact between a cluster of tumor glands/cells comprising at least five tumor cells and inconspicuous surrounding adipose tissue at the invasion front. A total of 480 adenocarcinomas of the stomach and the gastroesophageal junction from two different collections were classified according to SARIFA. To understand the potential underlying mechanisms, a transcriptome analysis was conducted using digital spatial profiling (DSP). It was found that 20% of the tumors were SARIFA-positive. Kappa values between the three pathologists were good in both collections: 0.74 and 0.78. Patients who presented SARIFA-positive tumors had a significantly lower overall survival in Collections A (median: 20.0 versus 44.0 months; p = 0.014, n = 160) and B (median: 15.0 versus 41.0 months; p < 0.0001, n = 320). SARIFA positivity emerged as a negative independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR 1.638, 95% CI 1.153-2.326, p = 0.006). Using DSP, the most upregulated genes in SARIFA-positive cases were those associated with triglyceride catabolism and endogenous sterols. COL15A1, FABP2, and FABP4 were differentially expressed in positive cases. At the protein level, the expression of proteins related to lipid metabolism was confirmed. SARIFA combines low inter-observer variability, minimal effort, and high prognostic relevance, and is therefore an extremely promising biomarker related to tumor-promoting adipocytes in gastric cancer. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

To assess the prognostic utility of conventional biochemical and imaging response criteria and

Purpose To identify factors associated with cancer-related self-perception after being affected by prostate cancer (PCa) and radical prostatectomy. Subjects and methods Men affected by PCa and radical prostatectomy were asked to choose one of 5 cancer-related identities (“patient,” “victim,” “someone who has had cancer,” “cancer survivor,” and “cancer conqueror”). Associations with clinical data, functional outcome (continence and sexual activity), and psychological factors were assessed. Results One thousand seven hundred seventy-two men were included. Most men perceived themselves as “someone who has had cancer” (46.8%) which was associated with no cancer recurrence (OR: 0.54 [0.36–0.81]) and low cancer-related distress (OR: 0.69 [0.53–0.89]) or “patient” (35.4%) which was associated with ongoing therapy (OR: 2.59 [1.59–4.22]) and biochemical disease recurrence (OR: 1.91 [1.28–2.85]). Self-perception, as “cancer survivor” (7.8%), “cancer conqueror” (8.2%), or “victim” (1.8%), was less common. “Cancer survivor” was associated with high perceived disease severity (OR: 2.07 [1.33–3.24]) and incontinence (1.99 [1.27–3.12]). “Cancer survivor” and “cancer conqueror” were related to high benefit finding (OR: 2.05 [1.30–3.23], OR: 1.89 [1.27–2.81], respectively); only “cancer conqueror” was associated with higher quality of life (OR: 1.38 [1.21–1.58]). Conclusions Self-perception in men affected by PCa can vary widely and is associated with distinct characteristics that reflect the experienced severity of the disease, therapy side effects, and psychological well-being. Implications for Cancer Survivors The assessment of cancer-related self-perception can give important insights when evaluating men affected by PCa who need assistance in coping with their disease.

Prostate cancer (PC)-related anxiety is associated with clinically significant declines in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and psychological well-being. This longitudinal study investigates course and predictors of PC-related anxiety in long-term PC survivors treated by radical prostatectomy (RP).Two thousand nine hundred and three survivors from the multicenter German Familial PC Database completed the Memorial Anxiety Scale for PC on average 11 years after RP at the initial assessment in 2015 and then 5 years later. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was used to assess predictors of PC-related anxiety at follow-up.PC-related anxiety remained stable over the 5 years. In hierarchical multiple linear regression, longitudinal predictors of PC-related anxiety 5 years later included a lower level of education (beta: -0.035, p = 0.019), biochemical recurrence (BCR; beta: 0.054, p = 0.002), late BCR (beta: 0.054, p 0.001), PC anxiety at initial assessment (beta: 0.556, p 0.001), HRQoL (beta: -0.076, p 0.001), depression and anxiety symptoms (beta: 0.072, p = 0.001; beta: 0.165, p 0.001). Predictors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) anxiety 5 years later included late BCR (beta: 0.044, p = 0.019), PSA anxiety at initial assessment (beta: 0.339, p 0.001), depression and anxiety symptoms (beta: 0.074, p = 0.008; beta: 0.191, p 0.001), and treatment decision regret (beta: 0.052, p = 0.006).PC-related anxiety remains a burden to survivors many years after diagnosis and treatment. The respective disease-specific anxiety was the strongest predictor of this anxiety 5 years later, which emphasizes the need of screening and monitoring in a timely manner for PC-related anxiety. Treating urologists should screen, identify, and monitor patients at risk for targeted referrals to psychosocial services.

Correct diagnosis of a parotid neoplasm based on histology preoperatively is of utmost importance in order to guide patient management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy of a parotid lesion and to describe associated post-procedural complications. A retrospective study was conducted between January 2015 and March 2021 of all patients who were referred to a tertiary care center for evaluation of a parotid lesion and who underwent core needle biopsy due to high-risk features or when malignancy was suspected on clinical examination or ultrasonography. Patient characteristics, histological findings, and post-procedural complications were recorded and evaluated. Among 890 patients referred for evaluation of a parotid lesion, in 138 patients a core needle biopsy was undertaken. On the basis of core needle biopsy findings, 11 lymphomas and 82 non-lymphoma malignancies were diagnosed in the parotid gland. The sensitivity of the core needle biopsy predicting the accurate tumor type was 97.56% (95% CI 91.47–99.70%) and the specificity 94.64% (95% CI 85.13–98.88%). The accuracy for the correct histopathological diagnosis was 93.48% (95% CI 87.98–96.97%). Post-procedural minor complications occurred in 19 patients (13.8%). In conclusion, a core needle biopsy can identify malignancy in the parotid gland with high sensitivity and specificity in a safe manner and therefore guide surgical treatment.

Many studies have used histomorphological features to more precisely predict the prognosis of patients with colon cancer, focusing on tumor budding, poorly differentiated clusters, and the tumor–stroma ratio. Here, we introduce SARIFA: Stroma AReactive Invasion Front Area(s). We defined SARIFA as the direct contact between a tumor gland/tumor cell cluster (≥5 cells) and inconspicuous surrounding adipose tissue in the invasion front. In this retrospective, single-center study, we classified 449 adipose-infiltrative adenocarcinomas (not otherwise specified) from two groups based on SARIFA and found 25% of all tumors to be SARIFA-positive. Kappa values between the two pathologists were good/very good: 0.77 and 0.87. Patients with SARIFA-positive tumors had a significantly shorter colon-cancer-specific survival (p = 0.008, group A), absence of metastasis, and overall survival (p &lt, 0.001, p = 0.003, group B). SARIFA was significantly associated with adverse features such as pT4 stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor budding, and higher tumor grade. Moreover, SARIFA was confirmed as an independent prognostic indicator for colon-cancer-specific survival (p = 0.011, group A). SARIFA assessment was very quick (&lt, 1 min). Because of low interobserver variability and good prognostic significance, SARIFA seems to be a promising histomorphological prognostic indicator in adipose-infiltrative adenocarcinomas of the colon. Further studies should validate our results and also determine whether SARIFA is a universal prognostic indicator in solid cancers.

In symptomatic patients with acute Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), lymphocytopenia is one of the most prominent laboratory findings. However, to date age and gender have not been considered in assessment of COVID‐19‐related cell count alterations. In this study, the impact of COVID‐19 as well as age and gender on a large variety of lymphocyte subsets was analyzed in 33 COVID‐19 patients and compared with cell counts in 50 healthy humans. We confirm that cell counts of total lymphocytes, B, NK, cytotoxic and helper T cells are reduced in patients with severe COVID‐19, and this tendency was observed in patients with moderate COVID‐19. Decreased cell counts were also found in all subsets of these cell types, except for CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory RA+ (EMRA) and terminal effector CD8+ cells. In multivariate analysis however, we show that in addition to COVID‐19, there is an age‐dependent reduction of total, central memory (CM), and early CD8+ cell subsets, as well as naïve, CM, and regulatory CD4+ cell subsets. Remarkably, reduced naïve CD8+ cell counts could be attributed to age alone, and not to COVID‐19. By contrast, decreases in other subsets could be largely attributed to COVID‐19, and only partly to age. In addition to COVID‐19, male gender was a major factor influencing lower counts of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocyte numbers. Our study confirms that cell counts of lymphocytes and their subsets are reduced in patients with COVID‐19, but that age and gender must be considered when interpreting the altered cell counts.

In this study, we developed the Binary ImaGe Colon Metastasis classifier (BIg-CoMet), a semi-guided approach for the stratification of colon cancer patients into two risk groups for the occurrence of distant metastasis, using an InceptionResNetV2-based deep learning model trained on binary images. We enrolled 291 colon cancer patients with pT3 and pT4 adenocarcinomas and converted one cytokeratin-stained representative tumor section per case into a binary image. Image augmentation and dropout layers were incorporated to avoid overfitting. In a validation collective (n = 128), BIg-CoMet was able to discriminate well between patients with and without metastasis (AUC: 0.842, 95% CI: 0.774–0.911). Further, the Kaplan–Meier curves of the metastasis-free survival showed a highly significant worse clinical course for the high-risk group (log-rank test: p &lt, 0.001), and we demonstrated superiority over other established risk factors. A multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for confounders supported the use of risk groups as a prognostic factor for the occurrence of metastasis (hazard ratio (HR): 5.4, 95% CI: 2.5–11.7, p &lt, 0.001). BIg-CoMet achieved good performance for both UICC subgroups, especially for UICC III (n = 53), with a positive predictive value of 80%. Our study demonstrates the ability to stratify colon cancer patients via a semi-guided process on images that primarily reflect tumor architecture.

Background COVID-19 is only partly understood, and the level of evidence available in terms of pathophysiology, epidemiology, therapy, and long-term outcome remains limited. During the early phase of the pandemic, it was necessary to effectively investigate all aspects of this new disease. Autopsy can be a valuable procedure to investigate the internal organs with special techniques to obtain information on the disease, especially the distribution and type of organ involvement. Methods During the first wave of COVID-19 in Germany, autopsies of 19 deceased patients were performed. Besides gross examination, the organs were analyzed with standard histology and polymerase-chain-reaction for SARS-CoV-2. Polymerase chain reaction positive localizations were further analyzed with immunohistochemistry and RNA-in situ hybridization for SARS-CoV-2. Results Eighteen of 19 patients were found to have died due to COVID-19. Clinically relevant histological changes were only observed in the lungs. Diffuse alveolar damage in considerably different degrees was noted in 18 cases. Other organs, including the central nervous system, did not show specific micromorphological alterations. In terms of SARS-CoV-2 detection, the focus remains on the upper airways and lungs. This is true for both the number of positive samples and the viral load. A highly significant inverse correlation between the stage of diffuse alveolar damage and viral load was found on a case and a sample basis. Mediastinal lymph nodes and fat were also affected by the virus at high frequencies. By contrast, other organs rarely exhibited a viral infection. Moderate to strong correlations between the methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 were observed for the lungs and for other organs. Conclusions The lung is the most affected organ in gross examination, histology and polymerase chain reaction. SARS-CoV-2 detection in other organs did not reveal relevant or specific histological changes. Moreover, we did not find CNS involvement.

Objectives Long‐term prospective studies on procedure‐related complications after parotid surgery for benign neoplasms (BNs) are scarce. This is the first prospective study on the use of extracapsular dissection (ECD) for BNs, and it aimed to examine the incidence of postoperative complications after parotid surgery for BN. Methods We collected data obtained in a prospective study of parotidectomy for BN at a university hospital and analyzed the transient and long‐term complications. Results The incidence rates of transient facial palsy immediately and 18 months after surgery were 15.0% and 3.7%, respectively. The rates of immediate postoperative facial palsy in patients who underwent ECD, partial superficial, superficial, and total parotidectomy were 5.8%, 29.3%, 20.0%, and 44.1%, respectively. Significant risk factors for facial palsy included multiple and larger lesions as well as surgery duration and extension. Conclusions Postoperative facial palsy remains a common complication after parotidectomy for BN and is associated with the extent of parotidectomy, presence of multiple neoplasms, and operative duration. The results of this study showed that ECD could be a safe technique for avoiding facial palsy. Level of Evidence: 2.

Regular self-examination can facilitate early detection of testicular cancer and malignancies of the breast and may ensure a curative treatment. In this analysis we explored the tendencies of medical students to perform self-examination and associated factors.As part of their urology rotation, medical students of the Technical University of Munich were surveyed via questionnaires regarding their health and sexual behavior. In all, 98.8% of the students participated and data from 473 of 477 students were included in this analysis. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analysis.In all, 64.2% (n = 177) of the male students and 72.3% (n = 296) of the female students performed regular self-examination of the testis and breast, respectively. Students who did not communicate with their partners or friends about their sex lives were less likely to preform regular self-examination (p 0.05). Male students without sexual intercourse in the 4 weeks prior to the survey and female students who did not masturbate in the 4 weeks prior to the survey were also less likely to preform regular self-examination (p 0.05).The rate of regular self-examination is high in medical students compared to previous studies on young adults and non-medical students. This shows that knowledge about the significance of testicular cancer and breast cancer are fundamental for promoting self-examination in teenagers and young adults. A distressed sex life might hinder young adults in preforming regular self-examination. Therefore, improved education about the significance of testicular cancer and routine urological consultations for male teenagers and young men are ways to promote testicular self-examination within this age group.HINTERGRUND: Durch eine regelmäßige Selbstuntersuchung kann ein Malignom der Hoden oder Brust gegebenenfalls frühzeitig erkannt und kurativ behandelt werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, das Selbstuntersuchungsverhalten von Medizinstudierenden zu untersuchen und Faktoren, die eine regelmäßige Selbstuntersuchung beeinflussen, zu identifizieren.Medizinstudierende wurden mittels Fragebogen bezüglich ihres Gesundheits- und Sexualverhaltens befragt. 98,8 % der Studierenden nahmen teil (n = 473). Die erhobenen Daten wurden mittels univariater und multivariater logistischer Regression analysiert.Es gaben 64,2 % der männlichen Studierenden (n = 177) an, regelmäßig ihre Hoden zu untersuchen und 72,2 % der weiblichen Studierenden (n = 296) gaben an, regelmäßig ihre Brust abzutasten. Studierende, die nicht mit ihrer/ihrem PartnerIn bzw. mit ihren FreundInnen über ihre Sexualität sprechen, führten seltener eine Selbstuntersuchung durch (p 0,05). Männliche Studierende, die in den letzten 4 Wochen vor Befragung keinen Geschlechtsverkehr hatten und weibliche Studierende, die im gleichen Zeitraum nicht masturbierten, führten seltener eine Selbstuntersuchung durch (p 0,05).Der Anteil an Medizinstudierenden, der eine regelmäßige Selbstuntersuchung durchführt, ist im Vergleich zu weniger medizinisch gebildeten jungen Erwachsenen hoch. Wissen über die Relevanz von Hoden- bzw. Brustkrebs scheint grundlegend für eine regelmäßige Selbstuntersuchung zu sein. Ein belastetes Sexualleben schränkt solch ein Gesundheitsverhalten möglicherweise ein. Eine Verbesserung der Aufklärung über Hodenkrebs und die urologische Anbindung von Jungen/junger Männer bieten daher die Möglichkeit, die Bereitschaft zur Selbstuntersuchung innerhalb dieser Altersgruppe zu steigern.

Purpose To assess whether a first-degree family history or a fatal family history of prostate cancer (PCa) are associated with postoperative upgrading and upstaging among men with low risk and favourable intermediate-risk (FIR) PCa and to provide guidance on clinical decision making for active surveillance (AS) in this patient population. Methods Participants in the German Familial Prostate Cancer database diagnosed from 1994 to 2019 with (1) low risk (clinical T1c–T2a, biopsy Gleason Grade Group (GGG) 1, PSA Results Among 4091 men who underwent RP, mean age at surgery was 64.4 (SD 6.7) years, 24.7% reported a family history, and 3.4% a fatal family history. Neither family history nor fatal family history were associated with upgrading or upstaging at low risk, Gleason 6 FIR, and Gleason 3 + 4 FIR PCa patients. Conclusion Results from the current study indicated no detrimental effect of family history on postoperative upgrading or upstaging. Therefore, a positive family history or fatal family history of PCa in FIR PCa patients should not be a reason to refrain from AS in men otherwise suitable.

Purpose The safety of active surveillance (AS) in favorable intermediate-risk (FIR) prostate cancer (PCa) remains uncertain. To provide guidance on clinical decision-making, we examined long-term and pathological outcomes of low-risk and intermediate-risk PCa patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods The study involved 5693 patients diagnosed between 1994 and 2019 with low-risk, FIR, and unfavorable intermediate-risk (UIR) PCa (stratification according to the AUA guidelines) who underwent RP. Pathological outcomes were compared, and Kaplan–Meier analysis determined biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years. Multiple Cox regression was used to simultaneously control for relevant confounders. Results Those at FIR had higher rates of upgrading and upstaging (12.8% vs. 7.2%, p p p p > 0.001) compared to patients at low risk. The 20-year BRFS was 69%, 65%, and 44% and the 20-year CSS was 98%, 95%, and 89% in low-risk, FIR, and UIR patients. On multiple Cox regression, FIR was not associated with a worse BRFS (HR 1.07, CI 0.87–1.32), UIR was associated with a worse BRFS (HR 1.49, CI 1.20–1.85). Conclusion Patients at FIR had only slightly worse pathological and long-term outcomes compared to patients at low risk, whereas the difference compared to patients at UIR was large. This emphasizes AS in these patients as a possible treatment strategy in well-counseled patients.

BACKGROUND: Penile rehabilitation after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (nsRP) improves the functional outcome, i.e., erectile function and urinary continence. Masturbation as a concept of penile rehabilitation has been practically not investigated. The aim of this observational and explorative study was to evaluate the association between masturbation and the recovery of the functional outcome in patients after nsRP. METHODS: Patients after nsRP (11/2013-3/2016) with preoperative International Erectile Function Score-Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) of ≥22 and/or Erection Hardness Score (EHS) of ≥3 without neo- or adjuvant therapy were included in this analysis. Patients were classified according to their masturbation behavior (yes: m; no: nm). Chi-square tests were used to test for association between masturbation and functional outcome. The main outcome measures were rates of erectile function, morning erections, and urinary continence 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after nsRP. RESULTS: A total of 250 preoperatively potent patients with median age of 63.8 years (1(st), 3(rd) quartile: 59.1, 69.6) at nsRP were included. After 24 months, m-patients had a numerically higher rate of moderate to good erectile function compared to nm-patients (47.5% vs. 37.5%; P=0.193) and had morning erections more often than nm-patients (54.6% vs. 34.9%; P=0.011). Urinary continence rate 12 months after nsRP was higher compared to nm-patients (12 months: 83.1% vs. 70.2%; P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Masturbation might be a promising approach of both erectile function and urinary continence recovery, and patients could be encouraged to masturbate after nsRP. However, due to the study design, causality cannot be concluded. Thus, masturbation as a possible concept of penile rehabilitation warrants further investigation.

The increasing demand of flexibility in cyber-physical production systems results from a growing number of product variants and customer specific products. Resources, like robots and humans, offer different skills modelled on the production planning level. Skill based task allocation requires normally that a task is executed by one resource providing all necessary skills for this task. This paper describes an approach in production planning how teams of several resources proposing diverse skills can be combined in order to accomplish a task in collaboration. The composition of the team aims at combining resources with complementary and supportive skills.

Background Although fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) or disease progression is among the most endorsed unmet needs and concerns of cancer survivors, research on the course of FCR in long-term survivors is scarce. The objective of this study was to assess longitudinally the prevalence and predictors of FCR in long-term prostate cancer (PCa) survivors. Methods In all, 2417 survivors from the multicenter German Familial Prostate Cancer Database completed the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form on average 7 years (T1 in 2010) after radical prostatectomy and at follow-up 9 years later (T2 in 2019). Hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to assess predictors of FCR at follow-up. Results The mean age at the initial assessment was 69.5 years (standard deviation, 5.9 years); 6.5% and 8.4% of patients reported clinical FCR at the initial assessment (T1) and at the follow-up (T2), respectively. In a multivariable analysis controlling for concurrent associations, longitudinal predictors of FCR 9 years later included a lower level of education (odds ratio [OR], 4.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33-8.33), years since radical prostatectomy (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.18), biochemical recurrence (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.02-2.72), no current adjuvant therapy (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.19-4.76), FCR (OR, 10.75; 95% CI, 6.18-18.72), and anxiety (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.72). Conclusions FCR remains a burden to certain PCa survivors even many years after their diagnosis and treatment. Health care professionals should monitor for FCR and identify patients at risk to provide appropriate psychosocial care because FCR is leading to limitations in quality of life and psychological well-being.