91 results on '"Stephan S. Monroe"'
Search Results
2. Norovirus Transmission on Cruise Ship
- Author
-
Elmira T. Isakbaeva, Marc-Alain Widdowson, R. Suzanne Beard, Sandra N. Bulens, James Mullins, Stephan S. Monroe, Joseph S. Bresee, Patricia Sassano, Elaine H. Cramer, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
viral gastroenteritis ,outbreak ,Norwalk ,cruise ship ,dispatch ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We describe an investigation of a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak aboard a cruise ship affecting 6 consecutive cruises and the use of sequence analysis to determine modes of virus transmission. Noroviruses (NoV), are the most common cause of infectious acute gastroenteritis and are transmitted feco-orally through food and water, directly from person to person and by environmental contamination (1). These viruses are often responsible for protracted outbreaks in closed settings, such as cruise ships, nursing homes, and hospitals (2,3).
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Norovirus and Foodborne Disease, United States, 1991–2000
- Author
-
Marc-Alain Widdowson, Alana Sulka, Sandra N. Bulens, R. Suzanne Beard, Sandra S. Chaves, Roberta Hammond, Ellen D.P. Salehi, Ellen Swanson, Jessica Totaro, Ray Woron, Paul S. Mead, Joseph S. Bresee, Stephan S. Monroe, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
research ,food ,norovirus ,disease outbreaks ,burden of illness ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Efforts to prevent foodborne illness target bacterial pathogens, yet noroviruses (NoV) are suspected to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis. New molecular assays allow for better estimation of the role of NoV in foodborne illness. We analyzed 8,271 foodborne outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1991 to 2000 and additional data from 6 states. The proportion of NoV-confirmed outbreaks increased from 1% in 1991 to 12% in 2000. However, from 1998 to 2000, 76% of NoV outbreaks were reported by only 11 states. In 2000, an estimated 50% of foodborne outbreaks in 6 states were attributable to NoV. NoV outbreaks were larger than bacterial outbreaks (median persons affected: 25 versus 15), and 10% of affected persons sought medical care; 1% were hospitalized. More widespread use of molecular assays will permit better estimates of the role of NoV illness and help direct efforts to control foodborne illness.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. SARS-associated Coronavirus Transmission, United States
- Author
-
Elmira T. Isakbaeva, Nino Khetsuriani, R. Suzanne Beard, Angela Peck, Dean D. Erdman, Stephan S. Monroe, Suxiang Tong, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Sara Lowther, Indra Pandya Smith, Larry J. Anderson, Jairam Lingappa, and Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Subjects
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ,outbreak ,SARS-associated coronavirus ,epidemiology ,transmission ,natural history ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
To better assess the risk for transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), we obtained serial specimens and clinical and exposure data from seven confirmed U.S. SARS patients and their 10 household contacts. SARS-CoV was detected in a day-14 sputum specimen from one case-patient and in five stool specimens from two case-patients. In one case-patient, SARS-CoV persisted in stool for at least 26 days after symptom onset. The highest amounts of virus were in the day-14 sputum sample and a day-14 stool sample. Residual respiratory symptoms were still present in recovered SARS case-patients 2 months after illness onset. Possible transmission of SARS-CoV occurred in one household contact, but this person had also traveled to a SARS-affected area. The data suggest that SARS-CoV is not always transmitted efficiently. Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV infection is difficult; thus, sputum and stool specimens should be included in the diagnostic work-up for SARS-CoV infection.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Norwalk-Like Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreak in U.S. Army Trainees
- Author
-
Mark K. Arness, Brian H. Feighner, Michelle L. Canham, David N. Taylor, Stephan S. Monroe, Theodore J. Cieslak, Edward L. Hoedebecke, Christina S. Polyak, Judy C. Cuthie, Rebecca L. Fankhauser, Charles D. Humphrey, Tamra L. Barker, Chris D. Jenkins, and Donald R. Skillman
- Subjects
acute gastroenteritis ,Fort Bliss ,Norwalk-like virus ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis hospitalized 99 (12%) of 835 U.S. Army trainees at Fort Bliss, El Paso, Texas, rom August 27 to September 1, 1998. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests for Norwalk-like virus were positive for genogroup 2. Gastroenteritis was associated with one post dining facility and with soft drinks.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Are Noroviruses Emerging?
- Author
-
Marc-Alain Widdowson, Stephan S. Monroe, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
Epidemiology ,Norovirus ,Communicable Diseases ,Emerging ,United States ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Control and Prevention of Viral Gastroenteritis
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
norovirus ,rotavirus ,viruses ,foodborne illness ,viral gastroenteritis ,enteric infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Diarrheal illness remains 1 of the top 5 causes of death in low-income and middle-income countries, especially for children
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Norovirus Detection and Genotyping for Children with Gastroenteritis, Brazil
- Author
-
Caroline C. Soares, Norma Santos, Rachel Suzanne Beard, Maria Carolina M. Albuquerque, Adriana G. Maranhão, Ludmila N. Rocha, Maria Liz Ramírez, Stephan S. Monroe, Roger I. Glass, and Jon Gentsch
- Subjects
Norovirus ,viral gastroenteritis ,viral diagnostics ,real-time RT-PCR ,dispatch ,Brazil ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During 1998–2005, we analyzed stool samples from 289 children in Rio de Janeiro to detect and genotype norovirus strains. Previous tests showed all samples to be negative for rotavirus and adenovirus. Of 42 (14.5%) norovirus-positive specimens, 20 (47.6%) were identified as genogroup GI and 22 (52.3%) as GII.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Complete Genome Sequences of Human Astrovirus Prototype Strains (Types 1 to 8)
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Jan Vinjé, Emily Reynolds, Christina J. Castro, and Rachel L. Marine
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Genetics ,biology ,viruses ,030106 microbiology ,Genome Sequences ,virus diseases ,Human astrovirus ,biology.organism_classification ,Genome ,Astrovirus ,03 medical and health sciences ,Open reading frame ,030104 developmental biology ,fluids and secretions ,Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous) ,GenBank ,Identity (object-oriented programming) ,Molecular Biology ,Gene - Abstract
We report the complete genome sequences of the eight human astrovirus Oxford prototype strains. These sequences share 94.9% to 99.9% nucleotide identity with open reading frame 2 (ORF2) genes of astrovirus genomes previously deposited in GenBank and include the first complete genome of human astrovirus type 7.
- Published
- 2019
10. Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains
- Author
-
Ute Ströher, William Nwachukwu, Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart, A. Scott Laney, Moses Massaquoi, Michael R. Wiley, Tolbert Nyenswah, Christopher J. Gregory, Adolphus Yeiah, Karla Prieto, Joseph W. Diclaro, Stuart T. Nichol, Mosoka Fallah, Jason T. Ladner, Suzanne Mate, Jonathan D'ambrozio, Jens H. Kuhn, John Saindon, Meagan Wisniewski, Francis Kateh, Zephaniah Balogun, Stephan S. Monroe, Merle L. Gilbert, Athalia Christie, Jeffrey R. Kugelman, Peter Clement, Peter B. Jahrling, Gary P. Schroth, Terrence Lo, Stewart Coulter, Fatorma K. Bolay, Andrew Rambaut, Alex Gasasira, Gustavo Palacios, Fred Amegashie, Lawrence Fakoli, Lisa E. Hensley, Brian J. Kearney, and David J. Blackley
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Sexual transmission ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,flare-up ,reemerged ,Ebola virus disease ,Persistently infected ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,law.invention ,reduced evolutionary rate ,Ebola virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Viral genetics ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Research article ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Western Africa ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Research Articles ,Ebolavirus ,persistent infection ,Multidisciplinary ,transmission chain ,virus diseases ,SciAdv r-articles ,Outbreak ,Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ,Liberia ,Virology ,030104 developmental biology ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Research Article - Abstract
Surveillance of Ebola virus disease flare-ups uncovers a reduced rate of Ebola virus evolution during persistent infections., On 29 June 2015, Liberia’s respite from Ebola virus disease (EVD) was interrupted for the second time by a renewed outbreak (“flare-up”) of seven confirmed cases. We demonstrate that, similar to the March 2015 flare-up associated with sexual transmission, this new flare-up was a reemergence of a Liberian transmission chain originating from a persistently infected source rather than a reintroduction from a reservoir or a neighboring country with active transmission. Although distinct, Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes from both flare-ups exhibit significantly low genetic divergence, indicating a reduced rate of EBOV evolution during persistent infection. Using this rate of change as a signature, we identified two additional EVD clusters that possibly arose from persistently infected sources. These findings highlight the risk of EVD flare-ups even after an outbreak is declared over.
- Published
- 2016
11. Consumption of pesticide-treated wheat seed by a rural population in Malawi
- Author
-
Joshua G. Schier, Yanique Redwood, Yelena D Karaseva, Eugenia Katsoudas, Emily Lutterloh, Stephan S. Monroe, Andrew Likaka, James J. Sejvar, and Beth A. Tippett Barr
- Subjects
Rural Population ,Malawi ,Epidemiology ,Biology ,Toxicology ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Carbaryl ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Pesticides ,United States Environmental Protection Agency ,Triticum ,Reference dose ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental engineering ,Sowing ,Outbreak ,Pirimiphos-methyl ,Environmental Exposure ,Environmental exposure ,Pesticide ,Pollution ,United States ,chemistry ,Seeds ,Permethrin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
An outbreak of typhoid fever in rural Malawi triggered an investigation by the Malawi Ministry of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in July 2009. During the investigation, villagers were directly consuming washed, donated, pesticide-treated wheat seed meant for planting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for pesticide exposure and health risk in the outbreak community. A sample of unwashed (1430 g) and washed (759 g) wheat seed donated for planting, but which would have been directly consumed, was tested for 365 pesticides. Results were compared with each other (percentage change), the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) health guidance values and estimated daily exposures were compared with their Reference dose (RfD). Unwashed and washed seed samples contained, respectively: carboxin, 244 and 57 p.p.m.; pirimiphos methyl, 8.18 and 8.56 p.p.m.; total permethrin, 3.62 and 3.27 p.p.m.; and carbaryl, 0.057 and 0.025 p.p.m.. Percentage change calculations (unwashed to washed) were as follows: carboxin, -76.6%; pirimiphos methyl, +4.6%; total permethrin, -9.7%; and carbaryl -56.1%. Only carboxin and total permethrin concentration among washed seed samples exceeded US EPA health guidance values (285 × and seven times, respectively). Adult estimated exposure scenarios (1 kg seed) exceeded the RfD for carboxin (8 × ) and pirimiphos methyl (12 × ). Adult villagers weighing 70 kg would have to consume 0.123, 0.082, 1.06, and 280 kg of washed seed daily to exceed the RfD for carboxin, pirimiphos methyl, permethrins, and carbaryl, respectively. Carboxin, pirimiphos methyl, permethrins, and carbaryl were detected in both unwashed and washed samples of seed. Carboxin, total permethrin, and carbaryl concentration were partially reduced by washing. Health risks from chronic exposure to carboxin and pirimiphos methyl in these amounts are unclear. The extent of this practice among food insecure communities receiving relief seeds and resultant health impact needs further study.
- Published
- 2012
12. The Etiology of Severe Acute Gastroenteritis Among Adults Visiting Emergency Departments in the United States
- Author
-
Joseph S, Bresee, Ruthanne, Marcus, Richard A, Venezia, William E, Keene, Dale, Morse, Mark, Thanassi, Patrick, Brunett, Sandra, Bulens, R Suzanne, Beard, Leslie A, Dauphin, Laurence, Slutsker, Cheryl, Bopp, Mark, Eberhard, Aron, Hall, Jan, Vinje, Stephan S, Monroe, Roger I, Glass, and John, Jui
- Subjects
Adult ,Diarrhea ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Salmonella ,Adolescent ,medicine.disease_cause ,Specimen Handling ,Interviews as Topic ,Feces ,Young Adult ,fluids and secretions ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Rotavirus ,Internal medicine ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Prospective Studies ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Aged, 80 and over ,biology ,business.industry ,Emergency department ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,United States ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,Acute Disease ,Salmonella Infections ,Immunology ,Etiology ,Norovirus ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Emergency Service, Hospital ,business - Abstract
Background. Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a common cause of clinic visits and hospitalizations in the United States, but the etiology is rarely determined. Methods. We performed a prospective, multicenter emergency department–based study of adults with AGE. Subjects were interviewed on presentation and 3–4 weeks later. Serum samples, rectal swab specimens, and/or whole stool specimens were collected at presentation, and serum was collected 3–4 weeks later. Fecal specimens were tested for a comprehensive panel of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens; serum was tested for calicivirus antibodies. Results. Pathogens were detected in 25% of 364 subjects, including 49% who provided a whole stool specimen. The most commonly detected pathogens were norovirus (26%), rotavirus (18%), and Salmonella species (5.3%). Pathogens were detected significantly more often from whole stool samples versus a rectal swab specimen alone. Nine percent of subjects who provided whole stool samples had .1 pathogen identified. Conclusions. Viruses, especially noroviruses, play a major role as agents of severe diarrhea in adults. Further studies to confirm the unexpectedly high prevalence of rotaviruses and to explore the causes of illness among patients from whom a pathogen cannot be determined are needed. Studies of enteric pathogens should require the collection of whole stool samples.
- Published
- 2012
13. Multidrug-Resistant Typhoid Fever With Neurologic Findings on the Malawi-Mozambique Border
- Author
-
Abel Phiri, Jeremias Naiene, Kevin Joyce, Linda Capewell, James J. Sejvar, Stephan S. Monroe, Sam D. Kampondeni, Andrew Likaka, Benson Chilima, Emily Lutterloh, Kashmira Date, Deborah F. Talkington, Rudia Lungu, Benjamin Nygren, Robert Manda, Macpherson Mallewa, Eric D. Mintz, Yanique Redwood, David A. Townes, Joshua G. Schier, Beth A. Tippett Barr, Tadala Khaila, Sara A. Lowther, Lauren J. Stockman, James Kaphiyo, Gregory L. Armstrong, Michael S. Humphrys, and Austin Demby
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Abdominal pain ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Chloramphenicol ,Outbreak ,Drug resistance ,Salmonella typhi ,medicine.disease ,Typhoid fever ,Infectious Diseases ,Internal medicine ,Ampicillin ,medicine ,Blood culture ,medicine.symptom ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi causes an estimated 22 million cases of typhoid fever and 216 000 deaths annually worldwide. We investigated an outbreak of unexplained febrile illnesses with neurologic findings, determined to be typhoid fever, along the Malawi-Mozambique border. Methods The investigation included active surveillance, interviews, examinations of ill and convalescent persons, medical chart reviews, and laboratory testing. Classification as a suspected case required fever and ≥1 other finding (eg, headache or abdominal pain); a probable case required fever and a positive rapid immunoglobulin M antibody test for typhoid (TUBEX TF); a confirmed case required isolation of Salmonella Typhi from blood or stool. Isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing and subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results We identified 303 cases from 18 villages with onset during March-November 2009; 214 were suspected, 43 were probable, and 46 were confirmed cases. Forty patients presented with focal neurologic abnormalities, including a constellation of upper motor neuron signs (n = 19), ataxia (n = 22), and parkinsonism (n = 8). Eleven patients died. All 42 isolates tested were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; 4 were also resistant to nalidixic acid. Thirty-five of 42 isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE. Conclusions The unusual neurologic manifestations posed a diagnostic challenge that was resolved through rapid typhoid antibody testing in the field and subsequent blood culture confirmation in the Malawi national reference laboratory. Extending laboratory diagnostic capacity, including blood culture, to populations at risk for typhoid fever in Africa will improve outbreak detection, response, and clinical treatment.
- Published
- 2012
14. Enzootic Rabies Elimination from Dogs and Reemergence in Wild Terrestrial Carnivores, United States
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe and Ermias D. Belay
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ,filoviruses ,Rabies ,Epidemiology ,Population ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,high mortality ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Environmental health ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Infection control ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,education ,bacteria ,education.field_of_study ,Transmission (medicine) ,infectious disease pathology ,Mortality rate ,Public health ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,high-consequence pathogens ,lcsh:R ,anthrax ,United States ,zoonoses ,orthopoxviruses ,Vaccination ,hemorrhagic fevers ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,Commentary ,monkeypox ,pathology ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,Smallpox - Abstract
Infectious diseases that have epidemic or pandemic potential and spread rapidly through a population within a short time are an ongoing public health concern in industrialized and developing countries. Frequent exposure to infectious sources (e.g., food, infected animals, and vectors) or a high rate of person-to-person spread facilitates spread of these diseases. Foodborne illnesses and seasonal influenza are notable examples. These diseases typically are associated with high rates of illness and substantial societal and economic cost but relatively low rates of death in otherwise healthy persons. Other infectious diseases, in contrast, may occur infrequently but are associated with high rates of death. The low incidence of some of these diseases reflects effective public health prevention measures, such as vaccinations. For a select group of zoonotic infectious diseases with high death rates, the low incidence reflects infrequent spillover from an animal reservoir into humans. Often, humans represent a dead-end host for these pathogens, and person-to-person transmission is rare if appropriate infection control practices are followed. Many of the pathogens highlighted in the current issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases can collectively be described as low-incidence, high-consequence pathogens. Selected diseases caused by these pathogens are described below.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Comparing Serologic Response against Enteric Pathogens with Reported Diarrhea to Assess the Impact of Improved Household Drinking Water Quality
- Author
-
Leslie A. Dauphin, William F. Bibb, Stephan S. Monroe, Roger I. Glass, Stephen P. Luby, Eric D. Mintz, Carlos E. Mendoza, M. Beatriz Lopez, John A. Crump, Jeffrey W. Priest, and Maricruz Alvarez
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,Population ,Case-control study ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Serology ,Diarrhea ,Infectious Diseases ,Cryptosporidium parvum ,Virology ,Internal medicine ,Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ,Cohort ,Immunology ,Norovirus ,Medicine ,Parasitology ,medicine.symptom ,business ,education - Abstract
We evaluated enteric infection serology as an alternative outcome measure to diarrhea prevalence in a randomized controlled trial of household-based drinking water treatment; 492 households were randomly assigned to 5 household-based water treatment interventions or control. Individuals were followed weekly over 52 weeks to measure diarrhea prevalence. Study subjects of age ≤ 6 months and < 24 months had blood drawn at entry and exit from the study or age cohort. Serologic assays for Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Norovirus were done. Of 343 subjects eligible for the study, the proportions of subjects experiencing serologic responses were 56% for Norovirus, 24% for C. parvum, 10% for ETEC, and 16% for G. intestinalis. Serologic response was associated with increased diarrhea prevalence only for G. intestinalis (P = 0.0134). Serologic response to the antigens tested for G. intestinalis but not for Norovirus, C. parvum, and ETEC may be a useful health-effect measure. Larger intervention studies that yield a more marked effect on diarrheal disease, use additional and improved serologic assays, and that collect serum samples at more frequent intervals are needed.
- Published
- 2007
16. Outbreak of norovirus illness associated with a swimming pool
- Author
-
Susan M. Adams, D. Itani, Marc-Alain Widdowson, C. Otto, Amanda M. Burns, L. Zanardi Blevins, L. J. Podewils, Lenee Blanton, M. Hagenbuch, Stephan S. Monroe, and Michael J. Beach
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Maintenance system ,Disease Outbreaks ,Cohort Studies ,Swimming Pools ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,Child ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Norovirus ,Infant ,Outbreak ,Retrospective cohort study ,Middle Aged ,Gastroenteritis ,Surgery ,Disinfection ,Equipment failure ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Acute Disease ,Vomiting ,Female ,Chlorine ,medicine.symptom ,Water Microbiology ,business ,Research Article ,Staff training ,Cohort study - Abstract
SUMMARYOn 3 February 2004, the Vermont Department of Health received reports of acute gastroenteritis in persons who had recently visited a swimming facility. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among persons attending the facility between 30 January and 2 February. Fifty-three of 189 (28%) persons interviewed developed vomiting or diarrhoea within 72 h after visiting the facility. Five specimens tested positive for norovirus and three specimen sequences were identical. Entering the smaller of the two pools at the facility was significantly associated with illness (RR 5·67, 95% CI 1·5–22·0,P=0·012). The investigation identified several maintenance system failures: chlorine equipment failure, poorly trained operators, inadequate maintenance checks, failure to alert management, and insufficient record keeping. This study demonstrates the vulnerability of recreational water to norovirus contamination, even in the absence of any obvious vomiting or faecal accident. Our findings also suggest that norovirus is not as resistant to chlorine as previously reported in experimental studies. Appropriate regulations and enforcement, with adequate staff training, are necessary to ensure recreational water safety.
- Published
- 2006
17. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature
- Author
-
Rebecca L. Fankhauser, Stephan S. Monroe, R. Suzanne Beard, Tamie Ando, Du-Ping Zheng, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
Noroviruses ,Sequence alignment ,Computational biology ,Biology ,Genetic analysis ,Tree (descriptive set theory) ,Open Reading Frames ,Phylogenetics ,Terminology as Topic ,Virology ,Animals ,Humans ,Nomenclature ,Phylogeny ,Phylogenetic analysis ,Phylogenetic tree ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Strain (biology) ,Norovirus ,Classification ,Protein Structure, Tertiary ,Norwalk-like viruses ,Pairwise comparison ,Capsid Proteins ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
Without a virus culture system, genetic analysis becomes the principal method to classify norovirus (NoV) strains. Currently, classification of NoV strains beneath the species level has been based on sequences from different regions of the viral genome. As a result, the phylogenetic insights of some virus were not appropriately interpreted, and no consensus has been reached to establish a uniform classification scheme. To provide a consistent and reliable scientific basis for classifying NoVs, we analyzed the amino acid sequences for the major capsid protein of 164 NoV strains by first using an alignment based on the predicted 3D structures. A Bayesian tree was generated, and the maximum likelihood pairwise distances of the aligned sequences were used to evaluate the results from the uncorrected pairwise distance method. Analyses of the pairwise distances demonstrated three clearly resolved peaks, suggesting that NoV strains beneath the species level can be classified at three levels: strain (S), cluster (C), and genogroup (G). The uncorrected pairwise distance ranges for S, C, and G were 0–14.1%, 14.3–43.8%, and 44.9–61.4%, respectively. A scheme with 29 genetic clusters [8 in genogroup 1 (G1), 17 in G2, 2 in G3, and 1 each in G4 and G5] was defined on the basis of the tree topology with the standards provided and was supported by the distance analysis. Of these, five clusters in G2 and one in G1 are newly described. This analysis can serve as the basis for a standardized nomenclature to genetically describe NoV strains.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Norovirus Transmission on Cruise Ship
- Author
-
Joseph S. Bresee, Elmira T. Isakbaeva, Stephan S. Monroe, Patricia Sassano, Sandra N. Bulens, Marc-Alain Widdowson, James A. Mullins, Elaine H. Cramer, Roger I. Glass, and R. Suzanne Beard
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,cruise ship ,Epidemiology ,Virus transmission ,viruses ,Cruise ,lcsh:Medicine ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Ships ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Travel ,viral gastroenteritis ,outbreak ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Norovirus ,lcsh:R ,Outbreak ,dispatch ,Acute gastroenteritis ,Virology ,United States ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk ,Infectious Diseases ,Nursing homes ,business - Abstract
We documented transmission by food and person-to-person contact; persistence of virus despite sanitization onboard, including introductions of new strains; and seeding of an outbreak on land., We describe an investigation of a norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak aboard a cruise ship affecting 6 consecutive cruises and the use of sequence analysis to determine modes of virus transmission. Noroviruses (NoV), are the most common cause of infectious acute gastroenteritis and are transmitted feco-orally through food and water, directly from person to person and by environmental contamination (1). These viruses are often responsible for protracted outbreaks in closed settings, such as cruise ships, nursing homes, and hospitals (2,3).
- Published
- 2005
19. Norovirus and Foodborne Disease, United States, 1991–2000
- Author
-
Sandra N. Bulens, Marc-Alain Widdowson, Joseph S. Bresee, Stephan S. Monroe, Jessica Totaro, Alana Sulka, Ellen Swanson, Ray Woron, Paul S. Mead, Roger I. Glass, Roberta Hammond, R. Suzanne Beard, Sandra S. Chaves, and Ellen Salehi
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,lcsh:Medicine ,Food Contamination ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,Medical care ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Disease Outbreaks ,Foodborne Diseases ,stomatognathic system ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Caliciviridae Infections ,business.industry ,Research ,food ,lcsh:R ,Norovirus ,Foodborne outbreak ,Outbreak ,Disease control ,Virology ,United States ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,burden of illness ,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S ,business ,Food contaminant - Abstract
Analysis of foodborne outbreaks shows how advances in viral diagnostics are clarifying the causes of foodborne outbreaks and determining the high impact of norovirus infections., Efforts to prevent foodborne illness target bacterial pathogens, yet noroviruses (NoV) are suspected to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis. New molecular assays allow for better estimation of the role of NoV in foodborne illness. We analyzed 8,271 foodborne outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1991 to 2000 and additional data from 6 states. The proportion of NoV-confirmed outbreaks increased from 1% in 1991 to 12% in 2000. However, from 1998 to 2000, 76% of NoV outbreaks were reported by only 11 states. In 2000, an estimated 50% of foodborne outbreaks in 6 states were attributable to NoV. NoV outbreaks were larger than bacterial outbreaks (median persons affected: 25 versus 15), and 10% of affected persons sought medical care; 1% were hospitalized. More widespread use of molecular assays will permit better estimates of the role of NoV illness and help direct efforts to control foodborne illness.
- Published
- 2005
20. Evaluation and Validation of Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Using the LightCycler System for Detection and Quantitation of Norovirus
- Author
-
Xiao-Li Pang, Stephan S. Monroe, Linda Chui, Jutta K. Preiksaitis, and Bonita E. Lee
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Hot Temperature ,Diamines ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Astrovirus ,Feces ,Virology ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Humans ,Benzothiazoles ,Organic Chemicals ,Child ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Detection limit ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Norovirus ,Sapovirus ,biology.organism_classification ,Disease control ,Molecular biology ,Gastroenteritis ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Child, Preschool ,Clinical diagnosis ,Quinolines ,RNA, Viral - Abstract
We developed an assay for the detection and quantitation of norovirus with the LightCycler SYBR Green-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR (real-time LC RT-PCR) and previously published primers in the capsid and the polymerase gene. One hundred thirty-two stool specimens from the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), Alberta, Canada, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga., were used to validate the new assay. The samples were collected from patients involved in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis or children who presented with sporadic gastroenteritis. The real-time LC RT-PCR assay detected norovirus strains from three genogroup I (G-I) clusters (G-I/1, G-I/2, and G-I/3) and 10 genogroup II (G-II) clusters (G-II/1, G-II/2, G-II/3, G-II/4, G-II/6, G-II/7, G-II/10, G-II/12, G-II/15, and G-II/16). There was 100% concordance with the results from 58 stool specimens which tested positive by conventional RT-PCR assays. By dilution analysis, the real-time LC RT-PCR was 10,000 times more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR. The new assay increased the number of samples in which noroviruses were detected by 19%. The real-time LC RT-PCR had a wide dynamic range, detecting from 5 to 5 × 10 6 copies of RNA per reaction, resulting in a theoretical lower limit of detection of 25,000 copies of RNA per g of stool. No cross-reactions were found with specimens containing sapovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity of the assay with a relatively rapid and simple procedure, the real-time LC RT-PCR will be useful as a routine assay for the clinical diagnosis of norovirus infection.
- Published
- 2004
21. Direct Sequencing of SARS-Coronavirus S and N Genes from Clinical Specimens Shows Limited Variation
- Author
-
Mai Le Quynh, Bo Shu, Qi Chen, Charryse Birge, Shur-Wern Wang Chern, Stephan S. Monroe, Dean D. Erdman, Jagdish Butany, Jairam R. Lingappa, Byron T. Cook, Renee L. Galloway, Paul A. Rota, Ashley C. LaMonte, Suzanne R. Beard, Suxiang Tong, Larry J. Anderson, Xin Liu, James A. Comer, Mark A. Pallansch, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Jyh-Yuan Yang, and Fu Ng Wai
- Subjects
viruses ,Mutation, Missense ,Genome, Viral ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ,Genome ,Virus ,Major Articles ,Major Articles and Brief Reports ,Viral Envelope Proteins ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Missense mutation ,Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins ,Humans ,Point Mutation ,Gene ,Coronavirus ,Genetics ,Mutation ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Point mutation ,Nucleic acid sequence ,Nucleocapsid Proteins ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,Amino Acid Substitution ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ,Viruses ,Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ,RNA, Viral - Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged, in November 2002, as a novel agent causing severe respiratory illness. To study sequence variation in the SARS-CoV genome, we determined the nucleic acid sequence of the S and N genes directly from clinical specimens from 10 patients—1 specimen with no matched SARS-CoV isolate, from 2 patients; multiple specimens from 3 patients; and matched clinical-specimen/ cell-culture-isolate pairs from 6 patients. We identified 3 nucleotide substitutions that were most likely due to natural variation and 2 substitutions that arose after cell-culture passage of the virus. These data demonstrate the overall stability of the S and N genes of SARS-CoV over 3 months during which a minimum of 4 generations for transmission events occurred. These findings are a part of the expanding investigation of the evolution of how this virus adapts to a new host.
- Published
- 2004
22. Molecular Epidemiology of Outbreaks of Viral Gastroenteritis in New York State, 1998–1999
- Author
-
Roger I. Glass, Dennison W. Moore, Stan F. Kondracki, Dale L. Morse, Nando K. Chatterjee, Michael Cambridge, and Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,New York ,Reoviridae ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,Microbiology ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Molecular Epidemiology ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Molecular epidemiology ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Norovirus ,Genetic Variation ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Gastroenteritis ,Diarrhea ,Infectious Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,Enterovirus ,Viral disease ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
This investigation evaluated the role of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) and other viruses (rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and enterovirus) in 11 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred in multiple settings in a span of 18 months in New York State. To determine the etiology of illness, patients' stool specimens were analyzed with a combination of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequencing, cell culture, and ELISA diagnostic techniques. NLV was detected from all of these outbreaks, with an overall detection rate of 64% (51 of 79) for all specimens tested. Repeated attempts to isolate other viral pathogens were unsuccessful. Phylogenetic analysis of a subset of 27 specimens from these outbreaks showed the presence of both genogroup I and genogroup II NLVs. A spectrum of different nucleotide sequences were detected, demonstrating interoutbreak sequence variation and unrelated infections. NLV is a significant causative agent of diarrhea outbreaks in New York State.
- Published
- 2004
23. Molecular characterization of noroviruses detected in diarrheic stools of Michigan and Wisconsin dairy calves: circulation of two distinct subgroups
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Daniel L. Grooms, Roger K. Maes, Lora E Hanson, Annabel G. Wise, and Donald Sockett
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Michigan ,Cancer Research ,animal diseases ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,RT-PCR ,Cattle Diseases ,NLV ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Microbiology ,Feces ,Open Reading Frames ,Wisconsin ,fluids and secretions ,Newbury agent-2 ,Virology ,medicine ,Animals ,Bovine enteric calicivirus ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Circoviridae Infections ,Conserved Sequence ,Phylogeny ,DNA Primers ,Jena ,Base Sequence ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,Phylogenetic tree ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Norovirus ,virus diseases ,digestive system diseases ,Dairying ,Infectious Diseases ,Capsid ,Capsid Proteins ,Cattle ,Female ,Sequence Alignment - Abstract
Noroviruses have emerged as the leading worldwide cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The presence of noroviruses in diarrheic stool samples from calves on Michigan and Wisconsin dairy farms was investigated by RT-PCR. Norovirus-positive samples were found on all eight farms studied in Michigan and on 2 out of 14 farms in Wisconsin. Phylogenetic analyses of partial polymerase and capsid sequences, derived for a subset of these bovine noroviruses, showed that these strains formed a group which is genetically distinct from the human noroviruses, but more closely related to genogroup I than to genogroup II human noroviruses. Examination of 2 full and 10 additional partial capsid (ORF2) sequences of these bovine strains revealed the presence of two genetic subgroups or clusters of bovine noroviruses circulating on Michigan and Wisconsin farms. One subgroup is "Jena-like", the other "Newbury agent-2-like".
- Published
- 2004
24. PREVALENCE OF INFECTION WITH WATERBORNE PATHOGENS: A SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY IN CHILDREN 6–36 MONTHS OLD IN SAN JUAN SACATEPEQUEZ, GUATEMALA
- Author
-
Robert S. Klein, William F. Bibb, Ellen B. Steinberg, Maricruz Alvarez de Mejia, Byron Arana, Robert M. Hoekstra, Benjamin D. Gold, Carlos E. Mendoza, Beth P. Bell, Stephan S. Monroe, Stephen P. Luby, Eric D. Mintz, M. Beatriz Lopez, Jeffrey W. Priest, Roger I. Glass, and Caryn Bern
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,biology.organism_classification ,Serology ,Infectious Diseases ,Hygiene ,Virology ,Environmental health ,Immunology ,Tropical medicine ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,Infection control ,Parasitology ,business ,education ,Norwalk virus ,media_common - Abstract
Water and sanitation interventions in developing countries have historically been difficult to evaluate. We conducted a seroepidemiologic study with the following goals: 1) to determine the feasibility of using antibody markers as indicators of waterborne pathogen infection in the evaluation of water and sanitation intervention projects; 2) to characterize the epidemiology of waterborne diarrheal infections in rural Guatemala, and 3) to measure the age-specific prevalence of antibodies to waterborne pathogens. Between September and December 1999, all children 6-36 months of age in 10 study villages were invited to participate. We collected sufficient serum from 522 of 590 eligible children, and divided them into six-month age groups for analysis (6-12, 13-18, 19-24, 25-30, and 31-36 months). The prevalence of antibodies was lowest in children 6-12 months old compared with the four older age groups for the following pathogens: enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (48%, 81%, 80%, 77%, and 83%), Norwalk virus (27%, 61%, 83%, 94%, and 94%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (27%, 53%, 70%, 67%, and 73%). The prevalence of total antibody to hepatitis A virus increased steadily in the three oldest age groups (40%, 28%, 46%, 60%, and 76%). In contrast, the prevalence of antibody to Helicobacter pylori was relatively constant in all five age groups (20%, 19%, 21%, 25%, and 25%). Serology appears to be an efficient and feasible approach for determining the prevalence of infection with selected waterborne pathogens in very young children. Such an approach may provide a suitable, sensitive, and economical alternative to the cumbersome stool collection methods that have previously been used for evaluation of water and sanitation projects.
- Published
- 2004
25. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome
- Author
-
Pierre E. Rollin, W. Allan Nix, Dean D. Erdman, Luis Lowe, Paul A. Rota, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Silvia Peñaranda, Stephanie L. Liffick, Mellissa Olsen-Rasmussen, William J. Bellini, Christian Drosten, Suxiong Tong, Joseph L. DeRisi, Qi Chen, Min hsin Chen, Stephan Günther, Ray Campagnoli, Michael Frace, M. Steven Oberste, Brian P. Holloway, Larry J. Anderson, Stephan S. Monroe, Azaibi Tamin, Josef Limor, Karen A. McCaustland, Bettina Bankamp, Mark A. Pallansch, Joseph P. Icenogle, Anthony Sanchez, Albert Osterhaus, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Teresa C. T. Peret, David Wang, Kaija Maher, Cara C. Burns, and Virology
- Subjects
Human coronavirus NL63 ,DNA, Complementary ,Transcription, Genetic ,Sequence analysis ,Coronavirus M Proteins ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Genome, Viral ,Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ,Genome ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,Open Reading Frames ,Viral Proteins ,Viral Envelope Proteins ,Endopeptidases ,medicine ,Coronaviridae ,Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,RNA, Messenger ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,Conserved Sequence ,Phylogeny ,Coronavirus ,Genomic organization ,Polyproteins ,Genetics ,Multidisciplinary ,Membrane Glycoproteins ,biology ,fungi ,Nucleic acid sequence ,virus diseases ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Nucleocapsid Proteins ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ,Virology ,body regions ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ,Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ,RNA, Viral ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome - Abstract
In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratorysyndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closelyrelated to anyof the previouslycharacterized coronaviruses.
- Published
- 2003
26. Characterization of Capsid Genes, Expressed in the Baculovirus System, of Three New Genetically Distinct Strains of 'Norwalk-Like Viruses'
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Jin-Fen Li, Charles D. Humphrey, Gaël Belliot, Jacqueline S. Noel, Tamie Ando, Yoshiyuki Seto, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Antigenicity ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Spodoptera ,Antibodies, Viral ,Virus ,Immunoglobulin G ,Disease Outbreaks ,Capsid ,Immune system ,Antigen ,Virology ,Animals ,Humans ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Antigens, Viral ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Recombination, Genetic ,biology ,Norovirus ,Virion ,Gastroenteritis ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,Baculoviridae - Abstract
“Norwalk-like viruses” (NLVs), members of a newly defined genus of the family Caliciviridae , are the most common agents of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States. Two features of NLVs have hindered the development of simple methods for detection and determination of serotype: their genetic diversity and their inability to grow in cell culture. To assess the immune responses of patients involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis resulting from infection with NLVs, we previously used recombinant-expressed capsid antigens representing four different genetic clusters, but this panel proved insufficient for detection of an immune response in many patients. To extend and further refine this panel, we expressed in baculovirus the capsid genes of three additional genetically distinct viruses, Burwash Landing virus (BLV), White River virus (WRV), and Florida virus. All three expressed proteins assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) that contained a full-length 64-kDa protein, but both the BLV and WRV VLPs also contained a 58-kDa protein that resulted from deletion of 39 amino acids at the amino terminus. The purified VLPs were used to measure the immune responses in 403 patients involved in 37 outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. A majority of patients demonstrated a fourfold rise in the titer of immunoglobulin G to the antigen homologous to the outbreak strain, but most seroconverted in response to other genetically distinct antigens as well, suggesting no clear pattern of type-specific immune response. Further study of the antigenicity of the NLVs by use of VLPs should allow us to design new detection systems with either broader reactivity or better specificity and to define the optimum panel of antigens required for routine screening of patient sera.
- Published
- 2001
27. A Prospective Case‐Control Study of the Role of Astrovirus in Acute Diarrhea among Hospitalized Young Children
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Jacqueline S. Noel, Penelope H. Dennehy, Roger I. Glass, Sara M. Nelson, and Sara Spangenberger
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Male ,Serotype ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,Reoviridae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Astrovirus ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,Astroviridae Infections ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Prospective Studies ,Serotyping ,Child ,Prospective cohort study ,biology ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Case-control study ,Infant ,virus diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Infectious Diseases ,El Niño ,Case-Control Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Female ,Seasons ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Mamastrovirus - Abstract
This study examines the importance of astroviruses as a cause of acute diarrhea in hospitalized children
- Published
- 2001
28. The Epidemiology of Enteric Caliciviruses from Humans: A Reassessment Using New Diagnostics
- Author
-
Gaël Belliot, Stephan S. Monroe, Joseph S. Bresee, Tamie Ando, Rebecca L. Fankhauser, Jacqueline S. Noel, Anthony W. Mounts, Roger I. Glass, and Umesh D. Parashar
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Molecular Diagnostic Method ,Disease Outbreaks ,Feces ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Hospital discharge ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Intensive care medicine ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,biology ,business.industry ,Public health ,Outbreak ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Diarrhea ,Infectious Diseases ,Acute Disease ,Public Health ,Viral disease ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
In the United States, acute gastroenteritis is one of the most commonly noted illnesses on hospital discharge records and death certificates, yet few of these cases have an etiologic diagnosis. The application of new molecular diagnostic methods has shown caliciviruses (previously referred to as the Norwalk family of viruses or small round structured viruses) to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks in the United States, and they may emerge as a common cause of sporadic cases of AGE among both children and adults. Novel molecular methods have permitted outbreak strains to be traced back to their common source and have led to the first identification of virus in implicated vehicles of infection-water, shellfish, and foods contaminated both at their source and by food handlers. The broad application of these methods to routine diagnosis in hospitals and public health laboratories is advancing our appreciation of the full burden of calicivirus-associated diarrhea, and it is opening new avenues for its prevention and control.
- Published
- 2000
29. A Foodborne Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Associated with Norwalk‐like Viruses: First Molecular Traceback to Deli Sandwiches Contaminated during Preparation
- Author
-
Kate Hendricks, Stephan S. Monroe, Rebecca L. Fankhauser, Sudha Reddy, Nicholas A. Daniels, Steven M. Rowe, Roger I. Glass, David Bergmire-Sweat, Paul S. Mead, Robert L. Atmar, and Kellogg J. Schwab
- Subjects
Adult ,Diarrhea ,Male ,Food handlers ,Adolescent ,Universities ,Food Handling ,Cafeteria ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Disease Outbreaks ,Foodborne Diseases ,Feces ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Food poisoning ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Infant ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Texas ,Virology ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,Norovirus ,Female ,Viral disease - Abstract
In March 1998, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred among students at a Texas university. Overall, 125 ill students sought medical care. Case-control studies revealed that illness was significantly associated with eating foods from the university's main cafeteria deli bar on 9 and 10 March. Stool specimens from 9 (50%) of 18 ill students and samples of deli ham showed evidence of Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) by reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A food handler who prepared sandwiches for lunch on 9 March reported that her infant had been sick with watery diarrhea since just before the outbreak. A stool sample from the infant was positive for NLV by RT-PCR, and the sequence of the amplified product was identical to that of amplified product from deli ham and students' stool specimens. This is the first time RT-PCR and sequence analysis have successfully confirmed viral contamination of a food item likely to have been contaminated by a food handler.
- Published
- 2000
30. Identification of a Distinct Common Strain of 'Norwalk‐like Viruses' Having a Global Distribution
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Tamie Ando, Jacqueline S. Noel, Roger I. Glass, and Rebecca L. Fankhauser
- Subjects
Biology ,Global Health ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,medicine ,Global health ,Immunology and Allergy ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Molecular Epidemiology ,Geography ,Molecular epidemiology ,Transmission (medicine) ,Strain (biology) ,Outbreak ,DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases ,Virology ,United States ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Population Surveillance ,Norovirus ,Identification (biology) ,Seasons ,Viral disease - Abstract
"Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) are the most common cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. During molecular surveillance of NLV strains from 152 outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred in the US between August 1993 and July 1997, we identified an NLV strain that predominated during the 1995-1996 season. The "95/96-US" strain caused 60 outbreaks in geographically distant locations within the US and was identified, by sequence comparisons, in an additional 7 countries on 5 continents during the same period. This is the first demonstration linking a single NLV strain globally and suggests that the circulation of these strains might involve patterns of transmission not previously considered. The diagnostic techniques are now available to establish a global network for surveillance of NLV strains that would highlight the importance of NLVs worldwide and allow molecular identification of common strains having a global distribution so as to consider interventions for their control.
- Published
- 1999
31. An Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in a Geriatric Long-Term–Care Facility: Combined Application of Epidemiological and Molecular Diagnostic Methods
- Author
-
Roger I. Glass, A Marx, Joseph S. Bresee, David K. Shay, C Brage, Charles D. Humphrey, Jacqueline S. Noel, Stephan S. Monroe, S Lipsky, E R Alexander, and Tamie Ando
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Washington ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Statistics as Topic ,Disease Outbreaks ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Homes for the Aged ,Humans ,Infection control ,Risk factor ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cross Infection ,Infection Control ,biology ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Nursing Homes ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Relative risk ,Immunology ,Emergency medicine ,Female ,Contact Tracing ,business ,Contact tracing - Abstract
Objective:To assess possible transmission modes of, and risk factors for, gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) in a geriatric long-term-care facility.Methods:During a prolonged outbreak of acute gastroenteritis, epidemiological data on illness among residents and employees were collected in conjunction with stool, vomitus, and environmental specimens for viral testing. NLVs were identified by electron microscopy in stool and vomitus specimens, and further characterized by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Potential risk factors were examined through medical-record review, personal interview, and a self-administered questionnaire sent to all employees.Results:During the outbreak period, 52 (57%) of 91 residents and 34 (35%) of 90 employees developed acute gastroenteritis. Four case-residents were hospitalized; three residents died at the facility shortly after onset of illness. A point source was not identified; no association between food or water consumption and gastroenteritis was identified. A single NLV strain genetically related to Toronto virus was the only pathogen identified. Residents were at significantly higher risk of gastroenteritis if they were physically debilitated (relative risk [RR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.0-12.9), as were employees exposed to residents with acute gastroenteritis (RR, 2.6; CI95, 1.1-6.5) or ill household members (RR, 2.3; CI95, 1.4-3.6). Adherence to infection control measures among the nursing staff may have reduced the risk of gastroenteritis, but the reduction did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions:In the absence of evidence for food-borne or waterborne transmission, NLVs likely spread among residents and employees of a long-term-care facility through person-to-person or airborne droplet transmission. Rapid notification of local health officials, collection of clinical specimens, and institution of infection control measures are necessary if viral gastroenteritis transmission is to be limited in institutional settings
- Published
- 1999
32. An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of transmission by food handlers
- Author
-
Jacqueline S. Noel, Charles R. Eddy, Kathy S. Williams, Stephan S. Monroe, L. Dow, T. Ingram, Umesh D. Parashar, Tamie Ando, R. L. Fankhauser, J. Miller, J. S. Bresee, Charles D. Humphrey, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Food Handling ,Epidemiology ,Disease ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,law.invention ,law ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Food microbiology ,Caliciviridae Infections ,biology ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,business.industry ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Food Microbiology ,Viral disease ,business ,Research Article - Abstract
Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection in outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the timing of infectivity in relation to illness. We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing company and found an association (RR=14·1, 95% CI=2·0–97·3) between disease and eating sandwiches prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had subsided 4 days earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company employees, the sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution of illness, and an asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical, suggesting a common source of infection. These data support observations from recent volunteer studies that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48–72 h after recovery from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses because virus can be shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms.
- Published
- 1998
33. Molecular Epidemiology of 'Norwalk‐like Viruses' in Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in the United States
- Author
-
Rebecca L. Fankhauser, Jacqueline S. Noel, Tamie Ando, Roger I. Glass, and Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
Meat ,Restaurants ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease Outbreaks ,law.invention ,law ,medicine ,Animals ,Homes for the Aged ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Child ,Phylogeny ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Molecular Epidemiology ,Molecular epidemiology ,biology ,Calicivirus ,Infant ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,Ostreidae ,Virology ,United States ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Nursing Homes ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Child, Preschool ,Norovirus ,Viral disease - Abstract
Fecal specimens from 90 outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis reported to 33 state health departments from January 1996 to June 1997 were examined to determine the importance of and to characterize "Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) in these outbreaks. NLVs were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in specimens from 86 (96%) of 90 outbreaks. Outbreaks were most frequent in nursing homes and hospitals (43%), followed by restaurants or events with catered meals (26%); consumption of contaminated food was the most commonly identified mode of transmission (37%). Nucleotide sequence analysis showed great diversity between strains but also provided evidence indicating the emergence of a common, predominant strain. The application of improved molecular techniques to detect NLVs demonstrates that most outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the United States appear to be associated with these viruses and that sequence analysis is a robust tool to help link or differentiate these outbreaks.
- Published
- 1998
34. A Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Person-to-Person Spread among Hospital Staff
- Author
-
J. John Weems, Stephan S. Monroe, James J. Gibson, Tamie Ando, Jacqueline S. Noel, Joseph S. Bresee, John Horan, Connie Steed, David K. Kim, and Victor M. Cáceres
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Microbiology (medical) ,Veterinary medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Referral ,Epidemiology ,South Carolina ,Nursing Staff, Hospital ,Disease Outbreaks ,Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient ,Medicine ,Humans ,Risk factor ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Aged, 80 and over ,Cross Infection ,business.industry ,Public health ,Outbreak ,Middle Aged ,Gastroenteritis ,Diarrhea ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Relative risk ,Emergency medicine ,Female ,Viral disease ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objective To identify the etiologic agent and risk factors associated with a hospital ward outbreak of gastroenteritis. Setting A regional referral hospital in upstate South Carolina. Methods We reviewed patient charts, surveyed staff, and tested stool from acutely ill persons. A case was defined as diarrhea and vomiting in a staff member or patient from January 5 to 13, 1996. Results The initial case occurred on January 5 in a staff nurse who subsequently was hospitalized on the ward and visited by many staff colleagues. The staff were at a significantly greater risk for gastroenteritis than were patients (28/89 [31%] vs 10/91 [11%]; relative risk [RR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.5-5.5). All 10 case-patients had been exposed to case-nurses (assigned nurses who were primary caretakers), and eight had documented exposure to case-nurses 1 to 2 days before their illness. Patients exposed to case-nurses had a significantly increased risk of illness (8/57 [14%] vs 0/32; RR, >4.5; CI95, undefined). Neither staff nor patients had significantly increased risk from food, water, ice, or exposure to case-patients. Electron microscopy identified small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) in nine of nine stool samples. Conclusion This nosocomial outbreak of gastroenteritis was likely caused by SRSVs introduced by a staff member and spread via person-to-person transmission from and among staff. The potential for spread of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis from and among staff should be considered in developing strategies to prevent similar outbreaks in hospital settings.
- Published
- 1998
35. Age-Stratified Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Astrovirus Types 1 to 7 in Humans in The Netherlands
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Marion Koopmans, Jan Vinjé, and M. H. L. Bijen
- Subjects
Adult ,Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Adolescent ,viruses ,Immunoelectron microscopy ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Immunology ,Population ,Cell Culture Techniques ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Cross Reactions ,Antibodies, Viral ,Article ,Virus ,Astrovirus ,Microbiology ,fluids and secretions ,Neutralization Tests ,Astroviridae Infections ,Prevalence ,Tumor Cells, Cultured ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Seroprevalence ,Typing ,Serotyping ,Child ,Microscopy, Immunoelectron ,education ,Genotyping ,Aged ,Netherlands ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Child, Preschool ,Rabbits ,Mamastrovirus - Abstract
Astroviruses are a new family of positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis in a wide range of animals and in humans. Seven types of astrovirus, tentatively considered serotypes, have been distinguished by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or immunoelectron microscopy, but it is unclear whether the serotype designation is used properly. To test human sera for the presence of neutralizing antibodies and to type field strains, neutralization tests (NT) using CaCo2 tissue-culture-adapted astrovirus strains 1 to 7 and the corresponding rabbit reference sera were developed. In rabbits, neutralizing antibodies were predominantly serotype specific, with the exception of low-level cross-reactivity in astrovirus serotype 4 reference serum with astrovirus serotype 1 virus. Similarly, in humans, no evidence of cross-reactivity was found for the serotype combinations tested (all except the combination 1 and 7 and the combination 6 and 7). Typing by NT was concordant with typing by ELISA and genotyping, with one exception. The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies in an age-stratified sample of the population in Utrecht Province ( n = 242) were 91% for astrovirus serotype 1, 69% for astrovirus serotype 3, 56% for astrovirus serotype 4, 36% for astrovirus serotype 5, 31% for astrovirus serotype 2, 16% for astrovirus serotype 6, and 10% for astrovirus serotype 7. Acquisition of antibodies was slower among persons seropositive for astrovirus serotype 5 than among those seropositive for astrovirus serotypes 1 to 4, suggesting that the epidemiology of serotype 5 astrovirus is different from that of astrovirus serotypes 1 to 4.
- Published
- 1998
36. A one-tube method of reverse transcription-PCR to efficiently amplify a 3-kilobase region from the RNA polymerase gene to the poly(A) tail of small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses)
- Author
-
R. I. Glass, Tamie Ando, Jacqueline S. Noel, and Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Genes, Viral ,DNA polymerase ,RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Virology ,RNA polymerase ,Humans ,RNA, Messenger ,Caliciviridae Infections ,DNA Primers ,Base Sequence ,biology ,RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ,RNA ,DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases ,Molecular biology ,Reverse transcriptase ,Gastroenteritis ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Norwalk virus ,chemistry ,Evaluation Studies as Topic ,biology.protein ,RNA, Viral ,Moloney murine leukemia virus ,Primer (molecular biology) ,Research Article - Abstract
Amplification of a 3-kb genome region from the RNA polymerase gene to the 3' poly(A) tail of small round-structured virus (SRSV) by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) has been difficult to achieve because of a stable secondary structure in a region between the RNA polymerase gene and the 5' end of the second open reading frame. We have developed a one-tube RT-PCR method to efficiently amplify this region. The method comprises three procedures: purification of poly(A)+ RNA from a starting RNA solution by oligo(dT)30 covalently linked to latex particles, buffer exchange, and continuous RT and PCR in a single tube containing all reaction components. The key elements of this method are (i) first-strand cDNA synthesis with the Superscript II version of RNase H- Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase at 50 degrees C for 10 min by using the RNA-oligo(dT)30 hybrid on the latex particles as the template and primer, and (ii) PCR by Taq and Pwo DNA polymerases mixed together with a mixture of 12 phased oligo(dT)25 antisense primers. The detection threshold of the one-tube RT-PCR method was as little as 0.2 ng of the crude RNA used as the source of the template. Using this method, we obtained 3-kb products from 24 SRSV strains previously characterized into four genetic groups. These included 5 P1-A, 4 P1-B, 5 P2-A, and 10 P2-B strains. Because SRSVs have not yet been cultivated in vitro, this novel method should facilitate molecular characterization of SRSVs to provide a firm scientific foundation for improvements and refinements of SRSV diagnostics.
- Published
- 1997
37. Are Noroviruses Emerging?
- Author
-
Roger I. Glass, Stephan S. Monroe, and Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,Prevalence ,lcsh:Medicine ,Disease ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Disease cluster ,Communicable Diseases ,Communicable Diseases, Emerging ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Disease Outbreaks ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Emerging ,Transmission (medicine) ,Public health ,lcsh:R ,Norovirus ,Outbreak ,Virology ,United States ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,Commentary ,Food Microbiology ,Water Microbiology - Abstract
In 1972, noroviruses (previously called "Norwalk-like viruses") were discovered as the first viruses definitively associated with acute gastroenteritis. During the next 2 decades, researchers were unable to develop simple methods to detect these common viruses or to find the etiologic agents of nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks and hospitalizations. Indeed, of >2,500 foodborne outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1993 to 1997, 75% (23). In addition, we now eat more foods that have been handled by a variety of potentially infected people; 46% of household food expenditures is now spent on eating out, compared with 32% in 1972 (24). We also eat more of the foods that are likely to be contaminated with norovirus; consumption of fresh vegetables and fruit has risen >20% in the last 30 years (25), and this produce is often grown in countries where crops are still irrigated with sewage-contaminated water. Finally, more people than ever are traveling and have an increased risk for norovirus infection through exposure to hotels, airplanes, and cruise ships. From 1993 to 1998, for example, the number of cruise ship passengers in the United States increased by 50% (26). Faced with these trends, how should the public health community respond? First, research on the disease prevalence of noroviruses is only beginning. If noroviruses are an increasingly common cause of infectious gastroenteritis, with some cases resulting in diarrhea-related deaths and hospitalizations, then substantially greater investments are required in their diagnosis. Increased use of diagnostics along with improved surveillance, such as in sentinel sites, will permit identification of new strains and shifts in the epidemiology of norovirus disease. The development of easy-to-use, sensitive assays for use by clinical and public health laboratories should also have a high priority. Second, we do not know how to stop norovirus transmission. Foods can be contaminated with norovirus either at the source (27) or at the point of service by infected food handlers. Noroviruses can spread by water, direct person-to-person contact, or airborne droplets of vomitus (28), and they can persist in the environment as a source of continuing infection despite efforts at disinfection (29). Recent advances in finding a cell culture system for noroviruses may allow for assessing the efficacy of various disinfectants (30), but only by full epidemiologic investigation of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and by application of molecular tests will transmission routes be determined, differences in epidemiology between strains be detected, and targeted control measures implemented. Norovirus infections are common and likely to become more so. Effective prevention strategies must now be designed and implemented.
- Published
- 2005
38. A University Outbreak of Gastroenteritis Due to a Small Round-Structured Virus: Application of Molecular Diagnostics to Identify the Etiologic Agent and Patterns of Transmission
- Author
-
Patricia E. Kludt, Charles D. Humphrey, Ermias D. Belay, Stephan S. Monroe, Howard E. Gary, Daniel M. Hamlin, Jacqueline S. Noel, David S. Rosenthal, Paul E. Kilgore, Tamie Ando, Jonathan Freeman, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Restaurants ,Universities ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,law ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Feces ,Outbreak ,Molecular diagnostics ,Virology ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Massachusetts ,Case-Control Studies ,Norovirus ,Viral disease ,Caliciviridae - Abstract
An epidemiologic investigation of a gastroenteritis outbreak in December 1994 indicated that salad consumption during lunch was linked with illness on 2 days (5 December : odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0-5.0 ; 6 December : OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.9-4.9). Single stool or vomitus specimens from ill students and staff (case-patients) were examined for bacterial and viral pathogens. Small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) were detected by electron microscopy in stool specimens from 9 of 19 case-patients and in vomitus specimens from 3 of 5 case-patients. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the SRSVs were shown to be a G-2/P2-B type strain. The nucleotide sequences of RT-PCR products from vomitus and stool specimens of ill students were identical to stool specimens from the ill salad chef. These findings suggest that a single SRSV strain was the etiologic agent in the outbreak that was possibly transmitted to students through consumption of contaminated salad. Epidemiologic investigation in conjunction with molecular diagnostics may enable early identification of sources of infection and improve outbreak control.
- Published
- 1996
39. Virologic Features of an Astrovirus Diarrhea Outbreak in a Day Care Center Revealed by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Author
-
Larry K. Pickering, Roger I. Glass, David O. Matson, Xi Jiang, Stephan S. Monroe, and Douglas K. Mitchell
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Disease Outbreaks ,law.invention ,Astrovirus ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,law ,Epidemiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Base Sequence ,Molecular epidemiology ,Age Factors ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,Outbreak ,Child Day Care Centers ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,Virus Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,Viral disease ,medicine.symptom ,Mamastrovirus - Abstract
Astroviruses cause outbreaks of diarrhea in children attending day care centers (DCCs). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was compared with EIA detection of astrovirus in stool specimens to characterize further the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Three hundred sixty-eight stool specimens collected prospectively from 36 children enrolled in a DCC during an 11-week outbreak of diarrhea were evaluated by EIA and RT-PCR. Astrovirus was detected in 32% of specimens by RT-PCR versus 10% by EIA (P < .001) and in 89% of children by RT-PCR versus 50% by EIA. The median duration of astrovirus excretion episodes detected by EIA was 1.5 days versus 4 days by RT-PCR (P = .06). Astrovirus was excreted for prolonged periods by immunocompetent children during this outbreak. RT-PCR was more sensitive than EIA for detection of astrovirus in stool specimens and redefined the epidemiology of astrovirus infection in this setting.
- Published
- 1995
40. A Multistate Outbreak of Oyster-Associated Gastroenteritis: Implications for Interstate Tracing of Contaminated Shellfish
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, Jon R. Gentsch, Charles D. Humphrey, Scott F. Dowell, Roger I. Glass, Kathryn B. Kirkland, Rebecca A. Meriwether, Qi Jin, Tamie Ando, Catherine Slemp, Diane M. Dwyer, Helen G. Cicirello, and Carmela Groves
- Subjects
Oyster ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Disease Outbreaks ,Microbiology ,Mississippi ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Serotyping ,Shellfish ,Food poisoning ,Maryland ,biology ,Commerce ,food and beverages ,Outbreak ,Louisiana ,Bivalvia ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Ostreidae ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Fishery ,Infectious Diseases ,Food Microbiology ,Norovirus ,Norwalk virus - Abstract
In November 1993, clusters of gastroenteritis in six states following oyster consumption were investigated to identify common features, and stool samples were obtained to identify a pathogen. Efforts were made to account for all potentially contaminated oysters using harvest tags and the interstate recall system. Consumption of oysters was associated with illness in 10 clusters; no other food was implicated. A Norwalk-like virus was detected by electron microscopy in 9 of 18 samples and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 20 of 26 samples from 6 clusters. Nucleotide sequences of a 123-bp fragment from all specimens were identical, consistent with a common source outbreak. Implicated oysters were harvested from the Louisiana coast between 9 and 12 November. Although some were recalled and destroyed, most oysters harvested from the area during this time remain unaccounted for. Current regulations and commercial practices need to be revised to permit thorough tracing and recall of contaminated oysters and to improve control of future epidemics.
- Published
- 1995
41. Typing of human astroviruses from clinical isolates by enzyme immunoassay and nucleotide sequencing
- Author
-
T W Lee, Jacqueline S. Noel, J. B. Kurtz, Roger I. Glass, and Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Microbiology (medical) ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Genome ,law.invention ,Astrovirus ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Feces ,law ,Genotype ,Genetic variation ,Humans ,Typing ,Child ,Antigens, Viral ,Phylogeny ,Polymerase chain reaction ,DNA Primers ,Genetics ,Base Sequence ,Phylogenetic tree ,biology ,Nucleic acid sequence ,Genetic Variation ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Gastroenteritis ,Virus Diseases ,DNA, Viral ,Mamastrovirus ,Research Article - Abstract
A typing enzyme immunoassay (TYPE-EIA) was used to determine the antigenic types of 64 astrovirus-positive specimens from nine collections from seven countries. Six of the seven known astrovirus types were detected in the collections, with HAstV-1 predominating in all collections for one from the United Kingdom. Selected specimens were analyzed further by reverse transcriptase PCR and nucleotide sequencing of 348 bp within the capsid protein precursor region of the genome. The phylogenetic groupings (genotypes) determined from the sequences were entirely consistent with the antigenic groupings (serotypes) of isolates obtained by using the TYPE-EIA. The genetic variation within genotypes was small compared with the variation between genotypes, allowing unambiguous categorization of all specimens. Although some strains from widely separated geographic areas had identical sequences, in general, within a region most strains of the same type were identical. The TYPE-EIA may help further our understanding of the epidemiology of astrovirus and the possible role of serotype-specific immunity, while further knowledge of sequences could facilitate the development of simpler molecular methods of typing astrovirus strains.
- Published
- 1995
42. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and southern hybridization
- Author
-
Jon R. Gentsch, Stephan S. Monroe, Tamie Ando, Roger I. Glass, Qi Jin, and D. C. Lewis
- Subjects
Adult ,Microbiology (medical) ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,law.invention ,Feces ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,RNA polymerase ,Humans ,Serotyping ,Child ,Microscopy, Immunoelectron ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Aged ,Caliciviridae Infections ,DNA Primers ,Southern blot ,Genetics ,Base Sequence ,biology ,Nucleic acid sequence ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Reverse transcriptase ,Caliciviridae ,Gastroenteritis ,Blotting, Southern ,Norwalk virus ,chemistry ,Primer (molecular biology) ,Research Article - Abstract
Application of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to detect small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) from fecal specimens of patients with gastroenteritis has been insensitive because of the tremendous sequence heterogeneity between strains. We have designed two RT-PCR primer sets (G-1 and G-2) based on the nucleotide sequence diversity in the RNA polymerase gene of SRSVs belonging to two distinct genogroups represented by Norwalk virus (primers G-1) and Snow Mountain agent (primers G-2). All 22 SRSV strains examined that had been classified previously by solid-phase immune electron microscopy into four antigenic types (UK1, UK2, UK3, and UK4) could be detected by RT-PCR with these two primer sets. The G-1 primer set detected 6 UK2 strains, and the G-2 primers detected 16 strains, including 7 UK1, 5 UK3, and 4 UK4 strains. On the basis of nucleotide sequences of 81-bp fragments of the RT-PCR products from 13 strains determined in this study, together with those previously reported for 17 SRSV strains, we designed four sets of internal oligonucleotide probes (P1-A, P1-B, P2-A, and P2-B) for Southern hybridization, using chemiluminescent detection. The P1-A probe hybridized with PCR products from the UK2 strains; the P1-B probe, with products from two of the seven UK1 strains; the P2-A probe, with four of the remaining five UK1 strains; and the P2-B probe, with products from both UK3 and UK4 strains, as well as with one strain originally typed as UK1 which showed cross-reactivity with UK4 upon retesting by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. RT-PCR with both the G-1 and the G-2 primer sets can increase the detection rate of the many antigenically distinct SRSVs and, when combined with Southern hybridization, may predict the antigenic type of the SRSV associated with infection.
- Published
- 1995
43. Characterization of a variant strain of Norwalk virus from a food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis on a cruise ship in Hawaii
- Author
-
Judy F. Lew, Christine L. Moe, Barbara L. Herwaldt, E W Pon, R. I. Glass, D. C. Lewis, Stephan S. Monroe, and Charles D. Humphrey
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Hawaii ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,law.invention ,Microbiology ,Foodborne Diseases ,Feces ,law ,Antigenic variation ,Humans ,Serotyping ,Antigens, Viral ,Ships ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Caliciviridae Infections ,biology ,Parvovirus ,Genetic Variation ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,Antigenic Variation ,Virology ,Gastroenteritis ,Norwalk virus ,Capsid ,Case-Control Studies ,Fruit ,Food Microbiology ,Research Article - Abstract
A gastroenteritis outbreak affecting at least 217 (41%) of 527 passengers on a cruise ship was caused by a variant strain of Norwalk virus (NV) that is related to but distinct from the prototype NV strain. Consumption of fresh-cut fruit served at two buffets was significantly associated with illness (P < or = 0.01), and a significant dose-response relationship was evident between illness and the number of various fresh-cut fruit items eaten. Seven (58%) of 12 paired serum specimens from ill persons demonstrated at least fourfold rises in antibody response to recombinant NV capsid antigen. A 32-nm small round-structured virus was visualized by electron microscopy in 4 (29%) of 14 fecal specimens, but none of the 8 specimens that were examined by an enzyme immunoassay for NV antigen demonstrated antigen. Four (40%) of 10 fecal specimens were positive by reverse transcriptase-PCR by using primer pairs selected from the polymerase region of NV. In a 145-bp region, the PCR product shared only 72% nucleotide sequence identity with the reference NV strain and 77% nucleotide sequence identity with Southampton virus but shared 95% nucleotide sequence identity with UK2 virus, a United Kingdom reference virus strain. In addition, the outbreak virus was serotyped as UK2 virus by solid-phase immune electron microscopy. The genetic and antigenic divergence of the outbreak strain from the reference NV strain highlights the need for more broadly reactive diagnostic assays and for improved understanding of the relatedness of the NV group of agents.
- Published
- 1994
44. RNA sequence of astrovirus: distinctive genomic organization and a putative retrovirus-like ribosomal frameshifting signal that directs the viral replicase synthesis
- Author
-
S. E. Stine, Roger I. Glass, Stephan S. Monroe, Baoming Jiang, and E. V. Koonin
- Subjects
Genes, Viral ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ,Ribosomal frameshift ,Astrovirus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,RNA polymerase ,RNA polymerase I ,Phylogeny ,Polymerase ,Viral Structural Proteins ,Genetics ,Multidisciplinary ,Base Sequence ,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ,biology ,Intron ,RNA ,Hydrogen Bonding ,RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,chemistry ,Protein Biosynthesis ,biology.protein ,Nucleic Acid Conformation ,RNA, Viral ,Ribosomes ,Sequence Alignment ,Mamastrovirus ,Research Article - Abstract
The genomic RNA of human astrovirus was sequenced and found to contain 6797 nt organized into three open reading frames (1a, 1b, and 2). A potential ribosomal frameshift site identified in the overlap region of open reading frames 1a and 1b consists of a "shifty" heptanucleotide and an RNA stem-loop structure that closely resemble those at the gag-pro junction of some retroviruses. This translation frame-shift may result in the suppression of in-frame amber termination at the end of open reading frame 1a and the synthesis of a nonstructural, fusion polyprotein that contains the putative protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Comparative sequence analysis indicated that the protease and polymerase of astrovirus are only distantly related to the respective enzymes of other positive-strand RNA viruses. The astrovirus polyprotein lacks the RNA helicase domain typical of other positive-strand RNA viruses of similar genome size. The genomic organization and expression strategy of astrovirus, with the protease and the polymerase brought together by predicted frameshift, most closely resembled those of plant leuteoviruses. Specific features of the sequence and genomic organization support the classification of astroviruses as an additional family of positive-strand RNA viruses, designated Astroviridae.
- Published
- 1993
45. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity of torovirus-like particles in fecal specimens from humans with diarrhea
- Author
-
Stephan S. Monroe, R. I. Glass, M Petric, and Marion Koopmans
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Microbiology (medical) ,Torovirus ,Heterologous ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Virus ,law.invention ,Feces ,Antigen ,law ,Culture Techniques ,Animals ,Humans ,Coronaviridae ,Cloning, Molecular ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Antiserum ,Virion ,Hemagglutinin ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Microscopy, Electron ,Cattle ,Female ,Immunization ,Rabbits ,Research Article - Abstract
Toroviruses are recognized enteric pathogens of cattle and horses; in humans, similar pleomorphic particles have been described, but doubt has been raised concerning their identity as viruses. We screened fecal samples from humans with diarrhea for the presence of torovirus-like particles (TVLPs) by electron microscopy and subsequently used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with bovine torovirus reference reagents to test for the presence of torovirus antigens. To add another selection criterion to this heterologous ELISA, we enriched the TVLPs from the stool specimens by using sucrose density gradients before testing. The results of ELISA and EM correlated significantly, the ELISA having a sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 86% (chi-square, P < 0.0001). In the gradient, peaks of ELISA reactivity were found at a buoyant density of 1.16 g/ml and were parallel to those found when using bovine torovirus. Furthermore, in 50% of the ELISA-positive gradients, a hemagglutinin for human group O erythrocytes comigrated with the peaks of ELISA reactivity. We were unable to isolate human TVLPs in human colonic tumor or rectal tumor cells. We cloned and sequenced amplification products obtained by low-stringency polymerase chain reaction amplification using consensus primers mapping to the 3' end of the genome of animal toroviruses, but found no significant homologies with animals torovirus sequences. Rabbits were inoculated with material from the gradient peak fractions of human stool specimens, and their sera were assayed for immunologic comparison with bovine torovirus as a reference. A two-way antigenic cross-reactivity was seen between human TVLP and bovine torovirus reagents when tested by ELISA. The rabbit antisera to human TVLP detected a higher number of electron microscopy-positive stool specimens than did the rabbit antisera to bovine torovirus. The application of these assays and reagents should help to elucidate the roles of TVLPs and toroviruses in diarrheal disease in humans.
- Published
- 1993
46. Optimization of extraction and PCR amplification of RNA extracts from paraffin-embedded tissue in different fixatives
- Author
-
Lisa M. Coffield, Sherif R. Zaki, Marion Koopmans, and Stephan S. Monroe
- Subjects
Diarrhea ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Size-exclusion chromatography ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Article ,law.invention ,Fixatives ,law ,Virology ,Rotavirus ,Torovirus ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Viral rna ,Horses ,Child ,Polymerase chain reaction ,RNA, Double-Stranded ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Paraffin Embedding ,Chromatography ,Base Sequence ,Archives ,RNA ,Extraction method ,Viral RT-PCR ,Molecular biology ,Paraffin embedded tissue ,Intestines ,RNA silencing ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Virus Diseases ,Paraffin ,RNA, Viral ,Cattle ,Tissue Preservation - Abstract
A method was developed for fast and efficient isolation of RNA from paraffin-embedded tissue sections for subsequent PCR analysis. This method is based on the binding of RNA to acid-treated glass beads in the presence of a high molarity of guanidinium salt. It can be completed within an hour, and obviates the need for dewaxing and phenol/chloroform extractions. The effect of various fixatives and fixation times was tested and the amplification of actin mRNA fragments ranging in length from 82 to 507 bp was used to demonstrate the presence of RNA in the extracts. The method was compared to existing extraction techniques by studying the quality of the templates for reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR), using virus-infected and mock-infected paraffin-embedded cell pellets as a model. PCR amplification of cellular and viral RNA was successful for RNA isolated by use of all extraction techniques, although the glass bead method was preferred for its simplicity and rapidity. Specimens fixed with formalin were found to be suitable for PCR, but the best results were obtained with acetone-fixed paraffin-embedded material. Dewaxing of tissue sections had no effect on the yield and quality of RNA extractions, and further purification of the extracts using gel filtration did not improve the results. After the protocols were optimized, rotavirus-infected cell pellets were used to demonstrate that extraction and amplification of dsRNA was possible. The information obtained from the studies with the model system was used for extraction of toroviral and rotaviral RNA from archival intestinal material. These data indicate that paraffin-embedded archival tissue can be used for RT-PCR analysis, adding an important technique to diagnostic pathology and retrospective studies.
- Published
- 1993
47. Prevalence of Astrovirus Infection among Chilean Children with Acute Gastroenteritis
- Author
-
Jacqueline S. Noel, Luis F. Avendaño, Stephan S. Monroe, Miguel O'Ryan, Aldo Gaggero, Valeria Prado, Nora Mamani, and Roger I. Glass
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Serotype ,medicine.medical_specialty ,viruses ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Virus ,Astrovirus ,Feces ,fluids and secretions ,Virology ,Astroviridae Infections ,Epidemiology ,Prevalence ,medicine ,Humans ,Chile ,biology ,business.industry ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,virus diseases ,biology.organism_classification ,Gastroenteritis ,Diarrhea ,Child, Preschool ,Acute Disease ,Viral disease ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
The frequency of astrovirus infection in 456 Chilean children with diarrhea was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcriptase PCR, and cell culture. Astrovirus was detected in 16.5% of rotavirus-negative and 7% of rotavirus-positive samples obtained from emergency rooms or hospitals and in 11% of samples from day care centers. HAst-1 was the predominant serotype identified.
- Published
- 1998
48. Norovirus detection and genotyping for children with gastroenteritis, Brazil
- Author
-
Maria Carolina M. Albuquerque, Roger I. Glass, Rachel S. Beard, Stephan S. Monroe, Ludmila N. Rocha, Adriana G. Maranhão, Jon R. Gentsch, Caroline C. Soares, Maria Liz Ramírez, and Norma Santos
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Genotype ,Epidemiology ,viruses ,viral diagnostics ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,real-time RT-PCR ,medicine.disease_cause ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Microbiology ,fluids and secretions ,Rotavirus ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Child ,Genotyping ,Caliciviridae Infections ,viral gastroenteritis ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,lcsh:R ,Norovirus ,Dispatch ,virus diseases ,Infant ,Virology ,digestive system diseases ,Gastroenteritis ,Infectious Diseases ,Child, Preschool ,Female ,human activities ,Brazil - Abstract
During 1998-2005, we analyzed stool samples from 289 children in Rio de Janeiro to detect and genotype no-rovirus strains. Previous tests showed all samples to be negative for rotavirus and adenovirus. Of 42 (14.5%) no-rovirus-positive specimens, 20 (47.6%) were identified as genogroup GI and 22 (52.3%) as GII.
- Published
- 2007
49. Comparing serologic response against enteric pathogens with reported diarrhea to assess the impact of improved household drinking water quality
- Author
-
John A, Crump, Carlos E, Mendoza, Jeffrey W, Priest, Roger I, Glass, Stephan S, Monroe, Leslie A, Dauphin, William F, Bibb, M Beatriz, Lopez, Maricruz, Alvarez, Eric D, Mintz, and Stephen P, Luby
- Subjects
Cryptosporidium parvum ,Diarrhea ,Male ,Norovirus ,Infant ,Guatemala ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Water Supply ,Population Surveillance ,Epidemiological Monitoring ,Escherichia coli ,Housing ,Prevalence ,Animals ,Humans ,Female ,Giardia lamblia ,Water Microbiology ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
We evaluated enteric infection serology as an alternative outcome measure to diarrhea prevalence in a randomized controlled trial of household-based drinking water treatment; 492 households were randomly assigned to 5 household-based water treatment interventions or control. Individuals were followed weekly over 52 weeks to measure diarrhea prevalence. Study subjects of ageor= 6 months and24 months had blood drawn at entry and exit from the study or age cohort. Serologic assays for Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia intestinalis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Norovirus were done. Of 343 subjects eligible for the study, the proportions of subjects experiencing serologic responses were 56% for Norovirus, 24% for C. parvum, 10% for ETEC, and 16% for G. intestinalis. Serologic response was associated with increased diarrhea prevalence only for G. intestinalis (P = 0.0134). Serologic response to the antigens tested for G. intestinalis but not for Norovirus, C. parvum, and ETEC may be a useful health-effect measure. Larger intervention studies that yield a more marked effect on diarrheal disease, use additional and improved serologic assays, and that collect serum samples at more frequent intervals are needed.
- Published
- 2007
50. Use of TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR for rapid detection, quantification, and typing of norovirus
- Author
-
Leslie A. Hadley, A. Angelica Trujillo, Karen A. McCaustland, Tamie Ando, George Vaughn, Roger I. Glass, Du Ping Zheng, Stephan S. Monroe, and Susan M. Adams
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Virus ,Disease Outbreaks ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Feces ,Virology ,TaqMan ,medicine ,Taq Polymerase ,Typing ,Phylogeny ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Norovirus ,RNA ,Molecular biology ,Reverse transcriptase ,Gastroenteritis ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,chemistry ,Taq polymerase - Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most commonly identified cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis. We evaluated and optimized NoV-specific TaqMan real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays for the rapid detection and typing of NoV strains belonging to genogroups GI and GII and adapted them to the LightCycler platform. We expanded the detection ability of the assays by developing an assay that detects the GIV NoV strain. The assays were validated with 92 clinical samples and 33 water samples from confirmed NoV outbreaks and suspected NoV contamination cases. The assays detected NoV RNA in all of the clinical specimens previously confirmed positive by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing. Additionally, the TaqMan assays successfully detected NoV RNA in water samples containing low viral concentrations and inhibitors of RT and/or PCR, whereas the conventional method with region B primers required dilution of the inhibitors. By means of serially diluted NoV T7 RNA transcripts, a potential detection limit of
- Published
- 2006
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.