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The Kozakli-NevAYehir geothermal field extends a long a NW-SE direction at SE of the Centrum of Kozakli. The area is not rugged and average elevation is 1,000 m. The Kozanozu Creek flows towards north of the area. In the Kozakli thermal Spa area, thermal waters are manifested along a valley with a length of 1.5 km and 200 m width. In this resort some hot waters are discharged with no use. The thermal water used in the area comes from wells drilled by MTA. In addition, these waters from wells are also utilized by hotels, baths and motels belonging to City Private Management, Municipality and private sector. The measured temperature of Kozakli waters ranges from 43-51A degrees C in springs and 80-96A degrees C in wells. Waters are issued in a wide swampy area as a small group of springs through buried faults. Electrical conductivity values of thermal spring and well waters are 1,650-3,595 mu S/cm and pH values are 6.72-7.36. Kozakli cold water has an electrical conductivity value of 450 mu S/cm and pH of 7.56. All thermal waters are dominated by Na+ and Cl-SO4 while cold waters are dominated by Ca+2 and HCO3 (-). The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental problems around the Kozakli geothermal field and explain the mechanisms of karstic depression which was formed by uncontrolled use of thermal waters in this area and bring up its possible environmental threats. At the Kozakli geothermal field a sinkhole with 30 m diameter and 15 m depth occurred in January, 17th 2007 at the recreation area located 20 m west of the geothermal well which belongs to the government of NevAYehir province. The management of the geothermal wells should be controlled by a single official institution in order to avoid the creation of such karstic structures affecting the environment at the source area.

The Terme and Karakurt thermal resorts are located in the center of KirAYehir city in central Anatolia. Thermal waters with temperatures of 44-60A degrees C are used for central heating and balneologic purposes. Paleozoic rocks of the KirAYehir Massif are the oldest units in the study area. The basement of the Massif comprises Paleozoic metamorphic schist and marbles which partly contain white quartzite layers of a few tens of cm thickness. The metamorphic schists which are cut by granites of Paleocene age are overlain by horizontally bedded conglomerate, sandstone, claystone, and limestone of upper Paleocene-Eocene age. Among the thermal and cold waters collected from the areas of Terme and Karakurt, those from thermal waters are enriched with Ca-HCO3 and cold waters are of Ca-Mg-HCO3 type waters. The pH values of samples are 6.31-7.04 for the thermal well waters, 6.41 for thermal spring, 7.25 and 7.29 for the cold waters, and 7.52 for the Hirla lake water. EC values are 917-2,295 mu S/cm for the thermal well waters, 2,078 mu S/cm for thermal spring, and 471 and 820 mu S/cm for the cold springs. The lowest TDS content is from water of T10 thermal well in the Terme area (740.6 mg/l). The hot and cold waters of Terme show very similar ion contents while the Karakurt hot waters at western most parts are characterized by distinct chemical compositions. There is ion exchange in thermal waters from the T5 (5), T6 (6), T12 (7), and T1 (8) wells in the Terme area. The thermal waters show low concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, Al, As, Pb, Zn and Cu. Waters in the study area are of meteoric origin, and rainwater percolated downwards through faults and fractures, and are heated by the geothermal gradient, later rising to the surface along permeable zones. delta C-13(VPDB) values measured on dissolved inorganic carbon in samples range from -1.65 to +5.61aEuro degrees for thermal waters and from -11.81 to -10.15aEuro degrees for cold waters. Carbon in thermal waters is derived from marine carbonates or CO2 of metamorphic origin while carbon in cold waters originates from freshwater carbonates.

In the Kozakli geothermal province, thermal waters are manifested along a valley 1.5 km long and 200 m in width. Thermal waters utilised by the resort and some other hotels are mostly discharged from bore wells. The issuing temperatures of the thermal waters vary from 40-50 degrees C in thermal springs and 45-96 degrees C in bores and open wells. The geochemical and isotopic signatures of the thermal water suggest mixing of thermal waters with formation waters and cold near-surface groundwaters before emerging to the surface, and hence geochemical indicators fail to indicate the near true reservoir temperatures. However, the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic signatures strongly suggest a high temperature reservoir (>220 degrees C) in the crystalline basement rocks. Long circulation of meteoric waters within the basement rocks is indicated by low tritium values in the thermal waters. Major involvement of Miocene Marls in modifying the chemical signatures of the thermal waters is inferred from the trace element concentrations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this study aiming the hydrogeological investigation of thermal and mineralized waters of WSW Ilıcapınar (Polatlı) area. 1/25000 scaled geological maps of appoxiamely 50 km 2 area have been done. Meteoric waters infiltrating to ward to the deep level of the ground along fractures and fissures have been warmed up due to geotermic gradient. They have been up rose to the surface throught fault planes a result of leaving of gases in the water and hydrostatic pressure. Thermal and mineralized waters of ılıcapınar spring discharge along the N-Strending fault. The temperature of the spring is 28.5 °C and discharge is 8.4 l/s. It is determined that the hot and mineralized water are come from about 700 m. According to the IAH standarts hot and mineralized water of ılıcapınar spring can be classifid as Na, HCO3, Cl, S bearing hot and mineralized water., Ilıcapınar (Polatlı)'ın BGB'sında yer alan sıcak ve mineralli su kaynağının hidrojeoloji incelemesini amaçlayan bu araştırmada yaklaşık 50 km 2 'lik bir alanın 1/25000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası yapılmıştır. Çatlak ve kırıklar boyunca yerin derinlikerine doğru yer çekim etkisiyle süzülen meteorik sular jeotermik gradyanla ısınmışlardır. Hidrostatik basınç ve sudaki gazların genleşmesi vb. nedenlerle faylar boyunca yükselerek yeryüzüne çıkmışlardır. Sıcak ve mineralli su kaynakları K-G doğrultusunda uzanan fay boyunca çıkmışlardır. Kaynak sıcaklığı 28.5 °C olup debisi 8.4 l/s'dir. Sıcak ve mineralli suların geldiği derinlik 700 m'dir. AIH'a göre Ilıcapınar sıcak ve mineralli su kaynağı Na'lu, HCO3'lu, Cl'lu S'lü, sıcak ve mineralli sudur.