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Objectif : L'objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à l'optimisation de la méthode de greffage du colatier (Cola nitida). L'étude a consisté à évaluer le succès de la technique de greffage en fente terminale de deux clones d’élites de colatier (305 et 313) et de deux types de porte-greffes (Cola nitida et Theobroma cacao). Méthodologie et Résultats : Le plan d'expérience est un dispositif en bloc factoriel avec deux facteurs étudiés (génotype et type de porte-greffe) et trois répétitions. Le greffage en fente terminale a été réalisé en pépinière sous un tunnel recouvert d'une gaine plastique. L’unité expérimentale est constituée de 20 plants. Le taux de survie des plants et le nombre de nouvelles pousses ont été mesurés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le type de porte-greffe a un effet significatif sur le taux de survie, quel que soit le type de greffon utilisé. Le type de clone influence les taux de réussite avec une bonne aptitude au greffage du clone 313 indépendamment du porte-greffe utilisé. Cette étude a mis en évidence un autre fait, l'inexistence d'interaction entre le porte-greffe utilisé et le génotype du greffon sur le taux de réussite du greffage Conclusion et application des résultats : Le porte-greffe Cola nitida est mieux adapté au greffage de clones de colatier avec une reprise rapide des greffes et un taux de réussite compris entre 73,33 et 81,67%. La technique de greffage en fente terminale convient au greffage de clones de colatier. Cette méthode peut être appliquée à l'avenir par les producteurs de cola pour la production de matériel végétal de colatier performant. English title: Optimization of the kola terminal slit grafting technique (Cola nitida [Vent.] Schott and Endlicher.) Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study is to contribute to the optimization of the grafting method of the kola tree (Cola nitida). The study consisted of assessing the terminal slit grafting technique success of two elite kola clones (305 and 313) and two rootstock type (Cola nitida and Theobroma cacao). Methodology and results: The experimental design was fisher blocks with two factors studied (genotype and rootstock type) and 3 replicates. Terminal slit grafting was carried out in nursery in a tunnel covered with a plastic sheath. Each treatment consisted of 20 plants. Plant survival rate and number of new shoots were measured. The results obtained showed that the type of rootstock has a significant effect on the survival rate regardless of the type of graft used. The type of clone influences the success rates with a good ability to graft of clone 313 separately from the rootstock used. This study highlighted another fact, the inexistence of interaction between the rootstock used and the genotype of the graft on the success rate of grafting. Conclusion and application of findings: The Cola nitida rootstock is better suited for grafting kola clones with rapid recovery and a success rate between 73.33 and 81.67%. The terminal slit grafting technique is suitable for grafting kola clones. This method can be applied in the future by kola producers for the production of efficient kola plant material. Keywords: Cola nitida, terminal split grafting, Theobroma cacao, survival rate

The aim of the present study is to test the effects of temperature on the early life stages of one of the most common freshwater fish species worldwide, the common carp. About 16,000 eggs coming from 3-year-old broodstock were randomly distributed into five incubators, one incubator by tested temperature (16, 18, 20, 22, and 24A degrees C). Several parameters (survival and malformation rates, development time, morphometric parameters, and energy values) were studied at three key biological stages (hatching, emergence and first food intake). We found no significant impact of temperature on both survival and malformation rates. However, as expected, development time was three times longer at 16A degrees C than at 24A degrees C. At both 16 and 24A degrees C, the consumption of the yolk sac was highest; yet larvae were smaller at 16A degrees C and largest at 24A degrees C. Our results suggest that the early life stages of common carp developing at 22-24A degrees C could survive better in the wild, which is in accordance with current models that predict a small change of the distribution area of the common carp in France, but probably an extension in Northern European regions, in the next decades consequently to climate change.

Many rubber smallholdings in Indonesia have developed into rubber agroforests as a result of the extensive management of the plantation. The resulting complex multi-species agroforests have a number of environmentally beneficial characteristics including a high level of natural biodiversity. Most environmental benefits would be significantly enhanced if these systems were not taken periodically through a new cycle of slash-and-burn, as normally happens when latex yield drops to uneconomic levels. This paper explores, from an agroecological perspective, the potential for such cyclical systems to be developed into permanent agroforests providing sustained latex yield over a longer time frame without a slash-and-burn intervention. Evidence is provided from direct observations, interviews with farmers and the results of specific agronomic experiments. Enrichment planting of seedling or grafted-clonal rubber plants into existing rubber agroforests resulted in low growth rates as a result of shading fr...

La survenue d’une métastase osseuse (MO) à partir d’un cancer ostéophyle est une étape évolutive, signant le caractère non curable de la maladie. L’évolution des traitements systémiques a permis un allongement de la survie de ces patients. La MO compromet la fonction du membre atteint par la douleur et la fragilité osseuse. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer la survie, la fonction, la iatrogénie et l’accès à un traitement carcinologique des patients opérés d’une métastase osseuse du squelette périphérique et des ceintures à travers un collectif conséquent issus de deux centres hospitalo-universitaires. Cette série a inclus 234 patients opérés entre 2007 et 2015 d’une MO au CHU de Toulouse et au CHU de Martinique. La survie depuis l’intervention était recherchée et le score pronostic de Tokuhashi basé sur 5 items était calculé. Les résultats fonctionnels étaient évalués à plus de 6 mois ainsi que les complications et réinterventions.La médiane de survie de la cohorte était de 10,4 mois (1,9-94,8). Les cancers du sein et du rein avaient la meilleure espérance de vie (médiane de 23 et 17mois). Le mélanome et le cancer de l’ovaire avaient le plus mauvais pronostic (1 et 2 mois). Les patients au score de Tokuhashi élevé avaient les meilleurs taux de survie (p

We investigated the efficacy and the residual effect of fipronil(R) against two species of triatomine bugs, Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius neglectus, in laboratory conditions measuring concentration-response and residual activity on different surfaces (dried mud and lime coated mud). Lethal concentrations (LC50,90) were determined on filter paper. The higher insecticide efficacy against R. neglectus when compared to T. infestans may be partially attributed to the differences in their biological cycles and genetic structures. Comparison with lambdacyhalothrin wettable powder showed that fipronil mortality rates (above 50%) were observed on mud blocks and lime-coated mud blocks up to 3 months when fipronil was sprayed at 100 and 200 mg a.i./m2. Residual effect deeply decayed after 3 months; and at 6 months post treatment mortality was not observed. In contrast, lambdacyhalothrin showed a long lasting residual effect on both surfaces up to 6 months. Also, it should be mentioned that fipronil had a slow, but lethal activity on the triatomine bugs when wettable formulations were used on porous surfaces.

Existing attempts to estimate the survival rate of tsetse flies from ovarian age distributions generally assume that the population is stationary. The fact that the survival rate cannot be dissociated from the growth rate by these methods poses a problem. Under the assumption of a stable age distribution, we propose a maximum likelihood method to estimate the ‘apparent survival rate’ for three categories of females: nulliparous (β0), young parous (β1) and old parous flies (β2). The rate depends both on ‘real survival rates’ a0, a1 and a2, and a growth rate λ: β0 = a0/λ, β1 = a1/λ, and β2= a2/λ. We used a matrix model, which can be parameterized if the pupal survival rate and the pupal period are known. Replacing a0, a1 and a2 by β0,λ, β1λ, and β2λin the projection matrix, the problem amounts to calculating its dominant eigen-value λ, and hence a0, a1 and a2. The application to a field population of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank in Burkina Faso showed there was a marked difference in survival rate according to age category. The average survival rate increased with age with decreasing variability. The results suggested that sampling (by trapping) may have had an effect on the dynamics of this tsetse population by ageing it artificially. This method may be a useful tool for monitoring tsetse control.

10 páginas.-- 5 figuras.-- 1 tabla.-- 45 referencias.-- Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online versionof this article. Fig. S1. Performance of palm seedlings in each treatment. Fig. S2. Influence of light intensity on VPD. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12311/suppinfo, © 2014 British Ecological Society. The degradation of the Andean cloud forest raises strong biological conservation issues and threatens the sustainability of a crucial water resource. The idea that nurse-based restoration can accelerate the recovery of these forests is underexplored, despite its promise as a restoration technique. Recent conceptual models predict that facilitation among plants may be an important mechanism, but there is a lack of strong empirical support. We gathered experimental data to test this prediction and explore the relevance of using nurse-based forest restoration in these environments. A 20-month factorial experimental design in the Andean tropical cloud forest was established. We measured the survival and estimated the biomass production of transplanted seedlings of a keystone canopy forest species, Ceroxylon echinulatum (Arecaceae), in a deforested area in the presence/absence of herbivory, a potential nurse plant (the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, Poaceae) and artificial shade. The joint effects of deforestation and herbivory led to the death of all seedlings, whereas most seedlings survived in the adjacent forest, which was used as the control. The presence of nurse plants led to significantly higher survival and growth of Ceroxylon seedlings throughout the experiment, regardless of herbivore presence. The nurse effects were explained by a reduction of the relative abiotic stress experienced by the seedlings outside the forest, that is, the consistently decreasing maximum vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, nurse tussocks delayed and reduced the effects of herbivory by offering physical protection and a refuge for seedlings against detection by herbivores. However, the effects of herbivory and abiotic stress on facilitation were not additive. Synthesis and applications. Facilitation in degraded cloud forest can be intense as soon as the beneficiary plants are driven away from their physiological optimum (relative abiotic stress) and/or are confronted by herbivory. Using pre-established exotic tussock grasses as a nurse-based restoration technique in degraded cloud forest is a low-cost, non-detrimental (to biodiversity) option, especially in the absence of nurse trees and shrubs. The success of this method requires transplanting seedlings at the base of tussocks. Facilitation in degraded cloud forest can be intense as soon as the beneficiary plants are driven away from their physiological optimum (relative abiotic stress) and/or are confronted by herbivory. Using pre-established exotic tussock grasses as a nurse-based restoration technique in degraded cloud forest is a low-cost, non-detrimental (to biodiversity) option, especially in the absence of nurse trees and shrubs. The success of this method requires transplanting seedlings at the base of tussocks., We thank the people of the Inti-Llacta Reserve for their kind reception and J. Lincango, S. Cauvy-Fraunie, and C. Gully for their help with data collection. We are also grateful to P. Liancourt and two anonymous reviewers for extensive comments on the manuscript and to the LucidPapers team for English revision. This research was funded by the Ecuadorian government (ECOFONDO grant no. 019-ECO7-Inv1) and the project PALMS FP7-ENV-2007-I (www.fp7-palms.org).

This article aims to show the changes occurring during cryopreservation of embryos and plumules of coconut which are responsible of their death or survival. Embryos have been cryopreserved by preculture-dehydration for 24h, 28h, 30h, 34h, 38h and 48h on agar medium containing 600g/L of glucose combined with silica gel. The plumules were cryopreserved by encapsulation dehydration on solid medium containing 0.5 M, 0.75 M and 1M followed by dehydration with 40g of silica gel for different durations before rapid freezing. This study indicates that the damages undergone by seed samples can be divided into three types. The first stage of changes concerned the plasmolysis of cells with small vacuoles, condensation of chromatin, changing in the conformation of the DNA and the nucleus and stopping of mitosis. These types of changes are described in general in the context of a desiccation tolerance. The second degree of the changes was the retraction of the cytoplasm inside the cell, the increase in the periplasmic volume. The third degree of modification concerned the deformation of the walls, the invagination or the lysis of the plasma membrane resulting in the observation of distorted cells and and the bursting of the nucleus. These two types of modifications are irreversible and correspond to an absence of regrowth of the samples. Understanding the damage or changes that occur in cryopreserved cells is an important part of understanding how dehydration and frozen affect the viability of recalcitrant plants cells. These changes are made by dehydration and accentuated by freezing.

Higher caffeine content and cup beverage bitterness considerably depreciated the commercial value of Coffea canephora Pierre (CAN) compared with C. arabica L (ARA). Wild caffeine-free species like C. pseudozanguebariae Bridson (PSE) offer the opportunity to produce new CAN varieties containing little or no caffeine. F1 plants resulting from a PSE × CAN cross, and BC1 individuals, derived from the first backcross generation (PSE × CAN) × CAN) were produced. In order to assess flowering phenology and yield traits in F1 and BC1 hybrids, six morphological characters including flowering time, pollen viability (PV), fructification rate (FR), seed set (SSET), flower number per node (NFN) and 100-bean weight (W100) were studied under environmental conditions in Côte d’Ivoire. The results showed that F1 plants flowered only in February while, for BC1, 20% and 80% of the plants flowered in January and February, respectively.

Plumules excised from zygotic embryos through the largest representative diversity of four of the five different areas of coconut cash and food crops were used in a cryopreservation process using encapsulation-dehydration technique. Five accessions of coconut trees were used [Panama Tall (PNT/GPA), Brazilian Green Tall (BGD/NVB), Cameroon Red Dwarf (CRD/NRC), Vanuatu Tall (VTT/VNT/GVT), and Tagnanan Tall (TAGT/GTN)] in addition to the accession model [Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD)] from which an optimal protocol was obtained. A great variability of response was observed depending on accessions with survival and growth recovery rates varying from 6 to 66% and 0 to 24% after 2 and 7 months of culture, respectively.

Resume´—L'influence de differents regimes trophiques sur la capacitede survie et la longevite ´ d'une espece zoophytophage (Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur ; Hemiptera : Miridae) a eteetudiee. Les differentes sources trophiques, presentees seules ou en combinaison e de l'eau libre, une plante (tabac), et une proie (œufs d'Ephestia kuehniella Zeller ; Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). Le regime trophique a fortement influencela longeviteet la survie des adultes quel que soit leur sexe. L'eau, libre ou apportee par la plante, est une ressource indispensable a la survie. La plante, comparee a` l'eau libre, n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur la longevitemais a influencepositivement la survie. On a observeun effet certain de la presence simultanee de l'eau et des œufs. Abstract—The influence of trophic/feeding resources on the survival capacity has been studied for the zoophytophagous species Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae). The different trophic resources, offered alone or in combination, were: water (direct or via the plant), a plant (tobacco), and a prey (eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The trophic regime strongly influenced the longevity and the survival of adults of both sexes. The water (direct or via the plant) was necessary for survival. The plant, compared to direct water, did not have a significant effect on the longevity but positively influenced the survival. A positive effect was observed when water and prey were offered simultaneously.

Grain specific gravity is an important aspect of rice seed quality. One experiment was conducted in FOFIFA Kianjasoa to determine the effect of grain specific gravity on seedling quality and yield. The variety 2509 was used during this experiment. Four specific gravities were used: 1.00, 1.06, 1.09 and 1.12. The experiment proved that grain specific gravity has an effect on seedling quality and the growth. The experiments results show also that seed specific gravity has an influence especially on the vegetative phase. Seeds having specific gravity in the range [1.06-1.12] are advantageous and give a best yield., La densité des graines est un critère très important des semences de qualité. Une expérimentation a été conduite dans la station de recherche FOFIFA Kianjasoa, dans le Moyen ouest au cours de la campagne 2011-2012 pour déterminer l’effet de la densité des semences sur la qualité des plantules et sur le rendement. La variété utilisée était la variété 2509. Quatre densités ont été utilisées dont la densité 1.00, 1.06, 1.09 et 1.12. La densité des semences ont eu un effet sur le taux de survie des plantules, mesuré 15 jours après le repiquage. La densité des semences exerce une grande influence sur les plantes durant la phase végétative et la fertilisation durant la phase reproductive. Les résultats de l’expérimentation et de l’étude économique permettent de déduire que les semences de densité comprise entre la fourchette [1.06-1.12] donnent un meilleur rendement et une valeur ajoutée nette positive.

It is generally assumed that the daily probability of survival of mosquitoes is independent of age. To test this assumption we have conducted a three-year experimental fieldwork study (20052007) at Fortaleza-CE in Brazil, determining daily survival rates of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L.). Survival rates of adult Ae. aegypti may be age-dependent and the statistical analysis is a sensitive approach for comparing patterns of mosquito survival. The mosquito survival data were better fit by a Weibull survival function than by the more traditionally used Gompertz or logistic survival functions. Gompertz, Weibull, or logistic survival functions often fit the survival, and the tails of the survival curves usually appear to fall between the values predicted by the three functions. We corroborate that the mortality of Ae. aegypti in semi-natural conditions may no more be considered as a constant phenomenon during the life of adult mosquitoes but varies according to the age and environmental conditions under a tropical climate. This study estimates the variability in the survival rate of Ae. aegypti and environmental factors that are related to such variability. The statistical analysis shows that the fitting ability, concerning the hazard function, was in decreasing order: Seasonal Cox, the three-parameter Gompertz, and the three-parameter Weibull, that was similar to the three-parameter logistic. The advantage of using the Cox model is that it is convenient for exploring the relationship between survival and several explanatory variables. The Cox model has the advantage of preserving the variable in its original quantitative form and of using a maximum of information. The survival analyses indicate that mosquito mortality is both age- and environment-dependent.

Increasing ocean temperatures due to global warming are predicted to have negative effects on coral reef fishes. El Nino events are associated with elevated water temperatures at large spatial (1000s of km) and temporal (annual) scales, providing environmental conditions that enable temperature effects on reef fishes to be tested directly. We compared remote sensing data of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, surface current flow and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration with monthly patterns in larval supply of coral reef fishes in nearshore waters around Rangiroa Atoll (French Polynesia) from January 1996 to March 2000. This time included an intense El Nino (April 1997-May 1998) event between two periods of La Nina (January-March 1996 and August 1998-March 2000) conditions. There was a strong relationship between the timing of the El Nino event, current flow, ocean productivity (as measured by Chl-a) and larval supply. In the warm conditions of the event, there was an increase in the SST anomaly index up to 3.5 degrees C above mean values and a decrease in the strength of the westward surface current toward the reef. These conditions coincided with low concentrations of Chl-a (mean: 0.06 mg m-3, SE +/- 0.004) and a 51% decline in larval supply from mean values. Conversely, during strong La Nina conditions when SST anomalies were almost 2 degrees C below mean values and there was a strong westward surface current, Chl-a concentration was 150% greater than mean values and larval supply was 249% greater. A lag in larval supply suggested that productivity maybe affecting both the production of larvae by adults and larval survival. Our results suggest that warming temperatures in the world's oceans will have negative effects on the reproduction of reef fishes and survival of their larvae within the plankton, ultimately impacting on the replenishment of benthic populations.

This study aims to describe the haemodynamic and survival characteristics of patients with pulmonary hypertension in the recently individualised syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 40 patients (38 males; age 68±9 yrs; 39 smokers) with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, and pulmonary hypertension at right heart catheterisation. Dyspnoea was functional class II in 15%, III in 55% and IV in 30%. 6-min walk distance was 244±126 m. Forced vital capacity was 86±18%, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 78±19%, and carbon monoxide diffusion transfer coefficient 28±16% of predicted. Room air arterial oxygen tension was 7.5±1.6 kPa (56±12 mmHg). Mean pulmonary artery pressure was 40±9 mmHg, cardiac index 2.5±0.7 L·min -1·m -2 and pulmonary vascular resistance 521±205 dyn·s·cm -5. 1-yr survival was 60%. Higher pulmonary vascular resistance, higher heart rate, lower cardiac index and lower carbon monoxide diffusion transfer were associated with shorter survival. Patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome and pulmonary hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterisation have a dismal prognosis despite moderately altered lung volumes and flows and moderately severe haemodynamic parameters. Copyright©ERS Journals Ltd 2010.

El trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer, para Dioscorea alata L. clon caraqueño, un método eficiente para la conservación in vitro de durante 9 y 12 meses basado en la modificación del medio de cultivo (MS al 75% + vitaminas MS + sacarosa 30 g.L-1 + carbón activado 2 g.L-1) con distintos niveles de manitol y BAP. Los tratamientos consistieron en la adición en el medio de cultivo de manitol (0; 0,5 y 1,5%) y BAP (0; 0,1 mg.L-1). A los 9 y 12 meses de conservación in vitro se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: supervivencia (%), senescencia foliar (%), numero de nudos, longitud del vástago, número de microtubérculos. A las 8 semanas de la regeneración de los segmentos nodales (procedentes de vitroplantas conservadas a 9 y 12 meses) en el medio de cultivo (MS al 75% + vitaminas MS + sacarosa 30 g.L-1 + carbón activado 2 g.L-1) se determinó la regeneración de plantas completas (%), número de nudos, número de hojas y longitud del vástago. A las 5 semanas durante la micropropagación convencional se determinó el número de nudos, número de hojas y la longitud del vástago. Las variantes de cultivo formadas por el medio MS al 75% + vitaminas MS + sacarosa 30 g.L-1 + carbón activado 2 g.L-1 y el MS al 75% + vitaminas MS + sacarosa 30 g.L-1 + carbón activado 2 g.L-1 + BAP 0,1 mg.L-1 permitió de manera efectiva la conservación de vitroplantas a partir de segmentos uninodales de D. alata clon caraqueño durante 9 y 12 meses con altos porcentajes de supervivencia, un número significativo de microtubérculos, los menores porcentajes de senescencia foliar y 100% de regeneración en plantas completas con un crecimiento normal en condiciones de micropropagación., In this study, we report an efficient method for conservation in vitro of Dioscorea alata L. clone caraqueño during 9 and 12 months based on the culture medium modification (MS to 75% + vitamins MS + sucrose 30 g.L-1 + activated charcoal 2 g.L-1) with different manitol (0; 0,5 and 1,5%) and BAP (0; 0,1 mg.L-1) levels. At 9 and 12 months of in vitro conservation, the following evaluations were determined: survival (%), leaf senility (%), shoot length, buds and microtuber explant count. Plant regeneration (%), shoot length, leaf number and bud explant count were determined at 8 weeks of the nodal cutting regeneration (from vitroplants conserved for 9 and 12 months) in the culture medium (MS to 75% + vitamins MS + sucrose 30 g.L-1 + activated charcoal 2 g.L-1). .Shoot length, leaf number and bud explant count were evaluated at 5 weeks during the conventional micropropagation. The cultivation variants formed by media MS to 75% + vitamins MS + sucrose 30 g.L-1 + activated charcoal 2 g.L-1 and MS to 75% + vitamins MS + sucrose 30 g. l-1 + activated charcoal 2 g.L-1 + BAP 0, 1 mg.L-1 allowed an effective way the conservation of in vitro plants from nodal cutting of clone caraqueño yam during 9 and 12 months with high survival percentages, a significant number of microtubers, smallest leaf senility percentages and 100% regeneration in whole plants with a normal growth in micropropagation conditions.

National audience; Lors d’une étude portant sur la comparaison de micromammifères vivant dans différents boisements de la région rennaise, nous devions réaliser des campagnes de piégeages en occasionnant le moins de mortalité possible au sein des populations étudiées. Pour cette raison, nous avons fait le choix d’utiliser des pièges non vulnérant Inra munis de boîtes-dortoirs ; nous posons et déplaçons un grand nombre de pièges lors de nos travaux. Les boîtes-dortoirs, classiquement en bois sont lourdes et peu commodes, nous avons donc adapté des boîtes en polypropylène aux pièges. Ces nouvelles boîtes-dortoirs ont l’avantage d’être légères, résistantes, économiques et faciles à nettoyer. Leur efficacité sur la baisse de mortalité des mulots, campagnols et musaraignes capturés a été testée sur le terrain : le taux de mortalité est passé de 27% sans boîte-dortoir à 1,4% avec boîte-dortoir. Elles seront donc utilisées lors de suivi à long terme pour évaluer l’effet de l’urbanisation sur les populations de micromammifères.

En vue d'assurer la conservation à long terme d'une collection de Pelargonium, l'évaluation du procédé de cryoconservation d'apex par encapsulation-déshydratation appliqué à ce genre a été entreprise. Les différentes étapes du procédé ont été étudiées en se servant du cultivar P. X peltatum 'Balcon Lilas' comme modèle. Un protocole standard de cryoconservation des apex de Pelargonium a été établi: préculture directe des apex encapsulés en milieu liquide avec 0,75 M de saccharose pendant 40 heures, déshydratation évaporative à 24 ou 28°C au-dessus de silicagel jusqu'à une teneur en eau comprise entre 0,2 et 0,3 g.g-1 MS, congélation directe dans l'azote liquide et réchauffement des apex par immersion dans la solution de préculture. Il permet d'obtenir des taux de survie généralement compris entre 45% et 80%. L'impact de chaque étape du protocole a été étudié en réalisant une étude histologique. Ce protocole a ensuite été validé en le testant sur 19 autres génotypes de Pelargonium. Des plantes issues de cryoconservation ont été régénérées pour 'Balcon' et 'Pansy' et leur conformité phénotypique est en cours d'évaluation. L'amélioration du taux de régénération est maintenant indispensable pour évaluer la possibilité d'utiliser la cryoconservation comme technique de conservation à long terme pour Pelargonium.