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This article explores the nature, strengths and limitations of Roman, Christian, Kantian and utilitarian ethics and their legacy in some modern theories of educative leadership that are educative in intent and outcome. It is shown that Roman, Christian, Kantian, and utilitarian ethics have profoundly shaped transformational, instructional, distributed, and ethical leadership theories. Roman ethics emphasize civic duty, virtue, and community service, influencing leaders to inspire collective goals and improve educational outcomes. Christian ethics highlight love, compassion, and moral integrity, guiding leaders to act as ethical exemplars and nurture followers. Kantian ethics focus on duty, universal principles, and respect for individuals, promoting ethical consistency and dignity in leadership practices. Utilitarian ethics prioritize maximizing happiness and well-being, driving leaders to achieve positive changes and balance individual needs with the greater good. It concludes that these ethical foundations (a) continue to inform contemporary educative leadership practices and (b) underpin recent scholarship that has shown how Roman, Christian, Kantian, and utilitarian ethics can shape moral school leadership and ethical decision-making, offering school leaders a nuanced approach to promote learning and social justice, fairness, and community well-being. more...

This qualitative case study explores the leadership strategies of three high school principals to promote equity and inclusivity amid multifaceted challenges in the diverse schooling contexts of Nepal. By shedding light on equitable school leadership practices within a complex web of long-held socio-economic and structural disparities, the findings reveal persistent educational inequalities stemming from caste discrimination, gender biases, economic gaps, and social prejudices. Leadership emerges as crucial in addressing these disparities, with empowering strategies showing promise in bridging educational divides. Policymakers, educators, and leaders can benefit from these insights in fostering equitable educational environments. As Nepal addresses historical inequities, the study advocates for systemic change and social justice in education, aiming to create a more inclusive future for Nepali students. [Note: The page range (268-294) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 268-307.] more...

Teachers' learning leadership is one of important facets to students' quality of independent learning. This should be well constructed by sustainable action and transformational of change. The aims of this research are: 1) to measure how valid and reliable both sustainable action and transformation of change are in the construction of learning leadership model and 2) how learning leadership correlates to independent learning. This is a case study which applies quantitative descriptive method. The data were collected by using a 5-Likert scale questionnaire comprises the indicators of sustainable action, transformation of change and independent learning. This questionnaire was distributed to 59 Elementary teachers of three areas in West Jakarta, Indonesia. The data were analyzed by using SEM PLS and statistical analysis of regression. The findings revealed that both sustainable action and transformational of change were valid and reliable in the construction of learning leadership model. Besides, the analysis of regression showed that learning leadership was significantly correlated to independent learning. more...

Background/purpose: Leadership behaviors correlate with job satisfaction, which is supposed to have impact on overall organizational performance. This study aimed to establish a model to explain organizational performance by determining the relational effect size between transformational and transactional leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational performance, and to examine the moderating effect of educational context. Materials/methods: Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) technique was used to determine the effect size of the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. The model-data fit of the models established between these variables was then examined. Correlation coefficients from 25 primary studies were combined according to the random effects model. Results: Analysis showed that significant effect sizes (p < .05) were found between transformational and transactional leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. The model constructed between these variables was found to have a good model-data fit. Transformational and transactional leadership affects employees' job satisfaction, and job satisfaction affects their organizational performance. The primary findings of the study are that employee job satisfaction is a partial mediator of the indirect effect of transformational leadership on organizational performance, and that leadership context does not significantly moderate the effect between these variables. Conclusion: Organizational leaders need to consider the job satisfaction level of their subordinates in order to enhance organizational performance. more...

Conflict is an integral part of school management and its existence must not be shunned as it stimulates creative and innovative ways of thinking which enhance organisational growth and performance. The purpose of the study reported on here was to investigate how education managers executed Thomas and Kilmann's model in managing and resolving conflicts in schools to avert chaos and anarchy with the ultimate intention of enhancing productivity. A constructivist, inductive grounded theory utilising a qualitative approach was employed. Qualitative data were generated using a semi-structured interview protocol from 4 information-rich education managers who were purposively selected. The inclusion criteria for the participants were age, experience, professional qualifications and the sample was determined by theoretical saturation. Data generated were thematically analysed. The study revealed that the conflict management and resolution model used by education managers in schools was contingent to their environment and perception. It also revealed that conflict was innovative and stimulated thought processes. As a result, schools must recruit education managers who are transformative, democratic and equipped with the appropriate strategies for managing and resolving conflict if teachers' morale is to be boosted and productivity enhanced. more...

To overcome the difficulty and unprecedented suspensions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, every organization is required to consider strategic steps to sustain, one of which is by implementing digital transformation and developing leadership capability. This study aims to determine the impact of digital transformation and leadership capability in maintaining the organization, particularly in distance education. This study used questionnaires distributed to 402 students to obtain their opinions on digital transformation, leadership capability, and organizational resilience in Universitas Terbuka, a founder of distance education institutions in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using descriptive and Higher-Order Structural Equation Modeling analysis. Based on the modelling, it is shown that the modelling had a good value of the Goodness of Fit Indicator through a standardized loading factor (SLF) more than the tolerable loading factor limit (>0.50). The Variance Extracted (VE) and Construct Reliability (CR) values also showed that the questions on every indicator used in this study were sufficiently measurable and reliable. The results of hypothesis testing indicated that there was a positive and significant impact of digital transformation and leadership capability on the organizational resilience of Universitas Terbuka. more...

As K-12 education undergoes rapid evolution to meet the demands of a changing world, educational leaders must navigate complex challenges to drive meaningful transformation. This article delves into the imperative for change in educational systems globally and explores tailored strategies for fostering a culture of change within K-12 schools. Visionary leadership emerges as a cornerstone for guiding schools through periods of change, emphasizing innovation, collaboration, and student-centered approaches. Cultivating a change-ready school culture involves nurturing an environment that encourages experimentation, risk-taking, and continuous learning. Effective communication and collaboration, both internally and with stakeholders, are paramount for transparent dialogue and trust-building. Empowering educators and students to drive change fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility, leading to sustainable transformation. Addressing resistance and overcoming challenges requires proactive engagement and building coalitions of change agents within the school community. Implementing change demands careful planning, execution, and ongoing support, emphasizing clarity, accountability, and adaptability. Drawing from case studies, including the integration of technology for personalized learning and the shift to competency-based education, this article illustrates successful change initiatives in K-12 schools. These studies highlight the importance of collaborative planning, ongoing support, and community engagement in driving positive outcomes. Fostering a culture that embraces change is essential for preparing students for success in the 21st Century. By embracing innovation, fostering collaboration, and empowering stakeholders, K-12 schools can navigate challenges and drive meaningful transformation in education. more...

The negative positioning of Indigeneity and the dominant Eurocentric structures entrenched in schooling structures in Australia continues to impact educational success for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. This deficit discourse of Indigeneity and imposed structures, such as policy, are key factors in the educational success, or what is defined as success, of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people. This paper argues that an absence of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander scholarship within school leadership approaches impacts the building of Indigenous futures. A relationally responsive approach centres Indigenous axiologies, ontologies and epistemologies, and supports Indigenous futurity praxis. The critical concern is how education as a discipline supports any notions of Indigenous futurity if it lacks Indigenous voice, research and scholarship in educational leadership. This paper synthesises existing literature to develop a conceptual framework, underpinned by existing evidence and gaps, for transforming educational leadership in Indigenous education. Using a transformative school leadership approach, it locates Indigenous voice, research and scholarship in the field of educational leadership with application for primary and secondary schooling contexts, and for government and non-government school contexts. The paper culminates with a tool for school leaders that supports critical self-reflection. more...

This study examines the self-perceptions of Indonesian primary education teachers as transformational leaders. A quantitative survey was conducted with 400 randomly selected teachers from Lampung Province, Indonesia to assess their transformational leadership (TL) practices using the Transformational Teaching Questionnaire (TTQ) adapted and validated for use in the Indonesian context. The instrument's reliability and validity were confirmed ensuring its robustness. This study found that 15 out of 16 items demonstrated strong factor loadings indicating good construct validity while one item was excluded due to low factor loading. Overall, teachers rated themselves highly on TL scales emphasizing the importance of respect and adherence to cultural norms within their educational practices. These results highlight the potential of TL in improving student outcomes and fostering school improvement. Promoting TL among teachers can create a more effective teaching environment positively impacting student success and overall school quality. The study also emphasizes the need for continuous professional development in TL for teachers. The study supports the integration of TL training in teacher development programs highlighting its relevance to educational policy and practice. Future research should include diverse educational contexts employ longitudinal designs to observe changes over time and incorporate multiple data sources to enhance the robustness of findings. more...

Increasingly, novice teachers function in complex learning environments that require heightened resilience and making calculated, sometimes unexpected decisions. Undoubtedly, novice teachers in the African context must adapt to the persistent weaknesses of inadequate education systems, characterized by underperforming learners, high learner drop-out rates, limited resources, and possible un-employability after completing their studies. In exploring the realities of novice teachers in two provinces of South Africa, this paper aimed to understand how novice teachers' adaptive leadership ability can support them in transforming their schools during challenging times. An adaptive leadership profiling framework is conceptualized, according to the novice teachers' portrayal of their adaptive leadership ability during uncertain and challenging times. Novice teachers' narratives and semi-structured interviews informed the qualitative data collection process. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted to analyze the data. The findings revealed that novice teachers desire an enabling leadership environment in which they can contribute meaningfully to improving their schools. Novice teachers echoed concern about the creation of a psychologically safe environment in which to function, while they are engaging in a process of sense-making of their realities. Finally, novice teachers' contributions to sustainable change must be acknowledged, while leadership strategies must be explored to overcome the adaptive challenges they face. more...

Given today's crisis-laden context filled with educational challenges, it is critical to understand how principals express hope through their leadership to navigate these challenges. Through an extensive qualitative research study conducted in 2019-2022, I examined how 50 principals expressed and used hope in varying degrees to hinder or facilitate increased outcomes, inclusivity, and stable recovery post-crisis to design a better future for their school communities. In so doing, I describe (a) how the context in which principals lead lends itself to expressing high- or low-hope leadership attributes; (b) principals' expressions of high-hope leadership during and post-crisis; and (c) principals' expressions of low-hope leadership during and post-crisis. Identifying expressions of hope leadership practices with the potential to cultivate inclusive, equitable school climates proves vital, given the complexity of leadership today and the myriad crises leaders face. more...

This paper relates Indigenous Peoples' moral philosophies to modern Western ethical thinking that is evident in leading contemporary theories of educative leadership. It introduces Indigenous ethics in general and explains the philosophical research methodology used. It then reports Celtic, Maori, North American Indian and Canadian First Nations, Australian Aboriginal and Emirati ethical frameworks in greater detail and relates them to modern Western ethics prominent in contemporary theories of transformational, instructional, distributed, and ethical leadership. It finds that Indigenous philosophies emphasise the interconnectedness of humans and nature, spirituality in ethical decision-making, and collectivism, while Western frameworks often prioritise individualism and separate the spiritual from the secular. It suggests that leaders consider incorporating Indigenous perspectives on sustainability, social responsibility, and spirituality into curricula and educational practices, promoting global citizenship and ethical awareness. This will entail recognising customary laws and traditions, supporting decolonisation efforts, and ensuring accurate representation of Indigenous knowledge. By fostering mutual respect and understanding of diverse ethical traditions, educative leaders can create more inclusive, equitable educational environments that value the contributions of both Indigenous and Western moral philosophies. more...

The aim of this study is to reveal the mediating role of school culture in the effect of school principals' transformational leadership style on school happiness. For this purpose, the research was conducted according to the quantitative research method and relational screening model. Transformational leadership style was determined as the independent variable, school culture as the mediating variable, and school culture as the dependent variable. The study group of the research consists of 403 teachers working in public schools on the European side of Istanbul. Data were analyzed with correlation and mediation tests. The research findings indicate a significant and positive relationship between school principals' transformational leadership style and teachers' perception of school happiness. While the transformational leadership style directly and positively impacts school happiness, this effect continues even when support culture, achievement culture, and task culture are included in this dual relationship. However, support culture and task culture "partially mediate" this relationship, thereby indirectly contributing to the impact of transformational leadership style on school happiness. In light of these findings, the transformational leadership style of school principals can be considered as an important strategy to increase the overall happiness of the school community by developing and supporting a culture of support and a culture of task. more...

This study was conducted to determine the regulatory role of excessive workload in the effect of transformational leadership behaviors of school administrators on individual innovativeness within the educational ecosystem. The data of the study were collected from teachers working in schools in Isparta city center. Within the scope of the research, the data collected with the participation of 1007 teachers using convenience sampling method were subjected to regularization analysis using bootstrap regression analysis. According to the findings, transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on individual innovativeness. Excessive workload was found to have a negative moderating role in the effect of transformational leadership on individual innovativeness. The findings were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions were made for future studies. more...

Few existing research examines the relationship between transformational leadership and professional learning communities. This study aims to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and professional learning community components from the perspective of teachers in the Chinese context. A total of 385 primary school teachers participated in the questionnaire survey. This quantitative study used the 12-item Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and the16-item PLC scale. The structural equation model showed a good fit. The results showed that transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on professional learning community. Moreover, it has a significant impact on all four components of PLC, namely, organizational learning, shared responsibility, reflective dialogue, de-privatized practice. Transformational leadership conflicts with Chinese Confucian culture on some core features, which provides valuable cases for research on the applicability of transformational leadership in different contexts. At the same time, it also provides empirical evidence for the study of the relationship between transformational leadership and professional learning communities. more...

In response to the changing demographics of schools in Canada and to efforts to better equip principals to challenge inequity, leadership preparation programs have adopted new policies focusing on leading with an equity lens. However, studies have demonstrated a disconnect between what is covered in these leadership programs and how school principals actually perceive their ability to lead equitably and work with diverse learners. Six current school principals and vice principals in Ontario, Canada who have successfully completed a Principal Qualification Program course were interviewed to understand their perceptions of the program's ability to prepare them to lead and of concepts of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI). The racial experiences and identities of each participant shaped their definitions of EDI as well as their understanding of difference. The findings indicate several critical areas of change for principal preparation programs in Ontario: training guidelines, efforts to prepare educators to be equitable leaders, and the educators' perceptions of their preparedness to lead. Moreover, the use of Critical Race Theory in Education and Applied Critical Leadership helps frame analysis and supports the need to integrate culturally relevant pedagogical practices into leadership preparation programs. more...

Lecturer performance is the real behaviour displayed by a lecturer and as a work achievement that can be produced according to his role as an academic staff. The quality of graduates in higher education is related to the performance of lecturers in the fields of education, research, and community service. Improving lecturer performance requires the commitment of university leaders to make changes to the environment. This study aims to analyse the effect of transformational leadership on knowledge sharing and lecturer performance with moderation of change adaptability. The research was conducted at Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e (UNTL) with a sample of 201 lecturers. The data that has been collected is analysed with descriptive and inferential analysis of Smart PLS.3. The results showed that transformational leadership has a significant effect on knowledge sharing and lecturer performance. Knowledge sharing has a significant effect on lecturer performance. It was also found that knowledge sharing partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and lecturer performance. Other findings show that change adaptability does not moderate the effect of transformational leadership on knowledge sharing. The implications of the research show that the limitations in making changes are due to difficulties in communicating between lecturers. Cultural factors, especially language, are the main barrier in change adaptability when conveying new ideas that are useful for institutional development. more...

This article draws on a teacher survey (n = 789) to examine the relationship between teacher vitality and two conversational approaches--transformative leadership conversation and controlling conversation. The analyses use latent structural equation modelling. The sample is restricted to teachers in schools with an accountability rating of "low performing" so that principal/teacher conversations can be examined in schools that potentially have the most to gain from strong teacher vitality. Results indicate that the use of transformative leadership conversation had a direct positive relationship with teacher vitality ([beta] = 0.26) and an indirect relationship ([beta] = 0.22) with it through teacher need satisfaction. Controlling conversation had a negative relationship with teacher vitality, but it did not have a statistically significant relationship with need satisfaction. more...

This study investigates the relationship between the transformational leadership of academic leaders and the job satisfaction of academic staff in polytechnic colleges located in the North Shewa Zone of Ethiopia. This study used a correlational research design and simple random sampling techniques to select 264 academic staff members. Respondents completed a rating version of the multifactor leadership questionnaire and a job satisfaction survey. Data analysis uses descriptive and inferential statistics like Pearson correlation and linear regression. The study found that transformational leadership was found to positively correlate with and predict academic staff job satisfaction, though it was weak. The findings also revealed that academic staff was dissatisfied with their jobs, despite perceiving their leaders as having a moderate degree of attributes of transformational leadership style. Educational planners can use the findings to transform administrative and academic leaders' leadership programs. Leadership training boosts academic staff morale and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction also improves staff retention and minimizes turnover. Thus, academic leaders should grow themselves and seek opportunities to improve their transformational leadership skills. To better understand the leadership style elements that have the greatest impact on job satisfaction, further research is necessary due to the limited variability or unexplained variance in the ability of transformational leadership styles to predict job satisfaction. Further investigation is also needed to explore the mediating factors that impact the link between two variables in an Ethiopian context. more...

This piece is presented from ongoing empirical research exploring barriers to student (re)engagement at a Midwestern university as COVID-19 persists. While college student personnel have worked to restore student life as campus operations have transitioned back in-person, college student engagement has struggled at many institutions across the United States. Taking a qualitative, phenomenological approach - with transformative leadership as a theoretical framework - this study revealed virtual exhaustion, student voice exclusion, and competing priorities as barriers to re-engaging with campus activities. This piece concludes with transformative advising as a possible approach for college student personnel to address these barriers alongside students. more...

This research aims to examine the mediation effect of teaching behaviour in the relationship between teachers' transformational leadership practices and students' interest in science. A non-experimental quantitative approach was used, with a total of 250 students from secondary private schools in Malaysia participating voluntarily as respondents in the study. Google Form questionnaires were distributed through email for data collection. The findings indicated significant positive associations between teachers' transformational leadership practices, teaching behaviour, and students' interest in science, as revealed by correlation and regression analyses. Mediation analysis demonstrates that teachers' teaching behaviour partially mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and students' interest in science. This study emphasizes the importance of effective teaching behaviour in fostering students' interest in science, providing valuable insights for educational policymakers, school administrators, and teachers in promoting science education and improving students' academic achievement. more...

The purpose of the study was to better understand the extent to which middle school principals' transformational leadership styles affect teachers' data-informed instruction, the influence of teachers' data-informed instruction on middle school student achievement, and the extent to which transformational leaders affect student achievement through data-informed instruction. Therefore, for this study, survey data were collected using Kenneth Leithwood's Transformational School Leadership Survey, as well as Jingping Sun's Data-Informed Instruction Survey. Additionally, this study used Scantron performance data for sixth-grade math to determine the effects of transformational school leaders on student achievement through data-informed instruction. The results showed that transformational school leadership has no effect on middle school teachers' data-informed instruction, and middle school teachers' data-informed instruction has no significant effect on student achievement, with socioeconomic status controlled. The study also showed that transformational school leadership has no statistically significant effect on student achievement through teachers' data-informed instruction. The results of this study help us understand the extent to which transformational school leadership affects student achievement through teachers' data-informed instruction. It also provides knowledge that will help us better educate aspiring leaders, making them effective transformational leaders in schools. more...

This study investigates the perceptions of multicultural awareness and inclusivity among teachers across various urban middle schools, aiming to understand the impact of school leadership on promoting an educational environment that values diversity. Employing a quantitative analysis of survey data collected from 217 teachers in 16 schools, the research focuses on key areas: the encouragement from school leaders to teach about diverse cultures, teachers' experiences with colleagues of different races and ethnicities, comfort in discussing race, engagement with race-related topics, and the perceived support for speaking out against racism. The findings reveal significant variability in teacher perceptions across schools, with overall scores ranging from a high level of proactive engagement and support to a low level of challenges and reluctance to address race-related topics. Notably, schools with higher scores generally exhibited strong leadership commitment to diversity, suggesting a correlation between leadership practices and promoting an inclusive school culture. The study underscores the critical role of targeted professional development and the need for school policies that support open dialogue about race. It concludes that enhancing teacher comfort and engagement with multicultural topics is essential to fostering inclusive educational environments. This research contributes to the discourse on educational leadership's impact on multicultural awareness in schools, highlighting areas for further investigation and intervention. more...

The purposes of this study were to: 1) identify instructional leadership of teachers, 2) develop the Instructional leadership indicators of teachers, 3) investigate the goodness-of-fit between the structural model of instructional leadership indicators of teachers and empirical data, and 4) produce a user manual of the instructional leadership indicators of teachers in educational opportunity expansion schools under the Primary Educational Service Area Offices in the northeast. The study was divided into four phases. The findings were as follows 1. The components of instructional leadership of teachers in educational opportunity expansion schools consisted of seven components, namely 1) self and other teacher development, 2) curriculum development ability, 3) learning management ability, 4) learning assessment and evaluation ability, 5) transformational leadership, 6) learning exchange ability and 7) moral and ethics. 2. The indicators of instructional leadership of teachers in educational opportunity expansion schools comprised seven principal components, 25 sub-components and 98 indicators. All principal components achieved the mean scores at high level of appropriateness 3. The indicator structural model of instructional leadership of teachers in educational opportunity expansion schools was congruent with empirical data. (Chi-Square=202.84, df=176, p=0.08095, GFI=0.97, AGFI =0.95, RMSEA=0.016, CN=668.53) and 4. The user manual of the instructional leadership of teacher indicators in educational opportunity expansion schools under the Primary Educational Service Area Offices in four aspects obtained the Index of item-objective congruence (IOC) at 1.00 indicated that the user manual was appropriated to be implemented. more...

COVID-19 has adversely impacted the entire university community worldwide, including teachers, administrative staff, and students. This study analyzed the relationship between digital competencies, transformational leadership, and job performance of Peruvian university teachers. A predictive cross-sectional study was conducted with 201 teachers from a private university in Peru in three regions of the country (coast, highlands, and jungle). The Digital Competencies in Teaching (CDD), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X Short), and the Job Performance scale were used for data collection. The samples were analyzed with structural equation modeling and an adequate fit to the data was obtained ([chi-squared] = 194.342, p < 0; [chi-squared]/df = 2.23, CFI = 0.952, TLI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.078, SRMR = 0.061). In addition, both digital competencies ([beta] = 0.28, p < 0) and transformational leadership ([beta] = 0.76, p < 0) were found to be predictive factors of job performance. These findings provide evidence that digital competencies and transformational leadership were directly related to the job performance of university teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, it would be appropriate for educational leaders to consider these findings to enhance the digital competencies of teachers, promote a positive work environment, and support professional growth by stimulating motivation and job satisfaction during crisis situations. more...

The inconsistencies between agents of the educational system, where it reigns tensions and disjointed mechanisms that express failures of multidisciplinary action, make schools behave like pseudomorphic systems. This article examines interactions between autonomy and control, resorting to a qualitative study with a quantitative approach to schools' strategic documents and inspectorate reports using NVivo. It provides a multiperspective cross-analysis of school narratives regarding (i) principals' vision, (ii) school strategic orientation, and (iii) internal and external evaluation reports. This article exposes how schools demand an organised, intentional, and planned way of using self-knowledge to enhance teaching and learning. It uncovers that innovation is an undervalued facet in the school organisation and a marginal element of the school evaluation. Additionally, it reveals system inconsistencies regarding external evaluation and school organisation. The difficulty of school change asserts that educational systems need to deepen interconnections to prevent schools from keeping a traditional functional structure masked by modern educational discourses, meaning pseudomorphic guidance. more...

This paper aims to identify variables and indicators that are important to improving teacher innovativeness in Indonesia. The paper adopts quantitative research design and Scientific Identification Theory for Operation Research in Education Management (SITOREM). The study population consists of 145 Indonesian state vocational high school teachers. Four questionnaires (transformational leadership, organizational climate, self-efficacy, and teacher innovativeness) assist in the collection of data using survey techniques. The results show that teacher self-efficacy and innovation can be improved by implementing transformational leadership and fostering a conducive school climate. To improve the quality of educational organizations, this study recommends priority variables and indicators for policymakers. more...

Transformational leadership (TL) is a leadership approach that inspires followers and encourages their effective engagement to contribute adequately to organizational goal achievement. By inspiring followers to pursue and attain exceptional performance levels, TL accrues high follower satisfaction in their jobs and with their organizations (Asencio, 2016; Banks et al., 2016; Barnett, 2017; Bass & Riggio, 2006). This study examined faculty perceptions/ratings of transformational leadership behaviors of their department chairs at two Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in the southeastern United States. A thorough examination of the data collected revealed that the faculty rated idealized attributes (IA) the highest ([x-bar]=2.80, SD=0.13), followed by individualized consideration ([x-bar]=2.58, SD=0.35), idealized behavior ([x-bar]=2.51, SD=0.35), inspirational motivation ([x-bar]=2.50, SD=0.29), and intellectual stimulation ([x-bar] =2.43, SD=0.35). Overall, the faculty ratings of their department chairs' transformational leadership behaviors appear low compared to other established transformational leadership norms (Avolio & Bass, 2004; Bass & Bass, 2008). more...

Ethical intelligence is the strength of a transformational society. As a change agent, the school leader is expected to be a representative figure of ethical standards. Unfortunately, they are criticized for their unethical activities. Therefore, drawing on the concept of ethical leadership, this study aims to construct the meaning of ethics as they have lived with it, thereby exploring the transformational influences of ethical strengths. Adopting a narrative inquiry research design, lived narratives were generated from four principals of secondary level (Grades 9-12) selected purposively. The narrative data were analyzed and interpreted using Starratt's (2004) theoretical framework of ethical leadership of care, justice and critique. This study explored ethics as the mutual value of individual, institutional and social institutions. Human potentiality is the power of ethical intelligence that derives toward transformation. This finding shed light on the importance and execution of ethical abilities. It shares ethical knowledge, values and skills among individuals, schools and communities. It also portrays ethical sensitivities, which are the core foundation of a transformative society with rational personalities. more...

It is widely agreed that the relationship between poverty and education is bi-directional: poor people lack access to a decent education, and without the latter people are often constrained to a life of poverty (Van der Berg, 2008). Poverty as a "lifetime, and life-wide status" thus develops into a self-fulfilling prophecy that is difficult to emerge from. We acknowledge the interplay between the notions of "poverty," and "disadvantage," especially in the wide context of education, and school leadership more specifically, as the focus of this conceptual paper, and thus use them interchangeably in order to advocate for full, and equal opportunities in life as a matter of equity, and fairness. Moreover, we firmly regard education as a direct social justice contributor both in the provision of equal life opportunities, and in imparting students with the responsibility for the perpetration of such opportunities (Waite and Arar, 2020). In this conceptual commentary, we stretch this scholarship of social justice further by troubling the notion of poverty from a social justice lens, and redefining it as a type of "under-privilege" in order to engage scholars, policymakers, and stakeholders in meaning-making, and action. We seek to provide our contextual, inclusive, and problematized re-definition of poverty in relation to schooling, and education by portraying students to be considered at risk at any point in time. We ultimately ask ourselves, and our readers to reflect upon this quintessential question: "What is the purpose of education epitomized by?" more...

In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge sharing has become a crucial social behavior that underpins the existence and development of a knowledge society. Encouraging university teachers to actively share their knowledge is essential for fostering strong teacher teams and enhancing school development. Transformational leadership plays a statistically significant role in influencing knowledge sharing behavior among university teachers. When university teachers perceive affirmation, care, and support from their institutions, they are more likely to provide feedback and contribute to the school's success. This study investigates the mechanism by which transformational leadership influences university teachers' knowledge sharing behavior through perceived organizational support as a mediating variable. Based on a theoretical model, this research employed convenience sampling to survey 570 in-service university teachers from six undergraduate universities in Anhui, China. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOSS software. Empirical findings from China demonstrate that transformational leadership in universities positively impacts university teachers' knowledge sharing behavior significantly. Moreover, perceived organizational support mediates the relationship between transformational leadership in universities and university teachers' knowledge sharing behavior. more...

This article examines the relationship between the English medium instruction teacher's classroom leadership and their teaching self-efficacy. The self-reported data were collected from 188 English-medium instruction teachers at a Chinese public university. The correlational analysis of data revealed that there was a close positive relationship between "classroom leadership" and "teaching self-efficacy" (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), and the teacher's classroom leadership contributed 48% of the variance of their teaching self-efficacy. Among the three components of teaching self-efficacy, "self-efficacy for student engagement" had the highest correlation with the teacher's classroom leadership (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). The multiple regression analysis showed that "teaching self-efficacy" was significantly predicted by two components of classroom leadership, that is, "intellectual stimulation" ([beta] = 0.29, p < 0.001) and "idealized influence" ([beta] = 0.24, p < 0.05). The ANOVA test results showed that classroom leadership increases with the teacher's EMI teaching experience, reaching the highest when it gets to 10 years, and then decreases later, while teaching self-efficacy increases continuously. The findings have great potential to open new areas for the development of the English-medium instruction teacher's self-efficacy. more...

The interruption of regular physical exercise among Chinese college students is a key cause of the lack of motivation to exercise. Therefore, on the basis of self-efficacy theory, this study analysed the interrelationships between the perception of transformational leadership in physical education (PE) by teachers, physical self-efficacy, and exercise adherence among Chinese college students. A questionnaire survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 448 students from five universities in Hebei Province, China. They perceived transformational leadership by PE teachers to significantly positively influence exercise adherence. In addition, physical self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between college students' perceptions of transformational leadership by PE teachers and exercise adherence. These findings suggest that university administrators could encourage PE teachers to make greater use of transformational leadership and improve education and guidance regarding physical self-efficacy for college students to promote exercise adherence. more...

Given that school leadership styles are linked to educational outcomes, this study attempted to identify perceived leadership styles of school leaders in two types of schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): (a) international special education schools, which serve exclusively students with disabilities and (b) international general education schools, which serve primarily typically developing students. By utilizing primarily quantitative methods with supplementary qualitative analysis, this study also explored the influence of teacher demographic variables on perceptions of leadership styles. Results indicated a difference in perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership by school type based on teacher education level, as well as a difference in perceptions of passive-avoidant leadership by school type based on total years of experience with the school leader. Results also indicated a difference in leadership perceptions based on teacher nationality (consistent with the notions of collectivist and individualist cultures), total years of experience, and total years of experience in the current position. This study contributes to the knowledge base regarding the influence of teacher demographic variables on leadership perceptions while providing practical recommendations for school leaders and researchers, including professional development, school policy development, and conceptualizing culture as an expanded demographic variable of interest. more...

Guangxi is a border area where ethnic minorities are distributed, with poor economic development foundation, slow growth, relatively traditional, high turnover rate and outdated education. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact and to identify the path of principals' transformational leadership on teachers' teaching effectiveness in ethnic autonomous region of China. A regression analysis survey design was adopted to collect the data from the teachers of elementary schools. Based on 5-point Likert Scale of 771 questionnaires from Guangxi Province of China, the survey concluded: (1) principals' transformational leadership, teachers' organizational commitment, and teachers' teaching effectiveness differed significantly by gender and age, (2) principals' transformational leadership significantly influenced teachers' teaching effectiveness, in addition, teachers' organization commitment can partially mediate the effects, (3) gender can moderate the path of principals' transformational leadership to teachers' organization commitment, specifically, male teachers carry more weight. The study findings may serve as a guide for further research on management and leadership of leaders and members in educational organizations. more...

In reality, Organization Citizenship Behavior in an institution is not as expected. However, the contrary occurred at the Integrated Islamic Elementary School in Bekasi Regency that teachers and staff have a spectrum of abilities and the potential to advance the institution. This research identified and analyzed (1) the role of the principal in improving teachers behavior through transformational leadership, and (2) the inhibiting and supporting factors in improving good teachers behavior and attitudes at the Integrated Islamic Elementary School in Bekasi Regency, Indonesia. The research used a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The principal, representatives, and teachers were informants to obtain the necessary data. The findings showed that the implemented Organizational Citizenship Behavior embodied sincerity, mutual help, brotherhood, and seriousness. However, it still needed improvement to achieve maximum teachers performance in carrying out the task of educating, guiding, training, and directing the students. One of the obstacles in implementing transformational leadership was that several teachers underestimated this program. This research has an implication that Organizational Citizenship Behavior in an institution can be realized if a leader implements a transformational leadership system. more...

This research analyzed the effects of transformational leadership and self-efficacy on elementary school teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The research method was the quantitative method with a survey approach. The research sample consisted of 302 teachers from 40 elementary schools. The data collection technique for this research was a non-test technique with a questionnaire instrument confirmed to be valid and reliable. Data analysis techniques used descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and path analysis. The research results showed that: (1) there was a direct positive effect of transformational leadership on OCB with a path coefficient value of 0.204; (2) there was a direct positive effect of self-efficacy on OCB with a path coefficient value of 0.187; and (3) there was an indirect effect of transformational leadership and self-efficacy on OCB path coefficient value of 0.354. This research concluded that transformational leadership and self-efficacy positively affected elementary school teachers' organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). more...

The intent behind this study was to understand how school principals might work through teachers to engender better trusting teacher-student relationships, particularly in high poverty, high minority schools. Three research questions were advanced for the empirical investigation: (1) What is the relationship between school social composition (e.g. FRL rate and percent students of color) and teacher trust in students? (2) Does Principal Support of Student Psychological Needs moderate the relationship between school composition and teacher trust in students? (3) Do other leadership practices, such as transformational leadership and teacher evaluation, influence teacher trust in students? [Note: The issue number (2) shown in the citation on the PDF is incorrect. The correct issue number is 1.] more...

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between perceived transformational leadership and transactional leadership style and teachers' intellectual style. Based on 967 middle school teachers' survey answers, this study identified that there are positive relationships between perceived transformational leadership and Type I intellectual style, as well as a positive relationship between perceived instructional leadership and Type II intellectual style. This study paves the way for a theoretical understanding of the relationship between leadership style and teachers' intellectual style and provides practical suggestions for education practitioners. more...

Background/purpose: The rapid transition to virtual teaching (VT) due to COVID-19-related school closures posed challenges to teachers in regard to upholding the standards of their profession. Perceived transformational leadership of virtual teaching (perceived TL-VT) may have had a protective role in difficult circumstances. Hence, this research study aimed to examine the relationship between perceived TL-VT and organizational citizenship behavior of virtual teaching (OCB-VT) in Indonesia, with job satisfaction of virtual teaching (JS-VT) as a mediator. Materials/methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study, in which data were collected from a sample of teachers at 40 elementary schools in Blitar District, Indonesia. A total of 418 teachers with VT experience completed survey with items adapted from related scales. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Moreover, the mediation effect was evaluated using Hayes Process of Model 4. Finally, Hayes (2013) bootstrap technique was used to investigate the significance of the mediation effect. Results: Perceived TL-VT and JS-VT were found to be positively associated with OCB-VT. Mediation tests confirmed the relationship between perceived TL-VT and OCB-VT was mediated by JS-VT. Moreover, bootstrap analysis showed that coworkers had the most significant mediating effect on the relationship between perceived TL-VT and OCB-VT, followed by promotion, supervision, and work, while the effect of pay was shown to be insignificant. Conclusion: It was found that JS-VT had a mediating role in the relationship between perceived TL-VT and OCB-VT. Therefore, a good principal leadership could be critical to maintaining both teacher satisfaction and behavior during the COVID-19 crisis, regardless of teachers' actual readiness to overcome barriers associated with virtual teaching. more...

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of principlas' transformational leader behaviors on teachers' organizational commitment. In the research, causal-comparative and relarional survey methods were used. The study group, defined according to convenient sampling method, was composed of 260 public school teachers working in five provinces in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. The data was gathered with "Transformational Leadership Scale" and "Teachers' Organizational Commitment Scale", in the spring semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. Descriptive statistical analysis, independent groups t-test, test of variance (ANOVA), Pearsons' corelational analysis and regresion analysis were employed in the analysis phase. The findings showed that both principals' transformational leadership levels and teachers' organizational commitment levels were moderate. It was observed that teachers' perceptions about their principals' transformational leadership behaviours and organizational commitment levels didn't show a significant difference among the groups of gender, age and work experience. It was found that there was a significant relationship between principals' transformational leadership behaviours and teachers' organizational commitment, and the former was a significant predictor of the latter. It was concluded that principals' transformational leadership behaviors might be effective in enhancing teachers' organizational commitment. In this frame practical, theoretical and research recommendations were developed. more...

School leaders enrolled in CPED-influenced and practitioner focused doctoral programs require specific research-based skills and knowledge that bridge both educational scholarship and practice in order to be relevant for both their dissertation process and school practice. In doing so, these doctorate in education (EdD) programs must critically exam their qualitative research methods courses to honor the professional practice of their adult learners and usher in innovative, collaborative, transformative, and participatory research design courses to meet this demand. As such we present our methodological course sequence built on principles of adult learning and a signature pedagogy, the first course is a reimagination of the qualitative research course and the second is a reconceptualized transformative capstone. more...