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本研究は,目標心拍数を設定した階段上り運動を行い,エネルギー産生における糖代謝の貢献について検討した.カルボーネン法から最大心拍数の65～75%に相当する目標心拍数と目標タイムを設定し,血中乳酸濃度(BLa)と血中グルコース濃度(Glu)を測定した.対象者は60段の階段を上り,1分間の休息を挟んで8セット反復した.その結果,運動中のGluは一定に保たれ,BLaはセットごとに増加した.また,この運動を週3回,3週間継続した結果,全身持久力は向上したが,身体組成および脚筋持久力に変化はなかった.本研究の階段上り運動は全力発揮ではないが,BLaが16mMを示すなど,骨格筋内の解糖系代謝を活性化させることが示唆された., The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of glycolytic metabolism by stair climbing exercise with a target heart rate as a high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT). In addition, we set training period for 3 weeks with 3 times per week and examined the effects on the body composition and endurance performance. The subjects (7 female college students with no exercise habit) climbed 60-steps stairs in approximately 17.5 seconds, rested for 1 minute, and then climbed again, repeating 8 times. The target heart rate corresponding to 65-75% of each subject's maximum heart rate was calculated by the Karvonen Formula, and a target time was set for each subject. After fourth trials, heart rate, blood lactate concentration (BLa) and blood glucose concentration (Glu) were measured during the stair climbing exercise. As a result, in the stair-climbing HIIT with a target heart rate, the time was kept constant and Glu also remained at a steady value. On the other hand, BLa increased with each repetition and showed 16 mM at the 8th repetition. It suggested that stair climbing exercise could specifically activate glycolytic metabolism in the leg muscles. Thus, metabolic utilization of muscle glycogen was particularly enhanced. As on 3 weeks training effects, the body composition was unchanged and endurance performance was increased. Although the stair climbing HIIT in this study was not an all-out exertion exercise, with an average heart rate of 160 bpm, it was suggested to activate glycolytic metabolism in skeletal muscles.

Acute aerobic exercise increases the brain cortical activity in alpha frequency. Eye closure also increases alpha activity. However, whether the two have an additive or a synergistic effect on alpha activity has never been explored. This study observed electroencephalography (EEG) from fifteen participants seated on the cycle ergometer before, during, and after a cycling exercise with the eyes open and with them closed. Exercise intensity was set to a target heart rate (120–130 bpm), corresponding to light-to-moderate intensity exercise. Each epoch was 6 min and the last 4 min (eyes closed in the first 2 min and eyes open in the second 2 min) were analyzed. The EEG power spectrum densities were calculated for alpha frequency band activity (8–13 Hz). At rest, alpha activity was significantly greater with the eyes closed than open. Exercise significantly increased alpha activity in both eye conditions. More importantly, in the occipital site, the alpha-increasing effect of their combination was significantly greater than the sum of the effect of each, showing a synergistic effect. We concluded that acute light-to-moderate intensity exercise with the eyes closed has a synergistic effect on alpha activity.

Introduction: Limited activities will increase the risk of sedentary activity, so that it will become a new problem. Exercise is an effort to reduce sedentary activity and reduce boredom, maintain health, and increase the immune system. The right kind of exercise will have a good and bad impact. Therefore, this study aims to look at exercise with a target heart rate, safety and effectiveness, and reduce sedentary effects during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: The data used has been through literature studies obtained from research articles including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. With keywords, including COVID-19 pandemic, sedentary effects, exercise, target heart rate. The data analysis technique used is argumentative, descriptive analysis. Results: Based on the literature view, the writer found ten related articles. This study provides evidence of the effect of exercise with target heart rate both safety and effectiveness for reducing sedentary effect. This article explained that it knows the exercise heart rate that the heart wants to reach and can be accepted by the heart, reduces lipid, increases the immune response, improves fitness and heart health. Conclusion: Exercises can use the target heart rate to provide an overview of the range of training zones you want to achieve and provide safety and effectiveness in exercising, especially the cardiovascular system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the amount of time participants exercised in the target heart rate zone (THRZ) influenced change in blood pressure (BP) one year following a cardiac event. Lifestyle exercise (habitual, small exercise opportunities) and intensity were objectively measured using portable heart rate monitors. Linear mixed models were used to analyze change in BP among 331 participants. Mean BP at baseline was 118/70 mmHg, and both systolic and diastolic BP increased from baseline to one year—4.79 mmHg ( p

The article analyzes the methods of calculating the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads and presents own solution the problem. The effective use of aerobic exercises is based on the formula calculation of the parameters of physical activity corresponding to the individual characteristics of the practitioners, among which one of the most important is intensity. However, the practical application of the proposed formulas indicates that they do not always adequately take into account the most important, in this case, age characteristics and the functional state of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the research is to develop a method for determining the intensity of aerobic health-improving loads which makes it possible to calculate the target heart rate more adequately than the currently existing options. Among the existing formulas the most adequate for calculating heart rate in the process of health-improving aerobic exercise is Karvonen's formula which takes into account not only age but also heart rate at rest which reflect the functional state of the cardiovascular system. Its advantage lies in the more correct determination of the lower target pulse. The disadvantage of this formula is that it reduces, rather than increases, the upper target pulse due to the increased efficiency of the cardiovascular system. During the theoretical research it was established that it was impossible to develop a single formula that would allow to correctly determine the upper and lower target pulse. In this regard we came to the conclusion that to calculate the lower heart rate it is necessary to use the Karvonen formula and the upper tagert puls should be determined by the formula developed by us. It is based on the Haskell & Fox formula (HRmax = 220 - age). The proposed additions determine the upper heart rate as the result of subtracting the individual heart rate from the average age heart rate. A procedure for calculating specific puls based on knowledge of the upper and lower heart rate is proposed.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease has become a significant condition affecting human health. Increased arterial stiffness is a leading stage in the occurrence and development of many cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To observe the effect of different acute exercise programs on arterial stiffness of healthy young people under the same amount of exercise. Methods: We selected 16 healthy boys to conduct a blank control test, continuous exercise test, and intermittent exercise. They were divided into blank schemes. Car plan and running plan. Arterial stiffness was repeatedly measured immediately after exercise and 40 minutes after the end. Results: In the three exercise intervention experiments, the heart-ankle vascular index decreased significantly immediately after exercise. After 60 minutes of rest, the heart-ankle vascular index rebounded. Conclusion: Physical exercise can significantly reduce arterial stiffness. Changing the training intensity in sports with the same target heart rate does not affect arterial stiffness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results. RESUMO Introdução: Doenças cardiovasculares tem se tornado uma condição importante afetando a saúde humana. O aumento da rigidez arterial é uma etapa determinante na ocorrência e no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Observar o efeito de diferentes programas de exercício intenso na rigidez arterial de jovens saudáveis praticando a mesma quantidade de exercício. Métodos: Selecionamos 16 rapazes saudáveis para conduzir um ensaio em branco, testes com exercícios e exercícios intermitentes. Os indivíduos foram divididos em amostras em branco, plano xxx e plano de corrida. A rigidez arterial foi medida repetidas vezes imediatamente após o exercício e 40 minutos após. Resultados: nos três experimentos de intervenção, o índice vascular cardíaco-tornozelo diminuiu consideravelmente imediatamente após o exercício. Após 60 minutos de descanso, o índice vascular cardíaco-tornozelo se recuperou. Conclusão: Exercícios físicos podem reduzir a rigidez arterial de forma considerável. Modificar a intensidade do treino nos esportes com a mesma frequência cardíaca alvo não afeta a rigidez arterial. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos – investigação de resultados de tratamento. RESUMEN Introducción: Enfermedades cardiovasculares se han convertido en una condición importante que afecta la salud humana. El aumento de la rigidez arterial es una etapa determinante en la ocurrencia y en el desarrollo de muchas enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Observar el efecto de diferentes programas de ejercicio intenso en la rigidez arterial de jóvenes saludables practicando la misma cantidad de ejercicio. Métodos: Seleccionamos 16 muchachos saludables para conducir un ensayo en blanco, pruebas con ejercicios y ejercicios intermitentes. Se dividieron los individuos en blanco de muestra, plan de xxx y plan de carrera. Se midió la rigidez arterial repetidas veces inmediatamente tras el ejercicio y 40 minutos después. Resultados: En los tres experimentos de intervención, el índice vascular cardiaco-tobillo disminuyó considerablemente inmediatamente tras el ejercicio. Tras 60 minutos de descanso, el índice vascular cardiaco-tobillo se recuperó. Conclusión: Ejercicios físicos pueden reducir la rigidez arterial de forma considerable. Cambiar la intensidad del entrenamiento en los deportes con la misma frecuencia cardiaca-blanco no afecta la rigidez arterial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos – investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

The glycemic response to ingested glucose for the treatment of hypoglycemia following exercise in type 1 diabetes patients has never been studied. Therefore, we aimed to characterize glucose dynamics during a standardized bout of hypoglycemia-inducing exercise and the subsequent hypoglycemia treatment with the oral ingestion of glucose. Ten male patients with type 1 diabetes performed a standardized bout of cycling exercise using an electrically braked ergometer at a target heart rate (THR) of 50% of the individual heart rate reserve, determined using the Karvonen equation. Exercise was terminated when hypoglycemia was reached, followed by immediate hypoglycemia treatment with the oral ingestion of 20 g of glucose. Arterialized blood glucose (ABG) levels were monitored at 5 min intervals during exercise and for 60 min during recovery. During exercise, ABG decreased at a mean rate of 0.11 ± 0.03 mmol/L·min−1 (minimum: 0.07, maximum: 0.17 mmol/L·min−1). During recovery, ABG increased at a mean rate of 0.13 ± 0.05 mmol/L·min−1 (minimum: 0.06, maximum: 0.19 mmol/L·min−1). Moreover, 20 g of glucose maintained recovery from hypoglycemia throughout the 60 min postexercise observation window.

Background Lower heart rate (HR) is associated with more favourable long-term outcome in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, an optimal threshold of HR remains unclear. Targeted HR (THR), defined by echocardiographic deceleration time (DCT) to eliminated overlap of E and A waves, may aid in risk stratification of HFrEF patients. Purpose In this study, we aimed to clarify the impact of on long-term clinical outcome in patients with HFrEF. Methods In the multicenter WET-HF registry, 4000 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute decompensated HF (ADHF) were registered between 2006 and 2017. Among them, the patients with EF ≥40% or a history of atrial fibrillation were excluded. THR was calculated based on their DCT value measured in compensated HF phase during the index admission. The following formula was applied; THR (bpm)=93 - 0.13 × deceleration time (DCT, msec). A total of 876 patients with HFrEF were included in the present analysis (age: 72 [60–81], male: 69%) and the patients were divided into the 2 groups of HR at discharge ≤ THR (L group) and > THR (H group). The primary endpoint (PE) was defined as the composite of all-cause death and ADHF re-admission. Results Compared to the H group, the L group showed higher prevalence of males (74% vs. 66%, P=0.025) with higher body mass index (BMI, 23.2 vs. 22.2, P=0.016), hemoglobin (Hb, 12.9 vs. 12.4, P=0.031), albumin (Alb, 3.7 vs. 3.6, P=0.039) and larger left atrial diameter (LAD, 44 mm vs. 41 mm, P=0.002) and tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient (TRPG, 29 mmHg vs. 27 mmHg, P=0.012). Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), LVEF (29% vs. 30%, P=NS) and E/e' (17.7 vs. 16.8, P=NS) were similar for both groups. At discharge, HR was lower in L group (66 [60–71] bpm vs. 80 [74–86] bpm, P In the survival analysis, the L group showed a significantly lower rate of PE (P=0.03), whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of PE between the patients with HR at discharge ≥70 bpm and Multivariate Cox hazard analysis showed that HR at discharge ≤ THR was an independent predictor of PE (hazard ratio 0.67 [0.46–0.97], P=0.037), even after adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, Hb, Alb, and b-blocker prescription, whereas HR at discharge Conclusion THR was associated with long-term outcomes in patients with HFrEF after acute decompensation, suggesting that it may aid in tailored treatment for HR reduction in these patients. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1Figure 2

Purpose "Slow components" of heart rate (HR) kinetics, occurring also during moderate-intensity constant work rate (CWR) exercise, represent a problem for exercise prescription at fixed HR values. This problem, described in young healthy subjects, could be more pronounced in obese patients. Methods Sixteen male obese patients (age: 22±7 years; body mass: 127±19 kg; body mass index: 41.6±3.9 kg·m) were tested before (PRE) and after (POST) 3-wk multidisciplinary body mass reduction program, entailing moderate-intensity exercise. They performed on a cycle ergometer an incremental exercise to voluntary exhaustion (to determine V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and gas exchange threshold [GET]) and CWR exercises: moderate-intensity (MODERATE) (80% of GET determined in PRE); heavy-intensity (HEAVY) (120% of GET determined in PRE); "HRCLAMPED" exercise, in which work rate was continuously adjusted to maintain a constant HR corresponding to that at 120% of GET. Breath-by-breath V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and HR were determined. Results V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak and GET (expressed as a % of V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak) were not significantly different in PRE vs. POST. In POST, vs. PRE, the HR slow component disappeared (MODERATE) or was reduced (HEAVY). In PRE work rate had to decrease by ~20% over a 15-min task in order to keep HR constant; this decrease was significantly smaller (~5%) in POST. Conclusion In obese patients a 3-wk multidisciplinary body mass reduction intervention: i) increased exercise tolerance by eliminating (during MODERATE) or by reducing (during HEAVY) the slow component of HR kinetics; ii) facilitated exercise prescription by allowing to translate a fixed submaximal HR value into a work rate slightly above GET.

Cardiological diagnostics use maximal and submaximal tests with increasing load. Maximal stress tests are currently considered the gold standard. The Institut f&uuml, r Pr&auml, vention und Nachsorge, Cologne (IPN) test may be an alternative when maximal patient load is not indicated. The universality of the test is well-documented in sport, but the reliability of this test is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess between-trial and between-day reliability for parameters assessed by the IPN stress test in cardiological patients.: In a study of 24 patients aged 39 to 79 years with cardiovascular diseases, the IPN cycle ergometer short test was performed (submaximal performance test). The reliability of heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, absolute power at submaximal load, relative performance at submaximal load and target heart rate were assessed. Good (Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values ranged from 0.832 to 0.894) and excellent (ICC values ranged from 0.904 to 0.969) between-trial reliability was noted. Between-day reliability was good (ICC values from 0.777 to 0.895) and excellent (ICC values from 0.922 to 0.950). The obtained results suggest that the IPN test may be a reliable tool for use in the assessment of cardiological patients, avoiding the implementation of maximal efforts when excessive patient load is not recommended.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by irregular and relatively rapid heart rate, which occasionally causes symptoms such as palpitations, dyspnea, or reduced exercise capacity. Controlling the ventricular rate is a mainstay for the symptom management of patients with AF. Rate control can be achieved with beta-blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, digoxin, or combination therapy. Rhythm control is an option for patients in whom appropriate rate control cannot be achieved or who have persistent symptoms despite rate control. The choices of drug and target heart rate are usually specified by international guidelines for AF management. However, pivotal trials included in those guidelines enrolled only a small number of Asian subjects, which limit application of those guidelines to a Korean population. The Korean Heart Rhythm Society organized the Korean AF Management Guideline Committee and analyzed all available studies regarding management of AF including studies with Korean patients. Then, expert consensus or guidelines for optimal management in Korean patients with AF were achieved after systematic review with intensive discussion. This article provides general principles for rate control therapy in Korean patients with AF. (Korean J Med 2018;93:133-139)

Among all patients referred for stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), a substantial proportion in contemporary practice cannot exercise. Another group of patients are those who are thought to be able to achieve an adequate workload with treadmill (or bicycle) exercise but do not achieve at least 85% of maximum predicted heart rate without developing symptoms. There has been substantial interest and literature on the adjunctive use of vasodilator stress during the same visit to generate best-quality results for patients who do not exercise adequately. Current American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Guidelines recommend the possible use of vasodilator stress agents to supplement exercise in those patients who do not achieve target heart rate. However, optimal timing of administration is not clear. Herein, we summarize literature to date on the combination of vasodilator and exercise stress testing in light of the recently published Exercise to Regadenoson in Recovery Trial (EXERRT).

Reduction of mortality in patients with acute coronary pathology continues to be the leading task of cardiology. Heart rate is one of the important criteria for the adequacy of ongoing treatment and rehabilitation of patients, since the achievement of target values is accompanied by a decrease in the relative risk of cardiac death and the risk of sudden death. The study included 86 patients with unstable angina and 111 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the age of 40-65 years, whose functional state was evaluated by the Omega-M software-hardware complex according to the integrated parameters on the 3rd, 8th and 14th days. The correlation of heart rate with the parameter of vegetative regulation was discovered, that can be used as a prognostic criterion for achievement of target heart rate in patients with acute coronary pathology at stages of hospital rehabilitation.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of coronary artery disease is one of the greatest challenges in modern cardiology. Despite major breakthrough in non-invasive and invasive diagnostic procedure and modern treatment options, CAD still has high morbidity and mortality. Since there is no solid evidence to show the advantages of the invasive treatment compared to OMT, it is necessary to have an individual approach for each patient. Studies such as COURAGE I and II, CASS and the study of Myers et al., as well as our patient from the case report showed that besides the test results prognostic parameters of the test, especially functional capacity (expressed through MET), Duke treadmill score, achieved target heart rate and heart rate recovery have great importance. These studies also suggest that regardless of the therapeutic mode (medical or invasive therapy), risk factors control and lifestyle modifications are the first and necessary steps when treating these patients and highlight the importance of primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.

Aim: To explore the effect of CYP2D6*10 (100C > T) and ADRB1 1165 G > C polymorphisms on heart rate of post-PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) patients treated with metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets. Methods: A total of 756 inpatients with metoprolol succinate sustained-release tablets were selected and the genotypes of CYP2D6*10 and ADRB1 1165G > C were detected in 319 patients using gene chip detection. The target heart rate was defined as a resting heart rate

[Purpose] This study sets out to investigate whether a short-term high-intensity arm ergometer exercise plan can be of benefit to adults whose poor ventilatory function places them at risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [Subjects and Methods] A pre-experimental design with a convenience sample was employed. The study enrolled 30 adult smokers, aged between 18-25 years old, all of whom were at a high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The participants did a daily 20-minute high-intensity arm ergometer exercise, at 75% target heart rate, at the same time over a period of three days. The forced vital capacity test manoeuvre was carried out before the sessions, and once all three had been done. [Results] The study demonstrated a sizeable increase in the mean values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second. The mean values of expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity as well as peak expiratory flow rate were not significant statistically. [Conclusion] Although further studies, using larger sampling groups, need to be carried out, this research demonstrates that adults at high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improve lung function by following short-term high-intensity arm ergometer exercise.

Background: Normal coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) (≥ 2) obtained in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) from transthoracic echocardiography is associated with a good prognosis, but there is no study correlating CFVR with submaximal target heart rate (HR). Objective: To evaluate the prognostic value of CFVR obtained in the LAD of patients with preserved (>50%) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) who completed a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE), considering target HR. Methods: Prospective study of patients with preserved LVEF and CFVR obtained in the LAD who completed DSE. In Group I (GI = 31), normal CFVR was obtained before achieving target HR, and, in Group II (GII = 28), after that. Group III (G III=24) reached target HR, but CFVR was abnormal. Death, acute coronary insufficiency, coronary intervention, coronary angiography without further intervention, and hospitalization were considered events. Results: In 28 ± 4 months, there were 18 (21.6%) events: 6% (2/31) in GI, 18% (5/28) in GII, and 46% (11/24) in GIII. There were 4 (4.8%) deaths, 6 (7.2%) coronary interventions and 8 (9.6%) coronary angiographies without further intervention. In event-free survival by regression analysis, GIII had more events than GI (p < 0.001) and GII (p < 0.045), with no difference between GI and GII (p = 0.160). After adjustment, the only difference was between GIII and GI (p = 0.012). Conclusion: In patients with preserved LVEF and who completed their DSE, normal CFVR obtained before achieving target HR was associated with better prognosis.

Dobutamine atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) is a widely used alternative to exercise stress in evaluation of suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD). Nearly one-fourth of adults undergoing DASE fail to reach target heart rate (≥85% predicted maximum for age). The latter has been

By introducing a collaborative aesthetic-driven virtual fitness game, we give a possible solution to guide and encourage people who have sedentary lifestyle to do regular physical activity with enough intensity, duration and frequency. This method bridges physical interaction with a stationary bicycle and visual changes in a virtual environment, and combines it with a multiplayer game. During the test of game playing, individual participant’s effort to meet their own target heart rate zone contributes to a team effort of aesthetic immersion overall.

We describe a wearable sensor developed for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) exercise. To effectively guide CR exercise, the dedicated CR wearable sensor (DCRW) automatically recommends the exercise intensity to the patient by comparing heart rate (HR) measured in real time with a predefined target heart rate zone (THZ) during exercise. The CR exercise includes three periods: pre-exercise, exercise with intensity guidance, and post-exercise. In the pre-exercise period, information such as THZ, exercise type, exercise stage order, and duration of each stage are set up through a smartphone application we developed for iPhones and Android devices. The set-up information is transmitted to the DCRW via Bluetooth communication. In the period of exercise with intensity guidance, the DCRW continuously estimates HR using a reflected pulse signal in the wrist. To achieve accurate HR measurements, we used multichannel photo sensors and increased the chances of acquiring a clean signal. Subsequently, we used singular value decomposition (SVD) for de-noising. For the median and variance of RMSEs in the measured HRs, our proposed method with DCRW provided lower values than those from a single channel-based method and template-based multiple-channel method for the entire exercise stage. In the post-exercise period, the DCRW transmits all the measured HR data to the smartphone application via Bluetooth communication, and the patient can monitor his/her own exercise history.

Lower limbs tiredness is a widely accepted indicator for recovery state prediction. The study was designed and purposed to know the rate and trend of lower limbs tiredness recovery after strenuous workout in passive state. Ten athletes from LNIPE, Gwalior having almost similar anthropometric measurements, physiological capacity, chronological age(18-19 year), training age(5-6 year), event(sprinters) etc. residing in same campus having similar daily routine were selected as participant in this experiment. The experiment was conducted in a highly controlled environment using sophisticate equipments. Target Heart Rate Zone of the workout lasting for 20 minutes was 80%-90% of their Maximum Heart Rate. Three readings including pre, post and 30 minutes post workout was considered for both the two tests (Isometric Leg Strength Test and Sergeant Jump Test) selected for the purpose. rANOVA was employed separately to derive out meaningful information from the raw data. In both the tests well controlled workout for 20 minutes resulted in significant increase state of post workout readings. With passage of time after 30 minutes post passive recovery there was no improvement in state of tiredness. Thus scope of future research is there in planning out means and methods to promote lower limbs tiredness recovery during this post recovery period. Keyword: Isometric Leg Strength Test, Sergeant Jump Test, Recovery, rANOVA

The effect of heart rate on plasma fibrinolytic activity was investigated in nine patients with dual chamber cardiac pacemakers before and after 10 min of stimulated tachycardia to 123 beats/min. The results were compared to seven volunteers who performed submaximal exercise to 90% target heart rate and to five of the seven who underwent a second period of exercise to a heart rate of 120 beats/min. During submaximal exercise (mean heart rate 152 beats/min) the median ECLT fell from 248 min (interquartile range 147.5-305) to 90 (55-202) P less than 0.01 and t-PA:Ag increased from 6.1 ng/ml (3.92-7.95) to 9.3 (8.45-12.7), P less than 0.025. PAI and PAI-1:Ag fell from 12.0 IU/ml (5.85-15.5) to 4.1 (1.85-11.67), P less than 0.01, and 9.7 ng/ml (2.8-10.6) to 6.7 (2.1-9.9), P less than 0.01 respectively. A lower level of exercise to 120 beats/min resulted in a reduction in ECLT from 215 min (167.5-228.5) to 135 (116-154), P = 0.05 and an increase in t-PA:Ag from 4 ng/ml (3.07-4.45) to 5.0 (3.3-5.22) P less than 0.05. PAI and PAI-1:Ag fell from 7.6 IU/ml (3.27-8.5) to 7.1 (2.77-7.4) and from 7.7 ng/ml (6.0-7.92) to 6.4 (4.8-7.3) respectively but these changes were not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate body composition and body image of women doing CrossFit, Pilates and Zumba exercises. Material and Methods: This study was carried out to investigate body composition and body areas satisfaction of women doing CrossFit, Pilates and Zumba exercises, 80 women voluntarily being in an average age of 42.74±8.47 voluntarily participated in the research. The women were grouped into two such as experimental (n=45) and control (n=35). The women in experimental group were applied 30-70min mixed exercises (CrossFit, Plates, Zumba) for 4 days in a week throughout 12 weeks to have target heart rate of 50-60%. Results: A significant difference was found between body weight and BMI pre-test and post-test values of women who were applied mixed exercise program (CrossFit, Pilates, Zumba). There was a decrease in both body weight and average means of BMI of women. A significant difference was found between body areas satisfaction pre-test and post-test values of women who were applied CrossFit, Pilates, Zumba exercise program. While pre-test value of body areas satisfaction of women who were applied mixed exercise program was determined as 31.68±6.11, its post-test value was 35.68±5.02. It is remarkable that while body weight and BMI of women doing exercises decreased, their body areas satisfaction values increased. It was indicated that the body areas satisfaction of women having weight loss increased. A significant difference was not found between body weight, BMI and body areas satisfaction pre-test and post-test values of women in control group. Conclusion : It was concluded that there were positive effects on body weight, BMI and body image.

The purpose of this study was to determine new equations from the relationship of % .VO 2max versus %HRmax, based on direct measures of oxygen uptake, in four exercise modes (leg cycling, rowing, stepping and running), in young adult females and males with low risk for cardiovascular disease. Ten adult males and ten females volunteered for the study. The participants performed an incremental test for each exercise mode until exhaustion. Regression analyses were carried out for each participant at a target % of VO 2max and %HRmax was computed. At 40-90% .VO 2max, the regression equations predicted similar values of %HRmax for males and females in the four exercise modes. In contrast, estimated %HRmax for cycling was higher at 40-70% .VO 2max, when compared with stepping and running. The results support the notion that a single equation to predict target heart rate values for both males and females can be applied. Furthermore, at light and moderate intensities, leg cycling produces different % .VO 2max-%HRmax regression equations than stepping and running

Problem statement: Social comparison theory was used to examine if exercising with a research confederate posing as either high fit or low fit would increase the exertion in exercising. Approach: 91 college students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Biking alone, biking with a high fit confederate, or biking with a low fit confederate. All participants were instructed to complete 20 min of exercise at 60-70% of their maximum target heart rate. Results: Results indicated that participants in the high fit condition exercised harder than those in the low fit condition. However, no mood differences emerged between conditions. Conclusion: Social comparison theory predicts exercise outcome such that participants gravitate towards the behavior (high fit or low fit) of those around them.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is widely used during follow-up after cardiac transplant for the diagnosis of allograft vasculopathy. We investigated the effect of donor–recipient age difference on the ability to reach target heart rate (HR) during DSE. All cardiac transplant patients who were undergoing DSE over a 3-year period in a single institution were reviewed. Target HR was specified as 85%×(220–patient age). Further patient and donor demographics were obtained from the local transplant database. 61 patients (45 male, 55±12 years) were stressed with a median dose of 40mcg/kg per min dobutamine. Only 37 patients (61%) achieved target HR. Donor hearts were mostly younger (mean 41±14 years, PPP=0.003) than those with younger donors did. Patients with older donors were less likely to achieve target HR (18% vs 67%, P=0.003). In conclusion, donor–recipient age difference affects the likelihood of achieving target HR and should be considered when a patient is consistently unable to achieve ‘adequate’ stress according to the patient’s age.

The purpose of this study was to determine how physical education students’ cardiovascular responses as determined by mean heart rate, standard deviation of heart rate, and percentage of time in target heart rate zone varied according to student characteristics. Participants were 505 students in Grades 3 through 12. The Polar Accurex Plus heart rate telemetry system was used to measure the physiological load on the cardiovascular system. Three-way ANOVA results suggested that heart rate patterns in physical education varied according to gender, grade, and activity. For example, secondary school girls were more active in individual activities while secondary school boys were more active in team sport activities. Elementary students were the most active group and had the most variability in their heart rate patterns.

In cardiac rehabilitation, physical activity is essential, but the intensity of exertion as defined by the heart rate should be kept within specific limits. A heart rate monitor helps the user maintain the target range of physical exertion for maximum benefit. According to experts, visual heart rate display are often distracting and uncomfortable. In this paper, we present the results of a less intrusive approach where heart rate zones are encoded with continuous vibro-tactile feedback. In a participatory design study, we obtained designs for tactile heart rate displays, and in a user study with 16 participants we evaluated one design in comparison to a common design. In a second study with 20 participants, we showed that users are able to assess and maintain their optimal heart rate significantly better using our design.