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Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę zwięzłego przedstawienia przemian prawodawstwa polskiego dotyczącego energetyki, jakie nastąpiły w okresie od końca II wojny światowej w 1945 r. do uchwalenia ustawy Prawo energetyczne w 1997 r., a więc na przestrzeni ponad 50 lat. W tym czasie można wyróżnić kilka najważniejszych rozdziałów w historii prawa energetycznego: nacjonalizację, zmianę ustroju gospodarczego, w tym ustroju energetyki, elektryfikację, konsolidację ustawodawstwa czy (nieudany) rozwój energetyki jądrowej. Od upadku komunizmu i odzyskania suwerenności w 1989 r. również w energetyce rozpoczęły się reformy wolnorynkowe, których kulminacją na gruncie prawa było uchwalenie i wejście w życie Prawa energetycznego.

Wysokotemperaturowe reaktory jądrowe to jedna z technologii, która może być wykorzystana w energetyce i ciepłownictwie. W szczególności reaktory te mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w przemyśle jako źródło wysokotemperaturowego ciepła technologicznego, eliminując tym samym paliwa kopalne jak węgiel i gaz oraz umożliwiając przedsiębiorstwom energochłonnym produkcję energii elektrycznej i ciepła na własne potrzeby. Jednym z istotnych czynników w rozwoju tej technologii jest określenie właściwych ram prawnych. W 2017 roku zespół doradczy Ministra Energii opublikował raport na temat możliwości wdrożenia reaktorów wysokotemperaturowych w Polsce. Raport ten oprócz aspektów technicznych i ekonomicznych poruszał także problematykę prawną. Niniejszy tekst jest głosem w dyskusji na ten temat, podejmując częściowo polemikę z ustaleniami raportu, wskazując niektóre błędne założenia oraz udowadniając, że budowa reaktorów wysokotemperaturowych w Polsce może odbywać się na podstawie obecnie istniejących przepisów.

Nowadays a lot of people are trying to make maps, and especially digital maps. A wide range of computer tools and high graphic capabilities have together made maps increasingly popular and seemingly easy to prepare for any person who can use a computer. It seems necessary to verify the bases of the cartographic presentation methods. There is a need for a new, formalized view of the method as a sequence of steps from data collection, to correct presentation, to map. Two terms related to cartographic presentation should be distinguished in this article: “methods” and “forms.” A method is understood as the process by which data is transformed into a presentation. A form is understood as the end result of this process, i.e. the resulting graphical image or map. In the article five types of cartographic presentation are indicated. In the successive types, one can observe an increasing degree of complexity of cartographic presentation.

The rules for choropleth map design have not been fully established. One of the controversial issues is the characteristics of the quantitative data which is accepted for the creation of choropleth maps. There are two ways of expressing data: absolute and relative.Absolute data should be understood as pure data which is not related to any other data. This type of data is the result of measuring or counting. Relative data is data which is associated with other data and expressed as a fraction. The division of data into the two categories is widely accepted by cartographers, but the way in which they are interpreted varies. Determining what absolute data is, seems simple. On the other hand it is not so evident how to choose between the several different terms that are used to determine how relative data is described.The dividing of the data types into more detailed parts at first leads to separation into four main types of data:absolute unprocessed – e.g. number of Toyota cars sold (Fig. 1a);absolute processed – e.g. percentage of Toyota cars sold (Fig. 1b);relative unprocessed – e.g. average points scored of the Spanish language exam (Fig. 1c);relative processed – e.g. average percentage of points scored in the Spanish language exam (Fig. 1d).Some data types cannot be classified either as relative or absolute. This approach leads to indirect data types, for example:data that can be considered to be absolute processed, and relative unprocessed (e.g. the number of cars per family in Poland, treated as the total number of cars related to the number of families or the average number of cars per family),data that can be classified as absolute processed, and relative processed (e.g. the increase in the average number of cars per family in Poland in the last decade).The occurrence of a problem with an ambiguous data type classification leads to a situation in which different types of data are used to create choropleth maps. It is necessary to make an extension to the classification of data types, and indicate which of these categorically cannot be used for choropleth maps.For choropleth maps, cartographers accept the use of different types of relative data, which can also be unrelated to area. At the same time, many cartographers are convinced that absolute data should be presented using a proportional symbol map. Visualising absolute data using choropleth maps seems to be inappropriate due to difficulties in interpreting the data resulting from the different sizes of enumeration units. When reading a choropleth map based on absolute data, the size of the enumeration units should be omitted.It seems that the perception of choropleth maps created for relative data, and which are not calculated taking into account the area of the enumeration units, should be just as difficult as the perception is of choropleth maps created for absolute data.The opinion that absolute data cannot be used to elaborate choropleth maps is unacceptable. In this study, the relationship between the difficulty in using absolute data presented on choropleth maps and the profit resulting from graphical continuity, which is a great advantage of this form of cartographic presentation, was considered. This study contains empirical research on the choropleth maps created for absolut and relative, unprocessed and processed data. The research was conducted in Poland in 2019. There were over 500 participants. They were asked to analyse maps and solve different types of tasks. The time and correctness of response were examined to look for differences between the maps created for different data types. The research verified whether relative and absolute data work better when are presented by choropleth maps or proportional symbols.

Proportional point symbols are commonly used in map displays. However, when such displays are zoomed out, the available map space shrinks and consequently symbols overlap and the display suffers from visual clutter. Therefore, solutions are needed to reduce visual clutter in zoomable map displays that contain proportional point symbols. The authors add to the body of knowledge through the investigation of the performance of three solutions: aggregation of unit areas, the displacement of overlapping symbols, and modified symbolization; four variations of modified symbolization are examined in detail. The original study begins with a consideration of the strengths and weaknesses of the solutions, with an emphasis on information loss. Thereafter, user sessions with 165 participants are arranged to gain empirical evidence of the performance of the solutions. The results reveal that although participants zoom out the map to zoom levels that implement visual clutter reduction techniques, they tend to zoom in the map and pan it to examine specific areas. Moreover, they willingly use the map with aggregated unit areas in cases when the solution facilitates task accomplishment. A certain amount of skepticism attaches to the solution that displaces overlapping symbols.

The online Atlas kartograficznych metod prezentacji [Atlas of cartographic presentation methods, hereinafter the Atlas] is a research project being carried out at the Department of Cartography of the University of Warsaw. The aim of the project is to systematize knowledge about the use of cartographic presentation methods. This study discusses selected issues related to two of the five presentation methods analysed in the project, viz. the choropleth map and the diagram map. A rational application of two quite commonly-used presentation methods leads to a number of problems. These problems are most easily visible during attempts to program its implementation in the web-based Atlas and are largely due to the difficulties with drawing a clear boundary between what is a good and a bad map. For this reason, the system operator’s skill and eye for the graphics of semi-automated visualisation seem to be of key importance.