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1. Cool topoclimates promote cold-adapted plant diversity in temperate mountain forests

Author: Borderieux, Jeremy, De Lombaerde, Emiel, De Pauw, Karen, Sanczuk, Pieter, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, De Frenne, Pieter, Gégout, Jean-Claude, and Serra-Diaz, Josep
Subjects: Community ecology, forest, topoclimate, microclimate, topography, climatic refugia, diversity, understory vegetation, Archaeology, CC1-960, Science
Abstract: Climate strongly influences the composition and diversity of forest plant communities. Recent studies have highlighted the role of tree canopies in shaping understory thermal conditions at small spatial scales (i.e. microclimate), especially in lowland forests. In mountain forests, however, the influence of topography in environmental conditions (i.e., topoclimate) is ought to also influence plants’ perceived temperature. Understanding how topography and canopies interactively affect understory temperature is key to identifying stable refugia that could shelter cold-adapted forest specialist plants under climate change. Here we report on growing season understory temperatures using 48 loggers in contrasting topographic features and canopy of a mid-range mountain valley spanning from 475 m a.s.l. to 1203 m a.s.l. in the Vosges Mountains (NE France). We disentangle the relative importance and the effects of topography vs. canopy in determining local temperatures. We then evaluate how topography and canopy-induced variation in temperature drive plant community composition and richness in 306 floristic surveys across the studied mountain valley. Our results show that topography outweighed canopy cover in explaining growing season understory temperatures. Regardless of canopy, the daily mean temperature of the growing season in south-facing ridges was 1.5 °C (CI: 0.62 – 2.38°C) warmer than shaded valley bottoms, while dense canopies cooled temperatures by 0.5 °C (CI: 0.02 – 0.98 °C) compared to less dense canopies. Topoclimate explained community composition as much as elevation and was the only significant predictor of species richness. Cold topoclimates harbored 30% more species than the average species richness across our plots. This increase in species richness was explained by an increase of cold-adapted species, both forest specialist and generalist species. Our findings highlight a stronger role of topography compared to canopy cover on community composition in mountain forests via topoclimatic cooling of north-facing slopes and valley bottoms. The importance of topographic features to explain temperature cooling and diversity underpins their role as present and likely future microrefugia.
Published: 2025
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2. Context matters: the landscape matrix determines the population genetic structure of temperate forest herbs across Europe

Author: Naaf, Tobias, Feigs, Jannis Till, Huang, Siyu, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Frenne, Pieter, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Meeussen, Camille, Plue, Jan, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Verheyen, Kris, Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J., and Kramp, Katja
Published: 2022
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3. Sensitivity to habitat fragmentation across European landscapes in three temperate forest herbs

Author: Naaf, Tobias, Feigs, Jannis Till, Huang, Siyu, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Frenne, Pieter, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Helsen, Kenny, Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Meeussen, Camille, Plue, Jan, Poli, Pedro, Spicher, Fabien, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Verheyen, Kris, Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J., and Kramp, Katja
Published: 2021
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4. Forest canopies as nature‐based solutions to mitigate global change effects on people and nature.

Author: Verheyen, Kris, Gillerot, Loïc, Blondeel, Haben, De Frenne, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, Depauw, Leen, Lorer, Eline, Sanczuk, Pieter, Schreel, Jeroen, Vanneste, Thomas, Wei, Liping, and Landuyt, Dries
Subjects: FOREST canopies, FOREST ecology, FOREST management, EVIDENCE gaps, BIOLOGICAL invasions
Abstract: Via sheltering, decoupling and buffering mechanisms, tree canopies have the capacity to mitigate impacts of multiple global‐change drivers on below‐canopy processes and organisms in forests. As a result, canopies have an important potential as nature‐based solution.The optimal combinations of forest canopy structural attributes to jointly mitigate the impacts of multiple global‐change drivers on below‐canopy organisms and processes have received little attention to date.To help solving this research gap, here we review how forest canopies modulate the effects of four important global‐change drivers—climate warming, drought, air pollution and biological invasions—on below‐canopy conditions. Particular attention is paid to mitigating canopy attributes that can be influenced by forest management, including canopy cover, tree species composition and vertical and horizontal structure.Synthesis. We show that the potential of forest canopies to mitigate global‐change effects is highly context‐dependent and that optimal canopy‐based solutions strongly depend on the environmental context and the targeted subcanopy organisms. Hence, holistic approaches, which maximize synergies and minimize trade‐offs, are needed to optimize the solution potential of forest canopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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5. Unexpected westward range shifts in European forest plants link to nitrogen deposition

Author: Sanczuk, Pieter, Verheyen, Kris, Lenoir, Jonathan, Zellweger, Florian, Lembrechts, Jonas J., Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Baeten, Lander, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, De Pauw, Karen, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Perring, Michael P., Berki, Imre, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, Chudomelová, Markéta, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Decocq, Guillaume, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Greiser, Caroline, Hédl, Radim, Heinken, Thilo, Jandt, Ute, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Landuyt, Dries, Macek, Martin, Máliš, František, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Petřík, Petr, Reczyńska, Kamila, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Staude, Ingmar R., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Vanneste, Thomas, Vild, Ondrej, Waller, Donald, De Frenne, Pieter, Sanczuk, Pieter, Verheyen, Kris, Lenoir, Jonathan, Zellweger, Florian, Lembrechts, Jonas J., Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Baeten, Lander, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, De Pauw, Karen, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Perring, Michael P., Berki, Imre, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, Chudomelová, Markéta, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Decocq, Guillaume, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Greiser, Caroline, Hédl, Radim, Heinken, Thilo, Jandt, Ute, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Landuyt, Dries, Macek, Martin, Máliš, František, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Petřík, Petr, Reczyńska, Kamila, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Staude, Ingmar R., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Vanneste, Thomas, Vild, Ondrej, Waller, Donald, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Climate change is commonly assumed to induce species’ range shifts toward the poles. Yet, other environmental changes may affect the geographical distribution of species in unexpected ways. Here, we quantify multidecadal shifts in the distribution of European forest plants and link these shifts to key drivers of forest biodiversity change: climate change, atmospheric deposition (nitrogen and sulfur), and forest canopy dynamics. Surprisingly, westward distribution shifts were 2.6 times more likely than northward ones. Not climate change, but nitrogen-mediated colonization events, possibly facilitated by the recovery from past acidifying deposition, best explain westward movements. Biodiversity redistribution patterns appear complex and are more likely driven by the interplay among several environmental changes than due to the exclusive effects of climate change alone.
Published: 2024

6. Trait–micro-environment relationships of forest herb communities across Europe

Author: Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Aim: The microclimate and light conditions on the forest floor are strongly modified by tree canopies. Therefore, we need to better consider the micro-environment when quantifying trait–environment relationships for forest understorey plants. Here, we quantify relationships between micro-environmental conditions and plant functional traits at the community level, including intraspecific trait variation, and their relationship with microclimate air temperature, light and soil properties. Location: Deciduous temperate forests across Europe. Time period: 2018. Major taxa studied: Herbaceous vegetation. Methods: We sampled 225 plots across 15 regions along four complementary gradients capturing both macro- and microclimatic conditions including latitude, elevation, forest management and distance to forest edges. We related the community-weighted mean of five plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area [SLA], plant carbon [C], plant nitrogen [N] and plant C:N ratio) across 150 vascular plant species to variation in local microclimate air temperature, light and soil properties. We tested the effect of accounting for intraspecific variation in trait–environment relationships and performed variation partitioning to identify major drivers of trait variation. Results: Microclimate temperature, light availability and soil properties were all important predictors of community-weighted mean functional traits. When light availability and variation in temperature were higher, the herb community often consisted of taller plants with a higher C:N ratio. In more productive environments (e.g. with high soil nitrogen availability), the community was dominated by individuals with resource-acquisitive traits: high SLA and N but low C:N. Including intraspecific trait variation increased the strength of the trait–micro-environment relationship, and increased the importance of light availability. Main conclusions: The trait–environment relationships were much stronger when the
Published: 2024
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7. The urban heat island accelerates litter decomposition through microclimatic warming in temperate urban forests

Author: De Pauw, Karen, Depauw, Leen, Cousins, Sara, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Diekmann, Martin, Frey, David, Kwietniowska, Katarzyna, Lenoir, Jonathan, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, Depauw, Leen, Cousins, Sara, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Diekmann, Martin, Frey, David, Kwietniowska, Katarzyna, Lenoir, Jonathan, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forests worldwide are experiencing fragmentation, with especially important consequences for ecosystems bordering urbanized areas. Urban forests are exposed to local warming due to the urban heat island which affects their biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. A key ecosystem function affecting carbon and nutrient cycling in forests is litter decomposition, a process driven by the local microclimate. Thus, our aim was to clarify the impact of the urban heat island on litter decomposition in urban forests. We studied soil microclimate and litter decomposition in six urban forests across Europe and along local gradients from the urban forest edge to the interior. To quantify decomposition independent from local forest composition and litter quality, we used standardized green tea and rooibos tea litterbags. We determined the role of the soil microclimate and other environmental drivers for litter decomposition. Secondly, we assessed effects of edge proximity and landscape context on the soil microclimate. Soil characteristics were only driving green tea and not rooibos tea decomposition. On the contrary, higher soil temperatures resulted in faster rates of litter decomposition for both green and rooibos tea and were related to the proximity to the forest edge and the proportion of built-up area in the landscape. Via structural equation modelling we detected cascading effects of the urban heat island on litter decomposition. Such changes in litter decomposition have the potential to alter the soil food web, nutrient cycling and carbon drawdown in urban forests, and could result in significant interactions between urbanisation and ongoing climate change.
Published: 2024
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8. Trade-offs in biodiversity and ecosystem services between edges and interiors in European forests

Author: Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, De Pauw, Karen, Sanczuk, Pieter, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, De Pauw, Karen, Sanczuk, Pieter, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forest biodiversity and ecosystem services are hitherto predominantly quantified in forest interiors, well away from edges. However, these edges also represent a substantial proportion of the global forest cover. Here we quantified plant biodiversity and ecosystem service indicators in 225 plots along forest edge-to-interior transects across Europe. We found strong trade-offs: phylogenetic diversity (evolutionary measure of biodiversity), proportion of forest specialists, decomposition and heatwave buffering increased towards the interior, whereas species richness, nectar production potential, stemwood biomass and tree regeneration decreased. These trade-offs were mainly driven by edge-to-interior structural differences. As fragmentation continues, recognizing the role of forest edges is crucial for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem service considerations into sustainable forest management and policy.
Published: 2024
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9. Taking sides? Aspect has limited influence on soil environment or litter decomposition in pan-European study of roadside verges

Author: Plymouth University, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Research Foundation - Flanders, Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Graae, B. J. [0000-0002-5568-4759], Vangansbeke, Pieter [0000-0002-6356-2858], Amstutz, A., Firth, Louise, Spicer, John I., De Frenne, Pieter, Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Graae, B. J., Kuś, S., Lindmo, S., Orczewska, A., Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Hanley, Mick E., Plymouth University, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Research Foundation - Flanders, Gómez Aparicio, Lorena [0000-0001-5122-3579], Graae, B. J. [0000-0002-5568-4759], Vangansbeke, Pieter [0000-0002-6356-2858], Amstutz, A., Firth, Louise, Spicer, John I., De Frenne, Pieter, Gómez Aparicio, Lorena, Graae, B. J., Kuś, S., Lindmo, S., Orczewska, A., Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, and Hanley, Mick E.
Abstract: In addition to well-known effects on species ecophysiology, phenology, and distributions, climate change is widely predicted to impact essential ecosystem services such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. While temperature and soil moisture are thought to influence litter decomposition, elucidating consistent soil process responses to observed or predicted shifts in climate have proven difficult to evidence. Here we investigated how aspect (i.e., north-south orientation), a natural model for variation in soil temperature, influenced soil physico-chemical conditions and decomposition of two standardised litter types (Green tea and Rooibos teabags) in Pole-facing (PF) and Equator-facing (EF) roadside verges spanning a 3000 km and 27° latitudinal gradient across Europe. Despite average daily temperatures being 1.5 - 3.0 °C warmer on EF than PF slopes, there were only minor region-specific differences in initial soil physico-chemical conditions and short-term variation in litter decomposition (i.e., litter mass loss was higher in EF-verges for the first month of deployment only) associated with aspect. We conclude that previously observed differences in soil environments and the decomposition process associated with slope orientation, is largely litter or environment specific, although medium-term soil-decomposition in semi-natural grassland ecosystems may also be insensitive to the magnitude of temperature variation within the range predicted by the IPCC SSP1–2.6 emissions scenario. Nonetheless, consistent average and extreme temperature differences between adjacent PF- and EF-aspects along roadside verges provides a model system to explore exactly how resilient the soil environment and the micro-organisms responsible for decomposition, are to temperature variation.
Published: 2024

10. Limited effects of population age on the genetic structure of spatially isolated forest herb populations in temperate Europe

Author: Huang, Siyu, primary, Feigs, Jannis Till, additional, Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J., additional, Kramp, Katja, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Decocq, Guillaume, additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Liira, Jaan, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, and Naaf, Tobias, additional
Published: 2024
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11. Functional trait variation of forest understorey plant communities across Europe

Author: Vanneste, Thomas, Valdés, Alicia, Verheyen, Kris, Perring, Michael P., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Andrieu, Emilie, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A.O., Deconchat, Marc, De Smedt, Pallieter, Diekmann, Martin, Ehrmann, Steffen, Heinken, Thilo, Hermy, Martin, Kolb, Annette, Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Naaf, Tobias, Paal, Taavi, Wulf, Monika, Decocq, Guillaume, and De Frenne, Pieter
Published: 2019
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12. Trait–micro‐environment relationships of forest herb communities across Europe

Author: Govaert, Sanne, primary, Meeussen, Camille, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Bollmann, Kurt, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Calders, Kim, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, De Pauw, Karen, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Graae, Bente J., additional, Hedwall, Per‐Ola, additional, Iacopetti, Giovanni, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Lindmo, Sigrid, additional, Orczewska, Anna, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Sanczuk, Pieter, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2023
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13. Microclimate and forest density drive plant population dynamics under climate change

Author: Sanczuk, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Luoto, Miska, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, Brunet, Jorg, Cousins, Sara, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Uria-Diez, Jaime, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Sanczuk, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Luoto, Miska, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, Brunet, Jorg, Cousins, Sara, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Uria-Diez, Jaime, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Macroclimatic changes are impacting ecosystems worldwide. However, a large portion of terrestrial species live under conditions where impacts of macroclimate change are buffered, such as in the shade of trees, and how this buffering impacts future below-canopy biodiversity redistributions at the continental scale is unknown. Here we show that shady forest floors due to dense tree canopies mitigate severe warming impacts on forest biodiversity, while canopy opening amplifies macroclimate change impacts. A cross-continental transplant experiment in five contrasting biogeographical areas combined with experimental heating and irradiation treatments was used to parametize 25-m resolution mechanistic demographic distribution models and project the current and future distributions of 12 common understorey plant species, considering the effects of forest microclimate and forest cover density. These results highlight microclimates and forest density as powerful tools for forest managers and policymakers to shelter forest biodiversity from climate change. The impacts of microclimate on future plant population dynamics are poorly understood. The authors use large-scale transplant climate change experiments to show the contribution of forest microclimates to population dynamics and project the distributions of 12 common understorey plants.
Published: 2023
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14. GrassPlot - a Database of Multi-Scale Plant Diversity in Palaearctic Grasslands

Author: Dengler, Jurgen, Wagner, Victoria, Dembicz, Iwona, Garcfa-Mijangos, ltziar, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Boch, Steffen, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Conradi, Timo, Filibeck, Goffredo, Guarino, Riccardo, Janisova, Monika, Steinbauer, Manuel J, Acic, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Allers, Marc-Andre, Apostolova, Iva, Axmanova, Irena, Bakan, Branko, Baranova, Alina, Bardy-Durchhalter, Manfred, Bartha, Sandor, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Becker, Ute, Belonovskaya, Elena, Bengtsson, Karin, Alonso, Jose Luis Benito, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Bonini, Ilaria, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Alvaro, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, Frenne, Pieter De, Deak, Balazs, Didukh, Yakiv P, Diekmann, Martin, Dolnik, Christian, Dupre, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ermakov, Nikolai, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Escudero, Adrian, Etayo, Javier, Fajmonova, Zuzana, Felde, Vivian A, Calzado, Maria Rosa Fernandez, Finckh, Manfred, Fotiadis, Georgios, Fracchiolla, Mariano, Ganeva, Anna, Garcfa-Magro, Daniel, Gavilan, Rosario G, Germany, Markus, Giladi, ltamar, Gillet, Francois, Galdo, Gian Pietro Giusso del, Gonzalez, Jose M, Grytnes, John-Arvid, Hajek, Michal, Hajkova, Petra, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercedes, Hettenbergerova, Eva, Hobohm, Carsten, Hullbusch, Elisabeth M, lngerpuu, Nele, Jandt, Ute, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Jeschke, Michael, Jimenez-Alfaro, Borja, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kavgaci, Ali, Kelemen, Andras, Kiehl, Kathrin, Koyama, Asuka, Koyanagi, Tamayo F, Kozub, Lukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen, Landi, Sara, Langer, Nancy, Lastrucci, Lorenzo, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lelli, Chiara, Leps, Jan, Lobel, Swantje, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L, Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Marceno, Corrado, Mardari, Constantin, Mauchamp, Leslie, May, Felix, Michelsen, Ottar, Mesa, Joaquin Melero, Molnar, Zsolt, Moysiyenko, Ivan Y, Nakaga, Yuko K, Natcheva, Rayna, Noroozi, Jalil, Pakeman, Robin J, Palpurina, Salza, Partel, Meelis, Patsch, Ricarda, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Peet, Robert K, Pielech, Remigiusz, Pipenbaher, Natasa, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pleskova, Zuzana, Polyakova, Mariya A, Prentice, Honor C, Reinecke, Jennifer, Reitalu, Triin, Rodriguez-Rojo, Maria Pilar, Rolecek, Jan, Rankin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Rosen, Ejvind, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Sanchez, Ana Marfa, Savchenko, Galina, Schuhmacher, Oliver, Skornik, Sonja, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevanovic-Dajic, Zora, Stock, Marin, Suchrow, Sigrid, Sutcliffe, Laura M.E, Swacha, Grzegorz, Sykes, Martin, Szabo, Anna, Talebi, Amir, Tanase, Catalin, Terzi, Massimo, Tolgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Torok, Peter, Tothmeresz, Bela, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, loannis, Tzonev, Rossen, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valko, Orsolya, Maarel, Eddy van der, Vanneste, Thomas, Vashenyak, luliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Kasie, Ivana Vitasovic, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Went, Julia, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Winkler, Manuela, Zaniewski, Piotr T, Zhang, Hui, Ziv, Varon, Znamenskiy, Sergey, and Biurrun, ldoia
Subjects: Geosciences (General), Documentation And Information Science
Abstract: GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG)and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). GrassPlot collects plot records (releves) from grasslands and other open habitats of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm. It focuses on precisely delimited plots of eight standard grain sizes (0.0001; 0.001; ... 1,000 m_) and on nested-plot series withat least four different grain sizes. The usage of GrassPlot is regulated through Bylaws that intend to balance the interests of data contributors and data users. The current version (v. 1.00) contains data for approximately 170,000 plots of different sizes and 2,800 nested-plot series. The key components are richness data and metadata.However, most included datasets also encompass compositional data. About 14,000 plots have near-complete records of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in addition to vascular plants. At present, GrassPlot contains data from 36 countries throughout the Palaearctic, spread across elevational gradients and major grassland types. GrassPlot with its multi-scale and multi-taxon focus complements the larger international vegetation plot databases, such as the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and the global database "sPlot". Its main aim is to facilitate studies on the scale- and taxon-dependency of biodiversity patterns and drivers along macroecological gradients. GrassPlot is a dynamic database and will expand through new data collection coordinated by the elected Governing Board. We invite researchers with suitable data to join GrassPlot. Researchers with project ideas addressable with GrassPlot data are welcome to submit proposals to the Governing Board.
Published: 2018
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15. Soil seed bank responses to edge effects in temperate European forests

Author: Gasperini, Cristina, primary, Bollmann, Kurt, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Decocq, Guillaume, additional, De Pauw, Karen, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Govaert, Sanne, additional, Graae, Bente J., additional, Hedwall, Per‐Ola, additional, Iacopetti, Giovanni, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Lindmo, Sigrid, additional, Meeussen, Camille, additional, Orczewska, Anna, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Sanczuk, Pieter, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, Zellweger, Florian, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, and Frenne, Pieter De, additional
Published: 2022
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16. Hedgerows as a habitat for forest plant species in the agricultural landscape of Europe

Author: Litza, Kathrin, Alignier, Audrey, Closset-Kopp, Déborah, Ernoult, Aude, Mony, Cendrine, Staley, Joanna, Osthaus, Magdalena, Van Den Berge, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Diekmann, Martin, Litza, Kathrin, Alignier, Audrey, Closset-Kopp, Déborah, Ernoult, Aude, Mony, Cendrine, Staley, Joanna, Osthaus, Magdalena, Van Den Berge, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, and Diekmann, Martin
Abstract: Hedgerows are semi-natural wooded habitats and an important element in agricultural landscapes across Western and North-Western Europe. They reduce erosion, function as carbon sinks and thus provide essential ecosystem services. Moreover, they form a structurally diverse ecosystem for numerous taxa and connect otherwise fragmented forest habitats. This study compiled data from the hedgerow-rich oceanic regions of Europe, covering a gradient from Southern Sweden to Northern France, to analyse the influence of management, landscape context and climate variables on the number of herbaceous forest specialists in hedgerows. The species frequencies in hedgerows were related to their functional traits to identify plant characteristics that are beneficial for species dispersal and persistence in hedgerows. Our results show that numerous forest plant species, but not all, can thrive in hedgerows. Those are likely thermophilic, tolerant against regular disturbance and able to disperse efficiently. Hedgerows in regions that are warm or that are impacted by heat and drought events contain fewer forest species. Intensive adjacent land-use had a negative impact on forest species richness, while the surrounding forest cover was not significantly important. In congruence with previous regional studies, wider hedgerows contain more forest species, which is most likely caused by a more effective buffering of the microclimate. Thus, hedgerow width gains in importance in times of climate change and increasing extreme weather events. It is a key factor for habitat quality also on a European scale that needs to be considered for future management strategies.
Published: 2022

17. Soil seed bank responses to edge effects in temperate European forests

Author: Gasperini, Cristina, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Selvi, Federico, De Frenne, Pieter, Gasperini, Cristina, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Selvi, Federico, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Aim: The amount of forest edges is increasing globally due to forest fragmentation and land-use changes. However, edge effects on the soil seed bank of temperate forests are still poorly understood. Here, we assessed edge effects at contrasting spatial scales across Europe and quantified the extent to which edges can preserve the seeds of forest specialist plants. Location: Temperate European deciduous forests along a 2,300-km latitudinal gradient. Time period: 2018-2021. Major taxa studied: Vascular plants. Methods: Through a greenhouse germination experiment, we studied how edge effects alter the density, diversity, composition and functionality of forest soil seed banks in 90 plots along different latitudes, elevations and forest management types. We also assessed which environmental conditions drive the seed bank responses at the forest edge versus interior and looked at the relationship between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness. Results: Overall, 10,108 seedlings of 250 species emerged from the soil seed bank. Seed density and species richness of generalists (species not only associated with forests) were higher at edges compared to interiors, with a negative influence of C : N ratio and litter quality. Conversely, forest specialist species richness did not decline from the interior to the edge. Also, edges were compositionally, but not functionally, different from interiors. The correlation between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness was positive and affected by microclimate. Main conclusions: Our results underpin how edge effects shape species diversity and composition of soil seed banks in ancient forests, especially increasing the proportion of generalist species and thus potentially favouring a shift in community composition. However, the presence of many forest specialists suggests that soil seed banks still play a key role in understorey species persistence and could support the resilience of our fragmented forests.
Published: 2022
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18. Maintaining forest cover to enhance temperature buffering under future climate change

Author: De Lombaerde, Emiel, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Lenoir, Jonathan, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Lembrechts, Jonas, Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Luoto, Miska, Scheffers, Brett, Haesen, Stef, Aalto, Juha, Christiansen, Ditte Marie, De Pauw, Karen, Depauw, Leen, Govaert, Sanne, Greiser, Caroline, Hampe, Arndt, Hylander, Kristoffer, Klinges, David, Koelemeijer, Irena, Meeussen, Camille, Ogée, Jerome, Sanczuk, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Zellweger, Florian, Baeten, Lander, De Frenne, Pieter, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Lenoir, Jonathan, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Lembrechts, Jonas, Rodríguez-Sánchez, Francisco, Luoto, Miska, Scheffers, Brett, Haesen, Stef, Aalto, Juha, Christiansen, Ditte Marie, De Pauw, Karen, Depauw, Leen, Govaert, Sanne, Greiser, Caroline, Hampe, Arndt, Hylander, Kristoffer, Klinges, David, Koelemeijer, Irena, Meeussen, Camille, Ogée, Jerome, Sanczuk, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Zellweger, Florian, Baeten, Lander, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forest canopies buffer macroclimatic temperature fluctuations. However, we do not know if and how the capacity of canopies to buffer understorey temperature will change with accelerating climate change. Here we map the difference (offset) between temperatures inside and outside forests in the recent past and project these into the future in boreal, temperate and tropical forests. Using linear mixed-effect models, we combined a global database of 714 paired time series of temperatures (mean, minimum and maximum) measured inside forests vs. in nearby open habitats with maps of macroclimate, topography and forest cover to hindcast past (1970–2000) and to project future (2060–2080) temperature differences between free-air temperatures and sub-canopy microclimates. For all tested future climate scenarios, we project that the difference between maximum temperatures inside and outside forests across the globe will increase (i.e. result in stronger cooling in forests), on average during 2060–2080, by 0.27 ± 0.16 °C (RCP2.6) and 0.60 ± 0.14 °C (RCP8.5) due to macroclimate changes. This suggests that extremely hot temperatures under forest canopies will, on average, warm less than outside forests as macroclimate warms. This knowledge is of utmost importance as it suggests that forest microclimates will warm at a slower rate than non-forested areas, assuming that forest cover is maintained. Species adapted to colder growing conditions may thus find shelter and survive longer than anticipated at a given forest site. This highlights the potential role of forests as a whole as microrefugia for biodiversity under future climate change.
Published: 2022
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19. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author: Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Björkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Høistad Schei, Fride, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Björkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Høistad Schei, Fride, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander
Abstract: Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.
Published: 2022
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20. Forest understorey communities respond strongly to light in interaction with forest structure, but not to microclimate warming

Author: De Pauw, Karen, Sanczuk, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Depauw, Leen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Uria-Diez, Jaime, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, Sanczuk, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Depauw, Leen, De Lombaerde, Emiel, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Uria-Diez, Jaime, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forests harbour large spatiotemporal heterogeneity in canopy structure. This variation drives the microclimate and light availability at the forest floor. So far, we do not know how light availability and sub-canopy temperature interactively mediate the impact of macroclimate warming on understorey communities. We therefore assessed the functional response of understorey plant communities to warming and light addition in a full factorial experiment installed in temperate deciduous forests across Europe along natural microclimate, light and macroclimate gradients. Furthermore, we related these functional responses to the species’ life-history syndromes and thermal niches. We found no significant community responses to the warming treatment. The light treatment, however, had a stronger impact on communities, mainly due to responses by fast-colonizing generalists and not by slow-colonizing forest specialists. The forest structure strongly mediated the response to light addition and also had a clear impact on functional traits and total plant cover. The effects of short-term experimental warming were small and suggest a time-lag in the response of understorey species to climate change. Canopy disturbance, for instance due to drought, pests or logging, has a strong and immediate impact and particularly favours generalists in the understorey in structurally complex forests.
Published: 2022
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21. Soil seed bank responses to edge effects in temperate European forests

Author: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Gasperini, Cristina, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per‐Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Selvi, Federico, Frenne, Pieter De, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Gasperini, Cristina, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per‐Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Meeussen, Camille, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Spicher, Fabien, Vanneste, Thomas, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Selvi, Federico, and Frenne, Pieter De
Abstract: Aim: The amount of forest edges is increasing globally due to forest fragmentation and land-use changes. However, edge effects on the soil seed bank of temperate forests are still poorly understood. Here, we assessed edge effects at contrasting spatial scales across Europe and quantified the extent to which edges can preserve the seeds of forest specialist plants. Location: Temperate European deciduous forests along a 2,300-km latitudinal gradient. Time period: 2018–2021. Major taxa studied: Vascular plants. Methods: Through a greenhouse germination experiment, we studied how edge effects alter the density, diversity, composition and functionality of forest soil seed banks in 90 plots along different latitudes, elevations and forest management types. We also assessed which environmental conditions drive the seed bank responses at the forest edge versus interior and looked at the relationship between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness. Results: Overall, 10,108 seedlings of 250 species emerged from the soil seed bank. Seed density and species richness of generalists (species not only associated with forests) were higher at edges compared to interiors, with a negative influence of C : N ratio and litter quality. Conversely, forest specialist species richness did not decline from the interior to the edge. Also, edges were compositionally, but not functionally, different from interiors. The correlation between the seed bank and the herb layer species richness was positive and affected by microclimate. Main conclusions: Our results underpin how edge effects shape species diversity and composition of soil seed banks in ancient forests, especially increasing the proportion of generalist species and thus potentially favouring a shift in community composition. However, the presence of many forest specialists suggests that soil seed banks still play a key role in understorey species persistence and could support the resilience of our fragmented forests.
Published: 2022

22. The European Forest Plant Species List (EuForPlant): Concept and applications

Author: Heinken, Thilo, Diekmann, Martin, Liira, Jaan, Orczewska, Anna, Schmidt, Marcus, Brunet, Jörg, Chytrý, Milan, Chabrerie, Olivier, Decocq, Guillaume, De Frenne, Pieter, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dzwonko, Zbigniew, Ewald, Jörg, Feilberg, Jon, Graae, Bente Jessen, Grytnes, John Arvid, Hermy, Martin, Kriebitzsch, Wolf Ulrich, Laiviņš, Māris, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Marage, Damien, Marozas, Vitas, Niemeyer, Thomas, Paal, Jaanus, Pyšek, Petr, Roosaluste, Elle, Sádlo, Jiří, Schaminée, Joop H.J., Tyler, Torbjörn, Verheyen, Kris, Wulf, Monika, Vanneste, Thomas, Heinken, Thilo, Diekmann, Martin, Liira, Jaan, Orczewska, Anna, Schmidt, Marcus, Brunet, Jörg, Chytrý, Milan, Chabrerie, Olivier, Decocq, Guillaume, De Frenne, Pieter, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dzwonko, Zbigniew, Ewald, Jörg, Feilberg, Jon, Graae, Bente Jessen, Grytnes, John Arvid, Hermy, Martin, Kriebitzsch, Wolf Ulrich, Laiviņš, Māris, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Marage, Damien, Marozas, Vitas, Niemeyer, Thomas, Paal, Jaanus, Pyšek, Petr, Roosaluste, Elle, Sádlo, Jiří, Schaminée, Joop H.J., Tyler, Torbjörn, Verheyen, Kris, Wulf, Monika, and Vanneste, Thomas
Abstract: Question: When evaluating forests in terms of their biodiversity, distinctiveness and naturalness, the affinity of the constituent species to forests is a crucial parameter. Here we ask to what extent are vascular plant species associated with forests, and does species’ affinity to forests vary between European regions?. Location: Temperate and boreal forest biome of Northwestern and Central Europe. Methods: We compiled EuForPlant, a new extensive list of forest vascular plant species in 24 regions spread across 13 European countries using vegetation databases and expert knowledge. Species were region-specifically classified into four categories reflecting the degree of their affinity to forest habitats: 1.1, species of forest interiors; 1.2, species of forest edges and forest openings; 2.1, species that can be found in forest as well as open vegetation; and 2.2, species that can be found partly in forest, but mainly in open vegetation. An additional “O” category was distinguished, covering species typical for non-forest vegetation. Results: EuForPlant comprises 1,726 species, including 1,437 herb-layer species, 159 shrubs, 107 trees, 19 lianas and 4 epiphytic parasites. Across regions, generalist forest species (with 450 and 777 species classified as 2.1 and 2.2, respectively) significantly outnumbered specialist forest species (with 250 and 137 species classified as 1.1 and 1.2, respectively). Even though the degree of shifting between the categories of forest affinity among regions was relatively low (on average, 17.5%), about one-third of the forest species (especially 1.2 and 2.2) swapped categories in at least one of the study regions. Conclusions: The proposed list can be used widely in vegetation science and global change ecology related to forest biodiversity and community dynamics. Shifting of forest affinity among regions emphasizes the importance of a continental-scale forest plant species list with regional specificity.
Published: 2022

23. Vegetation change on mountaintops in northern Sweden : Stable vascular-plant but reordering of lichen and bryophyte communities

Author: Wu Chen Hagenberg, Liyenne, Vanneste, Thomas, Opedal, Øystein H., Petlund, Hanne Torsdatter, Björkman, Mats P., Björk, Robert G., Holien, Håkon, Limpens, Juul, Molau, Ulf, Graae, Bente Jessen, De Frenne, Pieter, Wu Chen Hagenberg, Liyenne, Vanneste, Thomas, Opedal, Øystein H., Petlund, Hanne Torsdatter, Björkman, Mats P., Björk, Robert G., Holien, Håkon, Limpens, Juul, Molau, Ulf, Graae, Bente Jessen, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Alpine ecosystems harbor remarkably diverse and distinct plant communities that are characteristically limited to harsh, and cold climatic conditions. As a result of thermal limitation to species occurrence, mountainous ecosystems are considered to be particularly sensitive to climate change. Our understanding of the impact of climate change is mainly based on vascular plants however, whereas cryptogams (i.e., lichens and bryophytes) are generally neglected or simply considered as one functional group. Here we aimed to improve our understanding of the drivers underlying temporal changes in vegetation of alpine ecosystems. To this end, we repeatedly surveyed the vegetation on four mountain summits along an elevational gradient in northern Sweden spanning a 19-year period. Our results show that the vascular plant communities remained relatively stable throughout the study period, despite fluctuations in terms of ground cover and species richness of shrubs and graminoids. In contrast, both lichens and bryophytes substantially decreased in cover and diversity, leading to alterations in community composition that were unrelated to vascular plant cover. Thermophilization of the vascular plant community was found only on the two intermediate summits. Our findings are only partially consistent with (long-term) climate-change impacts, and we argue that local non-climatic drivers such as herbivory might offset vegetation responses to warming. Hence, we underline the importance of considering local non-climatic drivers when evaluating temporal vegetation change in biologically complex systems.
Published: 2022

24. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Gobierno de Aragón, Junta de Castilla y León, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministry of Research and Innovation (Romania), Dutch Research Council, European Research Council, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Office of Education and Science, Swiss National Park, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Projekt DEAL, Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Calster, Hans Van, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Gobierno de Aragón, Junta de Castilla y León, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Austrian Science Fund, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ministry of Research and Innovation (Romania), Dutch Research Council, European Research Council, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Office of Education and Science, Swiss National Park, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Projekt DEAL, Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Calster, Hans Van, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers-Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander
Abstract: Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.
Published: 2022

25. The use of photos to investigate ecological change

Author: Depauw, Leen, primary, Blondeel, Haben, additional, De Lombaerde, Emiel, additional, De Pauw, Karen, additional, Landuyt, Dries, additional, Lorer, Eline, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2022
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26. Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author: Staude, Ingmar R., primary, Pereira, Henrique M., additional, Daskalova, Gergana N., additional, Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Pauli, Harald, additional, Van Calster, Hans, additional, Vellend, Mark, additional, Bjorkman, Anne D., additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Hédl, Radim, additional, Jandt, Ute, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Wipf, Sonja, additional, Wulf, Monika, additional, Andrews, Christopher, additional, Barančok, Peter, additional, Barni, Elena, additional, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, additional, Bennie, Jonathan, additional, Berki, Imre, additional, Blüml, Volker, additional, Chudomelová, Markéta, additional, Decocq, Guillaume, additional, Dick, Jan, additional, Dirnböck, Thomas, additional, Durak, Tomasz, additional, Eriksson, Ove, additional, Erschbamer, Brigitta, additional, Graae, Bente Jessen, additional, Heinken, Thilo, additional, Schei, Fride Høistad, additional, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, additional, Kopecký, Martin, additional, Kudernatsch, Thomas, additional, Macek, Martin, additional, Malicki, Marek, additional, Máliš, František, additional, Michelsen, Ottar, additional, Naaf, Tobias, additional, Nagel, Thomas A., additional, Newton, Adrian C., additional, Nicklas, Lena, additional, Oddi, Ludovica, additional, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, additional, Palaj, Andrej, additional, Petraglia, Alessandro, additional, Petřík, Petr, additional, Pielech, Remigiusz, additional, Porro, Francesco, additional, Puşcaş, Mihai, additional, Reczyńska, Kamila, additional, Rixen, Christian, additional, Schmidt, Wolfgang, additional, Standovár, Tibor, additional, Steinbauer, Klaus, additional, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, additional, Teleki, Balázs, additional, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, additional, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, additional, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Vergeer, Philippine, additional, Vild, Ondřej, additional, Villar, Luis, additional, Vittoz, Pascal, additional, Winkler, Manuela, additional, and Baeten, Lander, additional
Published: 2021
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27. Context matters: the landscape matrix determines the population genetic structure of temperate forest herbs across Europe

Author: Naaf, Tobias, primary, Feigs, Jannis Till, additional, Huang, Siyu, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Decocq, Guillaume, additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Govaert, Sanne, additional, Hedwall, Per-Ola, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Liira, Jaan, additional, Meeussen, Camille, additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Holzhauer, Stephanie I. J., additional, and Kramp, Katja, additional
Published: 2021
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28. Forest understorey communities respond strongly to light in interaction with forest structure, but not to microclimate warming

Author: De Pauw, Karen, primary, Sanczuk, Pieter, additional, Meeussen, Camille, additional, Depauw, Leen, additional, De Lombaerde, Emiel, additional, Govaert, Sanne, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Gasperini, Cristina, additional, Hedwall, Per‐Ola, additional, Iacopetti, Giovanni, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Uria‐Diez, Jaime, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2021
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29. Consistent replacement of small- by large-ranged plant species across habitats

Author: Schmidt, Wolfgang, Michelsen, Ottar, Pauli, Harald, De Frenne, Pieter, Wulf, Monika, Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus, Daskalova, Gergana, Palaj, Andrej, Macek, Martin, Nagel, Thomas, Oddi, Ludovica, Naaf, Tobias, Bennie, Jonathan, Turtureanu, Pavel, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Vanneste, Thomas, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Blüml, Volker, Durak, Tomasz, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Vergeer, Philippine, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Graae, Bente, Pielech, Remigiusz, Bjorkman, Anne, Schei, Fride, Malicki, Marek, Standovár, Tibor, Andrews, Christopher, Porro, Francesco, Petřík, Petr, Pereira, Henrique, Jandt, Ute, Rixen, Christian, Wipf, Sonja, Myers-Smith, Isla, Lenoir, Jonathan, Hédl, Radim, Staude, Ingmar, Vellend, Mark, Chudomelová, Markéta, Barančok, Peter, Reczyńska, Kamila, Dick, Jan, Teleki, Balázs, Heinken, Thilo, Pușcaș, Mihai, Berki, Imre, Benito-Alonso, José-Luis, Vild, Ondřej, Máliš, František, Dirnböck, Thomas, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Verheyen, Kris, Brunet, Jörg, Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Baeten, Lander, Barni, Elena, Eriksson, Ove, Newton, Adrian, Van Calster, Hans, Nicklas, Lena, Villar, Luis, Ortmann-Ajkai, Adrienne, Petraglia, Alessandro, Kopecký, Martin, and Steinbauer, Klaus
Subjects: bepress|Life Sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Biodiversity
Abstract: The direction and magnitude of long-term changes in local plant species richness are highly variable among studies, while species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it is unknown whether the nature of species turnover is idiosyncratic or whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. To address this question, we analyzed the trajectories of 1,827 vascular plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites in three habitats in Europe – mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands. Consistent across all habitats, we found that plant species with small geographic ranges tended to be replaced by species with large ranges, despite habitat-specific trends in species richness. Our results point to a predictable component of species turnover, likely explained by aspects of species’ niches correlated with geographic range size. Species with larger ranges tend to be associated with nutrient-rich sites and we found community composition shifts towards more nutrient-demanding species in all three habitats. Global changes involving increased resource availability are thus likely to favor large-ranged, nutrient-demanding species, which are typically strong competitors. Declines of small-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. Our study highlights the need to consider the traits of species such as the geographic range size when predicting how ecological communities will respond to global change.
Published: 2021
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30. Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats

Author: Biurrun, Idoia, Biurrun, Idoia, Pielech, Remigiusz, Dembicz, Iwona, Gillet, François, Kozub, Lukasz, Marcenò, Corrado, Reitalu, Triin, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Guarino, Riccardo, Chytrý, Milan, Pakeman, Robin J., Preislerová, Zdenka, Axmanová, Irena, Burrascano, Sabina, Bartha, Sándor, Boch, Steffen, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Conradi, Timo, De Frenne, Pieter, Essl, Franz, Filibeck, Goffredo, Hájek, Michal, Jiménez- Alfaro, Borja, Kuzemko, Anna, Molnár, Zsolt, Pärtel, Meelis, Pätsch, Ricarda, Prentice, Honor C., Roleček, Jan, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Terzi, Massimo, Winkler, Manuela, Wu, Jianshuang, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Afif, Elias, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alatalo, Juha M., Aleffi, Michele, Aleksanyan, Alla, Ali, Arshad, Apostolova, Iva, Ashouri, Parvaneh, Bátori, Zoltán, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Belonovskaya, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Prasad Bhatta, Kuber, Bonini, Ilaria, Büchler, Marc-Olivier, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Álvaro, Buldrini, Fabrizio, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Ceulemans, Tobias, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Csergo, Anna Maria, Cykowska-Marzencka, Beata, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, Czarnocka-Cieciura, Marta, Czortek, Patryk, Danihelka, Jiri, de Bello, Francesco, Deák, Balázs, Demeter, László, Deng, Lei, Diekmann, Martin, Dolezal, Jiri, Dolnik, Christian, Drevojan, Pavel, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Etayo, Javier, Etzold, Jonathan, Farkas, Tünde, Farzam, Mohammad, Fayvush, George, Fernández Calzado, Maria Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fjellstad, Wendy, Fotiadis, Georgios, Garcia-Margo, Daniel, Garcia-Mijangos, Itziar, Gavilán, Rosario G., Germany, Markus, Ghafari, Sahar, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Grytnes, John- Arvid, Güler, Behlül, Gutiérrez- Girón, Alba, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercedes, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jagerbrand, Annika K., Jandt, Ute, Janišová, Monika, Jeanneret, Philippe, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kargar, Mansoureh, Kelemen, Andras, Kiehl, Kathrin, Kirschner, Philipp, Koyama, Asuka, Langer, Nancy, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lepš, Jan, Li, Ching- Feng, Li, Frank Yonghong, Liendo, Diego, Lindborg, Regina, Löbel, Swantje, Lomba, Angela, Lososova, Zdenka, Lustyk, Pavel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Ma, Wenhong, Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Manthey, Michael, Mardari, Constantin, May, Felix, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Seraina Meier, Eliane, Memariani, Farshid, Merunkova, Kristina, Michelsen, Ottar, Molero Mesa, Joaquin, Moradi, Halime, Moysiyenko, Ivan, Mugnai, Michele, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Natcheva, Rayna, Ninot, Josep M., Nobis, Marcin, Noroozi, Jalil, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Palpurina, Salza, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Pedersen, Christian, Peet, Robert K., Pérez- Haase, Aaron, Peters, Jan, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pladevall- Izard, Eulàlia, Plesková, Zuzana, Potenza, Giovanna, Rahmanian, Soroor, Rodriguez-Rojo, Maria-Pilar, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljević, Marko, Sanaei, Anvar, Sánchez, Ana M., Santi, Francesco, Savchenko, Galina, Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Shyriaieva, Dariia, Silva, Vasco, Škornik, Sonja, Šmerdová, Eva, Sonkoly, Judit, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevens, Carly, Stifter, Simon, Suchrow, Sigrid, Swacha, Grzegorz, Swierszcz, Sebastian, Talebi, Amir, Teleki, Balázs, Tichy, Lubomir, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Turisová, Ingrid, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valkó, Orsolya, Van Mechelen, Carmen, Vanneste, Thomas, Vasheniak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Vitasović-Kosić, Ivana, Vojtkó, András, Vynokurov, Denys, Waldén, Emelie, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Wen, Lu, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Widmer, Stefan, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wróbel, Anna, Yuan, Zuoqiang, Zelený, David, Zhao, Liqing, Dengler, Jürgen, Biurrun, Idoia, Biurrun, Idoia, Pielech, Remigiusz, Dembicz, Iwona, Gillet, François, Kozub, Lukasz, Marcenò, Corrado, Reitalu, Triin, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Guarino, Riccardo, Chytrý, Milan, Pakeman, Robin J., Preislerová, Zdenka, Axmanová, Irena, Burrascano, Sabina, Bartha, Sándor, Boch, Steffen, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Conradi, Timo, De Frenne, Pieter, Essl, Franz, Filibeck, Goffredo, Hájek, Michal, Jiménez- Alfaro, Borja, Kuzemko, Anna, Molnár, Zsolt, Pärtel, Meelis, Pätsch, Ricarda, Prentice, Honor C., Roleček, Jan, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Terzi, Massimo, Winkler, Manuela, Wu, Jianshuang, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Afif, Elias, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alatalo, Juha M., Aleffi, Michele, Aleksanyan, Alla, Ali, Arshad, Apostolova, Iva, Ashouri, Parvaneh, Bátori, Zoltán, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Belonovskaya, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Prasad Bhatta, Kuber, Bonini, Ilaria, Büchler, Marc-Olivier, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Álvaro, Buldrini, Fabrizio, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Ceulemans, Tobias, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Csergo, Anna Maria, Cykowska-Marzencka, Beata, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, Czarnocka-Cieciura, Marta, Czortek, Patryk, Danihelka, Jiri, de Bello, Francesco, Deák, Balázs, Demeter, László, Deng, Lei, Diekmann, Martin, Dolezal, Jiri, Dolnik, Christian, Drevojan, Pavel, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Etayo, Javier, Etzold, Jonathan, Farkas, Tünde, Farzam, Mohammad, Fayvush, George, Fernández Calzado, Maria Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fjellstad, Wendy, Fotiadis, Georgios, Garcia-Margo, Daniel, Garcia-Mijangos, Itziar, Gavilán, Rosario G., Germany, Markus, Ghafari, Sahar, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Grytnes, John- Arvid, Güler, Behlül, Gutiérrez- Girón, Alba, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercedes, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jagerbrand, Annika K., Jandt, Ute, Janišová, Monika, Jeanneret, Philippe, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kargar, Mansoureh, Kelemen, Andras, Kiehl, Kathrin, Kirschner, Philipp, Koyama, Asuka, Langer, Nancy, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lepš, Jan, Li, Ching- Feng, Li, Frank Yonghong, Liendo, Diego, Lindborg, Regina, Löbel, Swantje, Lomba, Angela, Lososova, Zdenka, Lustyk, Pavel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Ma, Wenhong, Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Manthey, Michael, Mardari, Constantin, May, Felix, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Seraina Meier, Eliane, Memariani, Farshid, Merunkova, Kristina, Michelsen, Ottar, Molero Mesa, Joaquin, Moradi, Halime, Moysiyenko, Ivan, Mugnai, Michele, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Natcheva, Rayna, Ninot, Josep M., Nobis, Marcin, Noroozi, Jalil, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Palpurina, Salza, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Pedersen, Christian, Peet, Robert K., Pérez- Haase, Aaron, Peters, Jan, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pladevall- Izard, Eulàlia, Plesková, Zuzana, Potenza, Giovanna, Rahmanian, Soroor, Rodriguez-Rojo, Maria-Pilar, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljević, Marko, Sanaei, Anvar, Sánchez, Ana M., Santi, Francesco, Savchenko, Galina, Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Shyriaieva, Dariia, Silva, Vasco, Škornik, Sonja, Šmerdová, Eva, Sonkoly, Judit, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevens, Carly, Stifter, Simon, Suchrow, Sigrid, Swacha, Grzegorz, Swierszcz, Sebastian, Talebi, Amir, Teleki, Balázs, Tichy, Lubomir, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Turisová, Ingrid, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valkó, Orsolya, Van Mechelen, Carmen, Vanneste, Thomas, Vasheniak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Vitasović-Kosić, Ivana, Vojtkó, András, Vynokurov, Denys, Waldén, Emelie, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Wen, Lu, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Widmer, Stefan, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wróbel, Anna, Yuan, Zuoqiang, Zelený, David, Zhao, Liqing, and Dengler, Jürgen
Abstract: Understanding fine-grain diversity patterns across large spatial extents is fundamental for macroecological research and biodiversity conservation. Using the GrassPlot database, we provide benchmarks of fine-grain richness values of Palaearctic open habitats for vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and complete vegetation (i.e., the sum of the former three groups). Location: Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods: We used 126,524 plots of eight standard grain sizes from the GrassPlot database: 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 m2 and calculated the mean richness and standard deviations, as well as maximum, minimum, median, and first and third quartiles for each combination of grain size, taxonomic group, biome, region, vegetation type and phytosociological class. Results: Patterns of plant diversity in vegetation types and biomes differ across grain sizes and taxonomic groups. Overall, secondary (mostly semi-natural) grasslands and natural grasslands are the richest vegetation type. The open-access file ”GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks” and the web tool “GrassPlot Diversity Explorer” are now available online (https://edgg.org/databases/GrasslandDiversityExplorer) and provide more insights into species richness patterns in the Palaearctic open habitats. Conclusions: The GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks provide high-quality data on species richness in open habitat types across the Palaearctic. These benchmark data can be used in vegetation ecology, macroecology, biodiversity conservation and data quality checking. While the amount of data in the underlying GrassPlot database and their spatial coverage are smaller than in other extensive vegetation-plot databases, species recordings in GrassPlot are on average more complete, making it a valuable complementary data source in macroecology.
Published: 2021

31. Small scale environmental variation modulates plant defence syndromes of understorey plants in deciduous forests of Europe

Author: Sanczuk, Pieter, Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, De Pauw, Karen, Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, Moreira, Xoaquín, Schoelynck, Jonas, De Boevre, Marthe, De Saeger, Sarah, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Plue, Jan, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Vermeir, Pieter, Calders, Kim, Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Sanczuk, Pieter, Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, De Pauw, Karen, Vanneste, Thomas, Depauw, Leen, Moreira, Xoaquín, Schoelynck, Jonas, De Boevre, Marthe, De Saeger, Sarah, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Plue, Jan, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Vermeir, Pieter, Calders, Kim, Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Aim: Variation in plant defence traits has been frequently assessed along large-scale macroclimatic clines. In contrast, local-scale changes in the environment have recently been proposed to also modulate plant defence traits. Yet, the relative importance of drivers at both scales has never been tested. We aimed to quantify the relative importance of environmental drivers inherent to large and small spatial scales on the physical and chemical defence and tolerance to herbivory in understorey plant species of deciduous forests of Europe. Location: Deciduous forests in Europe. Time period: Present. Major taxa studied: Forest understorey plants. Methods: We sampled four typical ancient forest herbs (Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis acetosella, Deschampsia cespitosa, Milium effusum) along small and large spatial scale gradients (those driven by latitude, elevation, forest management and distance to the forest edge), and analysed a suite of nine constitutively expressed traits associated with overall resistance to herbivory, and their multivariate response to environmental clines. Results: Although our study included a large gradient in macroclimate, we found variation in the local environment at small spatial scales (i.e. soil nutrient concentration and forest structural complexity) to be more important in predicting plant resistance to herbivory. Main conclusions: In addition to macroclimatic conditions, subtle differences in forest microclimate and soil characteristics also played a major role in modulating plant defence phenotypes. These findings highlight the importance of the local habitat structure and environmental conditions in modulating plant resistance to herbivory.
Published: 2021
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32. Directional turnover towards larger‐ranged plants over time and across habitats

Author: Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, Baeten, Lander, Staude, Ingmar R., Pereira, Henrique M., Daskalova, Gergana N., Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, Diekmann, Martin, Pauli, Harald, Van Calster, Hans, Vellend, Mark, Bjorkman, Anne D., Brunet, Jörg, De Frenne, Pieter, Hédl, Radim, Jandt, Ute, Lenoir, Jonathan, Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Verheyen, Kris, Wipf, Sonja, Wulf, Monika, Andrews, Christopher, Barančok, Peter, Barni, Elena, Benito‐Alonso, José‐Luis, Bennie, Jonathan, Berki, Imre, Blüml, Volker, Chudomelová, Markéta, Decocq, Guillaume, Dick, Jan, Dirnböck, Thomas, Durak, Tomasz, Eriksson, Ove, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Graae, Bente Jessen, Heinken, Thilo, Schei, Fride Høistad, Jaroszewicz, Bogdan, Kopecký, Martin, Kudernatsch, Thomas, Macek, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Máliš, František, Michelsen, Ottar, Naaf, Tobias, Nagel, Thomas A., Newton, Adrian C., Nicklas, Lena, Oddi, Ludovica, Ortmann‐Ajkai, Adrienne, Palaj, Andrej, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petřík, Petr, Pielech, Remigiusz, Porro, Francesco, Puşcaş, Mihai, Reczyńska, Kamila, Rixen, Christian, Schmidt, Wolfgang, Standovár, Tibor, Steinbauer, Klaus, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Teleki, Balázs, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Vanneste, Thomas, Vergeer, Philippine, Vild, Ondřej, Villar, Luis, Vittoz, Pascal, Winkler, Manuela, and Baeten, Lander
Abstract: Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.
Published: 2021

33. Microclimatic edge-to-interior gradients of European deciduous forests

Author: Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Global forest cover is heavily fragmented. Due to high edge-to-surface ratios in small forest patches, a large proportion of forests is affected by edge influences involving steep microclimatic gradients. Although forest edges are important ecotones and account for 20% of the global forested area, it remains unclear how biotic and abiotic drivers affect forest edge microclimates at the continental scale. Here we report soil and air temperatures measured in 225 deciduous forest plots across Europe for two years. Forest stands were situated along a latitudinal gradient and subject to a varying vegetation structure as quantified by terrestrial laser scanning. In summer, the average offset of air and soil temperatures in forest edges compared to temperatures outside the forest amounted to -2.8 degrees C and -2.3 degrees C, respectively. Edge-to-interior summer temperature gradients were affected by the macroclimate and edge structure. From the edge onwards, larger offsets were observed in dense forest edges and in warmer, southern regions. In open forests and northern Europe, altered microclimatic conditions extended deeper into the forest and gradients were steeper. Canopy closure and plant area index were important drivers of summer offsets in edges, whereas in winter also the forest-floor biomass played a key role. Using high-resolution maps, we estimated that approximately 10% of the European broadleaved forests would be affected by altered temperature regimes. Gradual transition zones between forest and adjacent lands are valuable habitat types for edge species. However, if cool and moist forest interiors are desired, then (i) dense and complex forest edges, (ii) an undisturbed forested buffer zone of at least 12.5 m deep and (iii) trees with a high shade casting ability could all contribute to an increased offset. These findings provide important guidelines to mitigate edge influences, to protect typical forest microclimates and to adapt forest management to clima
Published: 2021
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34. Microclimatic edge-to-interior gradients of European deciduous forests

Author: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A.O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A.O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Gasperini, Cristina, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Sanczuk, Pieter, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Global forest cover is heavily fragmented. Due to high edge-to-surface ratios in small forest patches, a large proportion of forests is affected by edge influences involving steep microclimatic gradients. Although forest edges are important ecotones and account for 20% of the global forested area, it remains unclear how biotic and abiotic drivers affect forest edge microclimates at the continental scale. Here we report soil and air temperatures measured in 225 deciduous forest plots across Europe for two years. Forest stands were situated along a latitudinal gradient and subject to a varying vegetation structure as quantified by terrestrial laser scanning. In summer, the average offset of air and soil temperatures in forest edges compared to temperatures outside the forest amounted to -2.8 °C and -2.3 °C, respectively. Edge-to-interior summer temperature gradients were affected by the macroclimate and edge structure. From the edge onwards, larger offsets were observed in dense forest edges and in warmer, southern regions. In open forests and northern Europe, altered microclimatic conditions extended deeper into the forest and gradients were steeper. Canopy closure and plant area index were important drivers of summer offsets in edges, whereas in winter also the forest-floor biomass played a key role. Using high-resolution maps, we estimated that approximately 10% of the European broadleaved forests would be affected by altered temperature regimes. Gradual transition zones between forest and adjacent lands are valuable habitat types for edge species. However, if cool and moist forest interiors are desired, then (i) dense and complex forest edges, (ii) an undisturbed forested buffer zone of at least 12.5 m deep and (iii) trees with a high shade casting ability could all contribute to an increased offset. These findings provide important guidelines to mitigate edge influences, to protect typical forest microclimates and to adapt forest management to climate change.
Published: 2021

35. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understorey plants respond differently to environmental conditions in European forest edges

Author: De Pauw, Karen, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Sanczuk, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Bernhardt-Romermann, Markus, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jorg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Vermeir, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, De Pauw, Karen, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Sanczuk, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Bernhardt-Romermann, Markus, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jorg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Hedwall, Per-Ola, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Verbeeck, Hans, Vermeir, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forest biodiversity world-wide is affected by climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, and today 20% of the forest area is located within 100 m of a forest edge. Still, forest edges harbour a substantial amount of terrestrial biodiversity, especially in the understorey. The functional and phylogenetic diversity of forest edges have never been studied simultaneously at a continental scale, in spite of their importance for the forests' functioning and for communities' resilience to future change. We assessed nine metrics of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understorey plant communities in 225 plots spread along edge-to-interior gradients in deciduous forests across Europe. We then derived the relative effects and importance of edaphic, stand and landscape conditions on the diversity metrics. Here, we show that taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity metrics respond differently to environmental conditions. We report an increase in functional diversity in plots with stronger microclimatic buffering, in spite of their lower taxonomic species richness. Additionally, we found increased taxonomic species richness at the forest edge, but in forests with intermediate and high openness, these communities had decreased phylogenetic diversity. Functional and phylogenetic diversity revealed complementary and important insights in community assembly mechanisms. Several environmental filters were identified as potential drivers of the patterns, such as a colder macroclimate and less buffered microclimate for functional diversity. For phylogenetic diversity, edaphic conditions were more important. Interestingly, plots with lower soil pH had decreased taxonomic species richness, but led to increased phylogenetic diversity, challenging the phylogenetic niche conservatism concept. Synthesis. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understorey communities in forest edges respond differently to environmental conditions, providing insight int
Published: 2021
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36. Drivers of carbon stocks in forest edges across Europe

Author: Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Haesen, Stef, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Verbeeck, Hans, Vermeir, Pieter, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Haesen, Stef, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Calders, Kim, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Verbeeck, Hans, Vermeir, Pieter, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forests play a key role in global carbon cycling and sequestration. However, the potential for carbon drawdown is affected by forest fragmentation and resulting changes in microclimate, nutrient inputs, disturbance and productivity near edges. Up to 20% of the global forested area lieswithin 100 m of an edge and, even in temperate forests, knowledge on howedge conditions affect carbon stocks and howfar this influence penetrates into forest interiors is scarce. Here we studied carbon stocks in the aboveground biomass, forest floor and the mineral topsoil in 225 plots in deciduous forest edges across Europe and tested the impact of macroclimate, nitrogen deposition and smaller-grained drivers (e.g. microclimate) on these stocks. Total carbon and carbon in the aboveground biomass stock were on average 39% and 95% higher at the forest edge than 100 m into the interior. The increase in the aboveground biomass stock close to the edgewas mainly related to enhanced nitrogen deposition. No edge influence was found for stocks in the mineral topsoil. Edge-to-interior gradients in forest floor carbon changed across latitude: carbon stocks in the forest floor were higher near the edge in southern Europe. Forest floor carbon decreased with increasing litter quality (i.e. high decomposition rate) and decreasing plant area index, whereas higher soil temperatures negatively affected the mineral top soil carbon. Based on high-resolution forest fragmentation maps, we estimate that the additional carbon stored in deciduous forest edges across Europe amounts to not less than 183 Tg carbon, which is equivalent to the storage capacity of 1 million ha of additional forest. This study underpins the importance of including edge influences when quantifying the carbon stocks in temperate forests and stresses the importance of preserving natural forest edges and small forest patches with a high edge-to-interior surface area.
Published: 2021
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37. Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats

Author: Bavarian Research Foundation, International Association for Vegetation Science, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Czech Science Foundation, Estonian Research Council, Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Science and Technology Center in Ukraine, Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, Swedish Institute, Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Province, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tyrolean Science Fund, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, National Geographic Society, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), National Science Centre (Poland), Russian Science Foundation, University of Latvia Foundation, Slovenian Research Agency, Biurrun, Idoia, Pielech, Remigiusz, Dembicz, Iwona, Gillet, François, Kozub, Łukasz, Marcenò, Corrado, Reitalu, Triin, Meerbeek, Koenraad Van, Guarino, Riccardo, Chytrý, Milan, Pakeman, Robin J., Kargar, Mansoureh, Kelemen, András, Kiehl, Kathrin, Kirschner, Philipp, Koyama, Asuka, Swacha, Grzegorz, Langer, Nancy, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lepš, J., Pauli, Harald, Molnár, Zsolt, Axmanová, Irena, Li, Ching-Feng, Yonghong Li, Frank, Liendo, Diego, Löbel, Swantje, Lomba, Angela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Świerszcz, Sebastian, Lustyk, Pavel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Pärtel, Meelis, Tichý, Lubomír, Ma, Wenhong, Maccherini, Simona, Burrascano, Sabina, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Manthey, Michael, Mardari, Constantin, May, Felix, Talebi, Amir, Pätsch, Ricarda, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Chiarucci, A., Seraina Meier, Eliane, Memariani, Farshid, Merunková, Kristina, Michelsen, Ottar, Bartha, Sándor, Molero Mesa, Joaquín, Moradi, Halime, Moysiyenko, Ivan, Prentice, Honor C., Mugnai, Michele, Teleki, Balázs, Pedashenko, Hristo, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Pedersen, Christian, Peet, Robert K., Pérez-Haase, A., Peters, Jan, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Roleček, Jan, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Pladevall-Izard, Eulàlia, Plesková, Zuzana, Chocarro, Cristina, Essl, Franz, Potenza, Giovanna, Rahmanian, Soroor, Rodríguez-Rojo, María Pilar, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Janišová, Monika, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Conradi, Timo, Conti, Luisa, Sanaei, Anvar, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Sánchez, Ana M., Santi, Francesco, Savchenko, Galina, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Sebastià, María Teresa, Shyriaieva, Dariia, Silva, Vasco, Škornik, Sonja, Šmerdová, Eva, Csergő, Anna Mária, Sonkoly, Judit, De Frenne, Pieter, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Gaia Sperandii, Marta, Terzi, Massimo, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Turisová, Ingrid, Ushimaru, Atushi, Cykowska-Marzencka, Beata, Valkó, Orsolya, Van Mechelen, Carmen, Vanneste, Thomas, Winkler, Manuela, Ingerpuu, Nele, Filibeck, Goffredo, Vasheniak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar Pérez, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, Vitasović-Kosić, Ivana, Vojtkó, András, de Bello, Francesco, Vynokurov, Denys, Waldén, Emelie, Jägerbrand, Annika K., Wang, Yun, Hájek, Michal, Weiser, Frank, Wen, Lu, Wesche, Karsten, Czortek, Patryk, White, Hannah, Natcheva, Rayna, Widmer, Stefan, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wróbel, Anna, Yuan, Zuoqiang, Jand, Ute, Zelený, David, Zhao, Liqing, Jiménez Alfaro, Borja, Dengler, Jürgen, Danihelka, Jiří, Wu, Jianshuang, Kuzemko, Anna, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Rosario, Afif, Elias, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alatalo, Juha M., Aleffi, Michele, Jeanneret, Philippe, Aleksanyan, Alla, Ali, Arshad, Ninot, Josep M., Jentsch, Anke, Apostolova, Iva, Ashouri, Parvaneh, Bátori, Zoltán, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Belonovskaya, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Jeltsch, Florian, Nobis, Marcin, Bergamini, Ariel, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Prasad, Kuber, Bonini, Ilaria, Büchler, Marc-Olivier, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Álvaro, Buldrini, Fabrizio, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Noroozi, Jalil, Carboni, Marta, Jensen, Kai, Deák. Balázs, Ceulemans, Tobías, Demeter, László, Deng, Lei, Diekmann, Martin, Doležal, Jiří, Dolnik, Christian, Dřevojan, Pavel, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Stevens, Carly, Kącki, Zygmunt, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Etayo, Javier, Etzold, Jonathan, Farkas, Tünde, Farzam, Mohammad, Boch, Steffen, Fayvush, George, Fernández Calzado, María Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fjellstad, Wendy, Stifter, Simon, Fotiadis, Georgios, Preislerová, Zdenka, García-Magro, Daniel, García-Mijangos, Itziar, Gavilán, Rosario G., Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Germany, Markus, Ghafari, Sahar, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Grytnes, John-Arvid, Güler, Behlül, Suchrow, Sigrid, Gutiérrez-Girón, Alba, Helm, Aveliina, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Herrera, Mercedes, Palpurina, Salza, Kapfer, Jutta, Bavarian Research Foundation, International Association for Vegetation Science, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Czech Science Foundation, Estonian Research Council, Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Science and Technology Center in Ukraine, Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, Swedish Institute, Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Province, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tyrolean Science Fund, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, National Geographic Society, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), National Science Centre (Poland), Russian Science Foundation, University of Latvia Foundation, Slovenian Research Agency, Biurrun, Idoia, Pielech, Remigiusz, Dembicz, Iwona, Gillet, François, Kozub, Łukasz, Marcenò, Corrado, Reitalu, Triin, Meerbeek, Koenraad Van, Guarino, Riccardo, Chytrý, Milan, Pakeman, Robin J., Kargar, Mansoureh, Kelemen, András, Kiehl, Kathrin, Kirschner, Philipp, Koyama, Asuka, Swacha, Grzegorz, Langer, Nancy, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lepš, J., Pauli, Harald, Molnár, Zsolt, Axmanová, Irena, Li, Ching-Feng, Yonghong Li, Frank, Liendo, Diego, Löbel, Swantje, Lomba, Angela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Świerszcz, Sebastian, Lustyk, Pavel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Pärtel, Meelis, Tichý, Lubomír, Ma, Wenhong, Maccherini, Simona, Burrascano, Sabina, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Manthey, Michael, Mardari, Constantin, May, Felix, Talebi, Amir, Pätsch, Ricarda, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Chiarucci, A., Seraina Meier, Eliane, Memariani, Farshid, Merunková, Kristina, Michelsen, Ottar, Bartha, Sándor, Molero Mesa, Joaquín, Moradi, Halime, Moysiyenko, Ivan, Prentice, Honor C., Mugnai, Michele, Teleki, Balázs, Pedashenko, Hristo, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Pedersen, Christian, Peet, Robert K., Pérez-Haase, A., Peters, Jan, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Roleček, Jan, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Pladevall-Izard, Eulàlia, Plesková, Zuzana, Chocarro, Cristina, Essl, Franz, Potenza, Giovanna, Rahmanian, Soroor, Rodríguez-Rojo, María Pilar, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Janišová, Monika, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Conradi, Timo, Conti, Luisa, Sanaei, Anvar, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Sánchez, Ana M., Santi, Francesco, Savchenko, Galina, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Sebastià, María Teresa, Shyriaieva, Dariia, Silva, Vasco, Škornik, Sonja, Šmerdová, Eva, Csergő, Anna Mária, Sonkoly, Judit, De Frenne, Pieter, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Gaia Sperandii, Marta, Terzi, Massimo, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Turisová, Ingrid, Ushimaru, Atushi, Cykowska-Marzencka, Beata, Valkó, Orsolya, Van Mechelen, Carmen, Vanneste, Thomas, Winkler, Manuela, Ingerpuu, Nele, Filibeck, Goffredo, Vasheniak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar Pérez, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, Vitasović-Kosić, Ivana, Vojtkó, András, de Bello, Francesco, Vynokurov, Denys, Waldén, Emelie, Jägerbrand, Annika K., Wang, Yun, Hájek, Michal, Weiser, Frank, Wen, Lu, Wesche, Karsten, Czortek, Patryk, White, Hannah, Natcheva, Rayna, Widmer, Stefan, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wróbel, Anna, Yuan, Zuoqiang, Jand, Ute, Zelený, David, Zhao, Liqing, Jiménez Alfaro, Borja, Dengler, Jürgen, Danihelka, Jiří, Wu, Jianshuang, Kuzemko, Anna, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Rosario, Afif, Elias, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alatalo, Juha M., Aleffi, Michele, Jeanneret, Philippe, Aleksanyan, Alla, Ali, Arshad, Ninot, Josep M., Jentsch, Anke, Apostolova, Iva, Ashouri, Parvaneh, Bátori, Zoltán, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Belonovskaya, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Jeltsch, Florian, Nobis, Marcin, Bergamini, Ariel, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Prasad, Kuber, Bonini, Ilaria, Büchler, Marc-Olivier, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Álvaro, Buldrini, Fabrizio, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Noroozi, Jalil, Carboni, Marta, Jensen, Kai, Deák. Balázs, Ceulemans, Tobías, Demeter, László, Deng, Lei, Diekmann, Martin, Doležal, Jiří, Dolnik, Christian, Dřevojan, Pavel, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Stevens, Carly, Kącki, Zygmunt, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Etayo, Javier, Etzold, Jonathan, Farkas, Tünde, Farzam, Mohammad, Boch, Steffen, Fayvush, George, Fernández Calzado, María Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fjellstad, Wendy, Stifter, Simon, Fotiadis, Georgios, Preislerová, Zdenka, García-Magro, Daniel, García-Mijangos, Itziar, Gavilán, Rosario G., Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Germany, Markus, Ghafari, Sahar, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Grytnes, John-Arvid, Güler, Behlül, Suchrow, Sigrid, Gutiérrez-Girón, Alba, Helm, Aveliina, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Herrera, Mercedes, Palpurina, Salza, and Kapfer, Jutta
Abstract: Aims: Understanding fine-grain diversity patterns across large spatial extents is fundamental for macroecological research and biodiversity conservation. Using the GrassPlot database, we provide benchmarks of fine-grain richness values of Palaearctic open habitats for vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and complete vegetation (i.e., the sum of the former three groups). Location: Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods: We used 126,524 plots of eight standard grain sizes from the GrassPlot database: 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 m and calculated the mean richness and standard deviations, as well as maximum, minimum, median, and first and third quartiles for each combination of grain size, taxonomic group, biome, region, vegetation type and phytosociological class. Results: Patterns of plant diversity in vegetation types and biomes differ across grain sizes and taxonomic groups. Overall, secondary (mostly semi-natural) grasslands and natural grasslands are the richest vegetation type. The open-access file ”GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks” and the web tool “GrassPlot Diversity Explorer” are now available online (https://edgg.org/databases/GrasslandDiversityExplorer) and provide more insights into species richness patterns in the Palaearctic open habitats. Conclusions: The GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks provide high-quality data on species richness in open habitat types across the Palaearctic. These benchmark data can be used in vegetation ecology, macroecology, biodiversity conservation and data quality checking. While the amount of data in the underlying GrassPlot database and their spatial coverage are smaller than in other extensive vegetation-plot databases, species recordings in GrassPlot are on average more complete, making it a valuable complementary data source in macroecology.
Published: 2021

38. On the measurement of microclimate

Author: Maclean, Ilya M. D., primary, Duffy, James P., additional, Haesen, Stef, additional, Govaert, Sanne, additional, De Frenne, Pieter, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Lembrechts, Jonas J., additional, Rhodes, Marcus W., additional, and Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, additional
Published: 2021
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39. Temperature effects on forest understorey plants in hedgerows: a combined warming and transplant experiment

Author: Vanneste, Thomas, primary, Van Den Berge, Sanne, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Hedwall, Per-Ola, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2021
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40. Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of understorey plants respond differently to environmental conditions in European forest edges

Author: De Pauw, Karen, primary, Meeussen, Camille, additional, Govaert, Sanne, additional, Sanczuk, Pieter, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Bernhardt‐Römermann, Markus, additional, Bollmann, Kurt, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Calders, Kim, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Hedwall, Per‐Ola, additional, Iacopetti, Giovanni, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Lindmo, Sigrid, additional, Orczewska, Anna, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Verbeeck, Hans, additional, Vermeir, Pieter, additional, Zellweger, Florian, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2021
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41. Small scale environmental variation modulates plant defence syndromes of understorey plants in deciduous forests of Europe

Author: Sanczuk, Pieter, primary, Govaert, Sanne, additional, Meeussen, Camille, additional, De Pauw, Karen, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Depauw, Leen, additional, Moreira, Xoaquín, additional, Schoelynck, Jonas, additional, De Boevre, Marthe, additional, De Saeger, Sarah, additional, Bollmann, Kurt, additional, Brunet, Jörg, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Plue, Jan, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Graae, Bente J., additional, Hedwall, Per‐Ola, additional, Iacopetti, Giovanni, additional, Lenoir, Jonathan, additional, Orczewska, Anna, additional, Ponette, Quentin, additional, Selvi, Federico, additional, Spicher, Fabien, additional, Vermeir, Pieter, additional, Calders, Kim, additional, Verbeeck, Hans, additional, Verheyen, Kris, additional, Vangansbeke, Pieter, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2020
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42. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Poa nemoralis

Author: Plue, Jan, primary, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, De Pauw, Karen, additional, Diekmann, Martin, additional, Hagenblad, Jenny, additional, Helsen, Kenny, additional, Hermy, Martin, additional, Liira, Jaan, additional, Orczewska, Anna, additional, Vanneste, Thomas, additional, Wulf, Monika, additional, and De Frenne, Pieter, additional
Published: 2020
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43. Biological flora of the British Isles:Poa nemoralis

Author: Plue, Jan, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Hagenblad, Jenny, Helsen, Kenny, Hermy, Martin, Liira, Jaan, Orczewska, Anna, Vanneste, Thomas, Wulf, Monika, De Frenne, Pieter, Plue, Jan, Cousins, Sara A. O., De Pauw, Karen, Diekmann, Martin, Hagenblad, Jenny, Helsen, Kenny, Hermy, Martin, Liira, Jaan, Orczewska, Anna, Vanneste, Thomas, Wulf, Monika, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: This account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofPoa nemoralisL. (Wood Meadow-grass) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. The grassPoa nemoralisis widespread and frequent to locally common across the British Isles, except for western and central Ireland, and northern Scotland. In both its native Eurasian range and introduced ranges in, for example, the Americas, its main habitat comprises temperate (mixed) deciduous woodland. The species finds important secondary habitats in hedgerows, as well as in non-woodland vegetation such as on cliffs, screes and walls or sporadically in grassland and heathland. Although not always taxonomically or morphologically distinct units, the species is suspected to comprise many cytological races and hybrid polyploid populations with variable morphology. Morphological variation amongP. nemoralispopulations may also be a sign of local environmental adaptation or a result of introgressive hybridization with other, morphologically variable members ofPoasectionStenopoasuch asP. glauca,P. compressaorP. pratensis. Poa nemoralisis a small-statured, loosely caespitose grass, with populations ranging from a few individual tufts to those visually defining the aspect of the herbaceous understorey. The species tolerates moderate to deep shade on the forest floor, yet it tends to forage for available light, occurring more and growing taller in canopy gaps, forest edges and hedgerows. The amount of light is central to its survival and reproductive ecology, being important for flower induction, seed production and seed germination. The species produces large quantities of small, ligh, Funding Agencies|Svenska Forskningsradet FORMAS Future Research Leaders [2018-00961]; European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC) [FORMICA 757833]
Published: 2020
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44. Plant diversity in hedgerows and road verges across Europe

Author: Vanneste, Thomas, Govaert, Sanne, De Kesel, Willem, Van den Berge, Sanne, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Heinken, Thilo, Helsen, Kenny, Kapás, Rozália E., Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Litza, Kathrin, Naaf, Tobias, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Wulf, Monika, Verheyen, Kris, De Frenne, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Govaert, Sanne, De Kesel, Willem, Van den Berge, Sanne, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Heinken, Thilo, Helsen, Kenny, Kapás, Rozália E., Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Litza, Kathrin, Naaf, Tobias, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Wulf, Monika, Verheyen, Kris, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Linear landscape elements such as hedgerows and road verges have the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation and climate change on species, for instance, by serving as a refuge habitat or by improving functional connectivity across the landscape. However, so far this hypothesis has not been evaluated at large spatial scales, preventing us from making generalized conclusions about their efficacy and implementation in conservation policies. Here, we assessed plant diversity patterns in 336 vegetation plots distributed along hedgerows and road verges, spanning a macro-environmental gradient across temperate Europe. We compared herb-layer species richness and composition in these linear elements with the respective seed-source (core) habitats, that is, semi-natural forests and grasslands. Next, we assessed how these differences related to several environmental drivers acting either locally, at the landscape level or along the studied macro-ecological gradient. Across all regions, about 55% of the plant species were shared between forests and hedgerows, and 52% between grasslands and road verges. Habitat-specialist richness was 11% lower in the linear habitats than in the core habitats, while generalist richness was 14% higher. The difference in floristic composition between both habitat types was mainly due to species turnover, and not nestedness. Most notably, forest-specialist richness in hedgerows responded positively to tree cover, tree height and the proportion of forests in the surrounding landscape, while generalist richness was negatively affected by tree height and buffering effect of trees on subcanopy temperatures. Grassland and road verge diversity was mainly influenced by soil properties, with positive effects of basic cation levels on the number of specialists and those of bioavailable soil phosphorus on generalist diversity. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that linear landscape elements provide a potential habitat for
Published: 2020
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45. Contrasting microclimates among hedgerows and woodlands across temperate Europe

Author: Vanneste, Thomas, Govaert, Sanne, Spicher, Fabien, Brunet, Jorg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Kapás, Rozália E., Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Litza, Kathrin, Naaf, Tobias, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Wulf, Monika, Verheyen, Kris, De Frenne, Pieter, Vanneste, Thomas, Govaert, Sanne, Spicher, Fabien, Brunet, Jorg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Decocq, Guillaume, Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Kapás, Rozália E., Lenoir, Jonathan, Liira, Jaan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Litza, Kathrin, Naaf, Tobias, Orczewska, Anna, Plue, Jan, Wulf, Monika, Verheyen, Kris, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Hedgerows have the potential to facilitate the persistence and migration of species across landscapes, mostly due to benign microclimatic conditions. This thermal buffering function may become even more important in the future for species migration under climate change. Unfortunately, there is a lack of empirical studies quantifying the microclimate of hedgerows, particularly at broad geographical scales. Here we monitored sub-canopy temperatures using 168 miniature temperature sensors distributed along woodland-hedgerow transects, and spanning a 1600-km macroclimatic gradient across Europe. First, we assessed the variation in the temperature offset (that is, the difference between sub-canopy and corresponding macroclimate temperatures) for minimum, mean and maximum temperatures along the woodland-hedgerow transects. Next, we linked the observed patterns to macroclimate temperatures as well as canopy structure, overstorey composition and hedgerow characteristics. The sub-canopy versus macroclimate temperature offset was on average 0.10 degrees C lower in hedgerows than in woodlands. Minimum winter temperatures were consistently lower by 0.10 degrees C in hedgerows than in woodlands, while maximum summer temperatures were 0.80 degrees C higher, albeit mainly around the woodland-hedgerow ecotone. The temperature offset was often negatively correlated with macroclimate temperatures. The slope of this relationship was lower for maximum temperatures in hedgerows than in woodlands. During summer, canopy cover, tree height and hedgerow width had strong cooling effects on maximum mid-day temperatures in hedgerows. The effects of shrub height, shrub cover and shade-casting ability, however, were not significant. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify hedgerow microclimates along a continental-scale environmental gradient. We show that hedgerows are less efficient thermal insulators than woodlands, especially at high ambient temperatures (e.g. on warm summer da
Published: 2020
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46. Structural variation of forest edges across Europe

Author: Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Calders, Kim, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Moorthy, Sruthi M. Krishna, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Tolosano, Matteo, Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Meeussen, Camille, Govaert, Sanne, Vanneste, Thomas, Calders, Kim, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Moorthy, Sruthi M. Krishna, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Tolosano, Matteo, Verbeeck, Hans, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Forest edges are interfaces between forest interiors and adjacent land cover types. They are important elements in the landscape with almost 20% of the global forest area located within 100 m of the edge. Edges are structurally different from forest interiors, which results in unique edge influences on microclimate, functioning and biodiversity. These edge influences have been studied for multiple decades, yet there is only limited information available on how forest edge structure varies at the continental scale, and which factors drive this potential structural diversity. Here we quantified the structural variation along 45 edge-to-interior transects situated along latitudinal, elevational and management gradients across Europe. We combined state-of-the-art terrestrial laser scanning and conventional forest inventory techniques to investigate how the forest edge structure (e.g. plant area index, stem density, canopy height and foliage height diversity) varies and which factors affect this forest edge structural variability. Macroclimate, management, distance to the forest edge and tree community composition all influenced the forest edge structural variability and interestingly we detected interactive effects of our predictors as well. We found more abrupt edge-to-interior gradients (i.e. steeper slopes) in the plant area index in regularly thinned forests. In addition, latitude, mean annual temperature and humidity all affected edge-to-interior gradients in stem density. We also detected a simultaneous impact of both humidity and management, and humidity and distance to the forest edge, on the canopy height and foliage height diversity. These results contribute to our understanding of how environmental conditions and management shape the forest edge structure. Our findings stress the need for site-specific recommendations on forest edge management instead of generalized recommendations as the macroclimate substantially influences the forest edge structure. Only t
Published: 2020
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47. Edge influence on understorey plant communities depends on forest management

Author: Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Heinken, Thilo, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Perring, Michael P., Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Tolosano, Matteo, Vermeir, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, De Frenne, Pieter, Govaert, Sanne, Meeussen, Camille, Vanneste, Thomas, Bollmann, Kurt, Brunet, Jörg, Cousins, Sara A. O., Diekmann, Martin, Graae, Bente J., Hedwall, Per-Ola, Heinken, Thilo, Iacopetti, Giovanni, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lindmo, Sigrid, Orczewska, Anna, Perring, Michael P., Ponette, Quentin, Plue, Jan, Selvi, Federico, Spicher, Fabien, Tolosano, Matteo, Vermeir, Pieter, Zellweger, Florian, Verheyen, Kris, Vangansbeke, Pieter, and De Frenne, Pieter
Abstract: Questions: Does the influence of forest edges on plant species richness and composition depend on forest management? Do forest specialists and generalists show contrasting patterns? Location: Mesic, deciduous forests across Europe. Methods: Vegetation surveys were performed in forests with three management types (unthinned, thinned 5-10 years ago and recently thinned) along a macroclimatic gradient from Italy to Norway. In each of 45 forests, we established five vegetation plots along a south-facing edge-to-interior gradient (n = 225). Forest specialist, generalist and total species richness, as well as evenness and proportion of specialists, were tested as a function of the management type and distance to the edge while accounting for several environmental variables (e.g. landscape composition and soil characteristics). Magnitude and distance of edge influence were estimated for species richness per management type. Results: Greatest total species richness was found in thinned forests. Edge influence on generalist plant species richness was contingent on the management type, with the smallest decrease in species richness from the edge-to-interior in unthinned forests. In addition, generalist richness increased with the proportion of forests in the surrounding landscape and decreased in forests dominated by tree species that cast more shade. Forest specialist species richness, however, was not affected by management type or distance to the edge, and only increased with pH and increasing proportion of forests in the landscape. Conclusions: Forest thinning affects the plant community composition along edge-to-interior transects of European forests, with richness of forest specialists and generalists responding differently. Therefore, future studies should take the forest management into account when interpreting edge-to-interior because both modify the microclimate, soil processes and deposition of polluting aerosols. This interaction is key to predict the effects of
Published: 2020
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48. GrassPlot - a database of multi-scale plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands

Author: Dengler, Juergen, Wagner, Viktoria, Dembicz, Iwona, Garcia-Mijangos, Itziar, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Boch, Steffen, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Conradi, Timo, Filibeck, Goffredo, Guarino, Riccardo, Janisova, Monika, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Acic, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Akasaka, Munemitsu, Allers, Marc-Andre, Apostolova, Iva, Axmanova, Irena, Bakan, Branko, Baranova, Alina, Bardy-Durchhalter, Manfred, Bartha, Sandor, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Becker, Ute, Belonovskaya, Elena, Bengtsson, Karin, Benito Alonso, Jose Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Bonini, Ilaria, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Alvaro, Antonio Campos, Juan, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, De Frenne, Pieter, Deak, Balazs, Didukh, Yakiv P., Diekmann, Martin, Dolnik, Christian, Dupre, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ermakov, Nikolai, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Escudero, Adrian, Etayo, Javier, Fajmonova, Zuzana, Felde, Vivian A., Fernandez Calzado, Maria Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fotiadis, Georgios, Fracchiolla, Mariano, Ganeva, Anna, Garcia-Magro, Daniel, Gavilan, Rosario G., Germany, Markus, Giladi, Itamar, Gillet, Francois, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Gonzalez, Jose M., Grytnes, John-Arvid, Hajek, Michal, Hajkova, Petra, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercedes, Hettenbergerova, Eva, Hobohm, Carsten, Huellbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jandt, Ute, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Jeschke, Michael, Jimenez-Alfaro, Borja, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kavgaci, Ali, Kelemen, Andras, Kiehl, Kathrin, Koyama, Asuka, Koyanagi, Tomoyo F., Kozub, Lukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen, Landi, Sara, Langer, Nancy, Lastrucci, Lorenzo, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lelli, Chiara, Leps, Jan, Loebel, Swantje, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Marceno, Corrado, Mardari, Constantin, Mauchamp, Leslie, May, Felix, Michelsen, Ottar, Mesa, Joaquin Molero, Molnar, Zsolt, Moysiyenko, Ivan Y., Nakaga, Yuko K., Natcheva, Rayna, Noroozi, Jalil, Pakeman, Robin J., Palpurina, Salza, Partel, Meelis, Paetsch, Ricarda, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Peet, Robert K., Pielech, Remigiusz, Pipenbaher, Natasa, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pleskova, Zuzana, Polyakova, Mariya A., Prentice, Honor C., Reinecke, Jennifer, Reitalu, Triin, Pilar Rodriguez-Rojo, Maria, Rolecek, Jan, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Rosén, Ejvind, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Maria Sanchez, Ana, Savchenko, Galina, Schuhmacher, Oliver, Skornik, Sonja, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevanovic-Dajic, Zora, Stock, Marin, Suchrow, Sigrid, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Swacha, Grzegorz, Sykes, Martin, Szabo, Anna, Talebi, Amir, Tanase, Catalin, Terzi, Massimo, Tolgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Torok, Peter, Tothmeresz, Bela, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Tzonev, Rossen, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valko, Orsolya, van der Maarel, Eddy, Vanneste, Thomas, Vashenyak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Kosic, Ivana Vitasovic, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Went, Julia, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Winkler, Manuela, Zaniewski, Piotr T., Zhang, Hui, Ziv, Yaron, Znamenskiy, Sergey, Biurrun, Idoia, Dengler, Juergen, Wagner, Viktoria, Dembicz, Iwona, Garcia-Mijangos, Itziar, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Boch, Steffen, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Conradi, Timo, Filibeck, Goffredo, Guarino, Riccardo, Janisova, Monika, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Acic, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Akasaka, Munemitsu, Allers, Marc-Andre, Apostolova, Iva, Axmanova, Irena, Bakan, Branko, Baranova, Alina, Bardy-Durchhalter, Manfred, Bartha, Sandor, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thomas, Becker, Ute, Belonovskaya, Elena, Bengtsson, Karin, Benito Alonso, Jose Luis, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Bonini, Ilaria, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Alvaro, Antonio Campos, Juan, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, De Frenne, Pieter, Deak, Balazs, Didukh, Yakiv P., Diekmann, Martin, Dolnik, Christian, Dupre, Cecilia, Ecker, Klaus, Ermakov, Nikolai, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Escudero, Adrian, Etayo, Javier, Fajmonova, Zuzana, Felde, Vivian A., Fernandez Calzado, Maria Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fotiadis, Georgios, Fracchiolla, Mariano, Ganeva, Anna, Garcia-Magro, Daniel, Gavilan, Rosario G., Germany, Markus, Giladi, Itamar, Gillet, Francois, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Gonzalez, Jose M., Grytnes, John-Arvid, Hajek, Michal, Hajkova, Petra, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercedes, Hettenbergerova, Eva, Hobohm, Carsten, Huellbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jandt, Ute, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Jeschke, Michael, Jimenez-Alfaro, Borja, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kavgaci, Ali, Kelemen, Andras, Kiehl, Kathrin, Koyama, Asuka, Koyanagi, Tomoyo F., Kozub, Lukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen, Landi, Sara, Langer, Nancy, Lastrucci, Lorenzo, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lelli, Chiara, Leps, Jan, Loebel, Swantje, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Marceno, Corrado, Mardari, Constantin, Mauchamp, Leslie, May, Felix, Michelsen, Ottar, Mesa, Joaquin Molero, Molnar, Zsolt, Moysiyenko, Ivan Y., Nakaga, Yuko K., Natcheva, Rayna, Noroozi, Jalil, Pakeman, Robin J., Palpurina, Salza, Partel, Meelis, Paetsch, Ricarda, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Peet, Robert K., Pielech, Remigiusz, Pipenbaher, Natasa, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pleskova, Zuzana, Polyakova, Mariya A., Prentice, Honor C., Reinecke, Jennifer, Reitalu, Triin, Pilar Rodriguez-Rojo, Maria, Rolecek, Jan, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Rosén, Ejvind, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Maria Sanchez, Ana, Savchenko, Galina, Schuhmacher, Oliver, Skornik, Sonja, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevanovic-Dajic, Zora, Stock, Marin, Suchrow, Sigrid, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Swacha, Grzegorz, Sykes, Martin, Szabo, Anna, Talebi, Amir, Tanase, Catalin, Terzi, Massimo, Tolgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Torok, Peter, Tothmeresz, Bela, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioannis, Tzonev, Rossen, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valko, Orsolya, van der Maarel, Eddy, Vanneste, Thomas, Vashenyak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Luis, Virtanen, Risto, Kosic, Ivana Vitasovic, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Went, Julia, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Winkler, Manuela, Zaniewski, Piotr T., Zhang, Hui, Ziv, Yaron, Znamenskiy, Sergey, and Biurrun, Idoia
Abstract: GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). GrassPlot collects plot records (releves) from grasslands and other open habitats of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm. It focuses on precisely delimited plots of eight standard grain sizes (0.0001; 0.001;... 1,000 m(2)) and on nested-plot series with at least four different grain sizes. The usage of GrassPlot is regulated through Bylaws that intend to balance the interests of data contributors and data users. The current version (v. 1.00) contains data for approximately 170,000 plots of different sizes and 2,800 nested-plot series. The key components are richness data and metadata. However, most included datasets also encompass compositional data. About 14,000 plots have near-complete records of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in addition to vascular plants. At present, GrassPlot contains data from 36 countries throughout the Palaearctic, spread across elevational gradients and major grassland types. GrassPlot with its multi-scale and multi-taxon focus complements the larger international vegetationplot databases, such as the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and the global database " sPlot". Its main aim is to facilitate studies on the scale-and taxon-dependency of biodiversity patterns and drivers along macroecological gradients. GrassPlot is a dynamic database and will expand through new data collection coordinated by the elected Governing Board. We invite researchers with suitable data to join GrassPlot. Researchers with project ideas addressable with GrassPlot data are welcome to submit proposals to the Governing Board.
Published: 2018
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49. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats.

Author: Staude IR, Pereira HM, Daskalova GN, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Diekmann M, Pauli H, Van Calster H, Vellend M, Bjorkman AD, Brunet J, De Frenne P, Hédl R, Jandt U, Lenoir J, Myers-Smith IH, Verheyen K, Wipf S, Wulf M, Andrews C, Barančok P, Barni E, Benito-Alonso JL, Bennie J, Berki I, Blüml V, Chudomelová M, Decocq G, Dick J, Dirnböck T, Durak T, Eriksson O, Erschbamer B, Graae BJ, Heinken T, Schei FH, Jaroszewicz B, Kopecký M, Kudernatsch T, Macek M, Malicki M, Máliš F, Michelsen O, Naaf T, Nagel TA, Newton AC, Nicklas L, Oddi L, Ortmann-Ajkai A, Palaj A, Petraglia A, Petřík P, Pielech R, Porro F, Puşcaş M, Reczyńska K, Rixen C, Schmidt W, Standovár T, Steinbauer K, Świerkosz K, Teleki B, Theurillat JP, Turtureanu PD, Ursu TM, Vanneste T, Vergeer P, Vild O, Villar L, Vittoz P, Winkler M, and Baeten L
Subjects: Ecosystem, Forests, Plants, Biodiversity, Grassland
Abstract: Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation., (© 2021 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Published: 2022
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