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The objective of SCANGREEN 2019-22 was to find species, varieties and seed blends/mixtures of Agrostis, Festuca, Poa and Lolium that are suited for pesticide-free management of putting greens in the two major climatic zones of the Nordic countries and in the northern USA. The four test sites in the Nordic countries were Reykjavik GC, Iceland and NIBIO Apelsvoll in the the northern zone, and NIBIO Landvik, Norway and Smørum GC, Denmark in the southern zone. The two US test sites were located at Troll Turfgrass Research Facility in Massachusetts and at University of Minnesota. The trials included 30 candidate varieties representing eight different species and subspecies from 13 different seed companies/representatives, and three seed mixtures of red fescue and colonial and creeping bentgrass, a seed mixture of creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass and a seed blend of red fescue. Monthly evaluations of overall impression, tiller density, winter hardiness, disease and weed coverage etc., were done from three weeks after sowing in June-September 2019 until October 2022. The trial at Smørum GC was established in May 2021. The trials were established according to a split-plot design with three blocks (replicates), species on main plots and varieties on subplots. The experimental greens were mown three times per week – Monday, Wednesday, and Friday and deficit-irrigated to 80% of field capacity three to four times per week in periods without sufficient natural rainfall. Fertilizer (mean N–P–K ratio, 100–22–74) was given as completely balanced compound fertilizers every second week. Each experimental green was divided in different management levels: High and low fertilizer rate and high and low mowing. The two fertilizer rates were 10 and 17 g N m−2 yr−1 and the two mowing heights were 3 and 5 mm. Mixtures were managed at both regimes. There was no use of pesticides or plant growth regulators in any of the trials. SCANGREEN 2019-2022: Turfgrass species, varieties and seed mixtures for Scandinavian putting greens. Final results from a four-year testing period.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Spectroradiometer setup to collect spectral data under photoselective filters. A box with a ~ 3.0 x 3.0 cm hole was placed over the spectroradiometer in order to only expose the sensor to sunlight passed through a given photoselective filter. Figure S2. Foliar shade sites at the University of Minnesota St. Paul campus where SPD data were collected in 2018 (1-4, and 6) and in 2020 (5). 1) Maple grove-southern row, 2) Oak grove, 3) Northern forest edge, 4) Southern forest edge, 5) Maple grove-northern row, and 6) Within a forest. Satellite images were acquired through Google Earth at 1250 ft. Pictures of shade sites were adjusted for brightness and contrast to make foliage more visible. Stars indicate the approximate position data were acquired. Figure S3. Crop stands in which spectral data collected at the soil surface. A) Wheat field on 30 June 2018 (data were collected on 2 and 6 July 2018). B) Canola on 23 April 2018. C) Barley on 23 April 2018. Figure S4. Results of a linear regression between the narrow- and broadband R:FR ratio for data collected under full sun and under foliar shade in the field. Data within the light red shading fall within a 95% confidence interval for value prediction. Figure S5. Results of a linear regression between the narrow- and broadband B:G ratios for A) data collected under full sun and under foliar shade in the field, and B) data collected under foliar shade sites only. The red arrow indicates data collected under full sun. Data within the light blue shading fall within a 95% confidence interval for value prediction. Figure S6. Results of a linear regression between the narrow- and broadband A) R:FR ratios and B) B:G ratios for all data collectced under single and layered photoselective filters under natural light. The red arrows indicate data collected under Rosco e-colour+ 1/2 and Full CTB filters and LEE Filters full CTB filters. Data within the light red or blue shading fall within a 95% confidence interval for value prediction. Figure S7. Results of a linear regression between the narrow- and broadband A) R:FR ratios and B) B:G ratios for all data collectced under single and layered photoselective filters in the greenhouse under supplemental lighting. The red arrows indicates data collected under 1/2 and LEE Filters and Rosco e-colour+ Full CTB filters under HPS lamps Data within the light red or blue shading fall within a 95% confidence interval for value prediction. Figure S8. Relative spectral photon distributions (SPD) acquired under the combination of 1/8 ��� 1/2 LEE Filters color temperature blue (CTB) and LEE Filters 0.15 ��� 0.60 neutral density (ND) filters. A-C) 0.15 ND + 1/8, 1/4, or 1/2 CTB. D-F) 0.30 ND + 1/8, 1/4, or 1/2 CTB. G-I) 0.60 ND + 1/8, 1/4, or 1/2 CTB. Data were normalized to the photon flux at 800 nm and are presented as the average of relative SPDs acquired on 27 May, 30 May, and 12 June 2020 on clear sky or mostly sunny days between 13:00-14:00 h. Data collected under full sun were on average; R:FR = 1.15, B:G = 0.87, % Blue = 29%, % Green = 35%, and % Red = 36%. Red bars indicate 400 and 700 nm respectively, designating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between the red bars. Black lines represent the relative SPD of the layered filters, and blue lines represent the SPD of the original CTB filter. Figure S9. Relative spectral photon distributions (SPD) acquired under the combination of 1/4, 1/2, or full strength LEE Filters plus green (PG) and LEE Filters 0.15 ��� 0.60 neutral density (ND) filters. A-C) 0.15 ND + 1/4, 1/2, or full strength PG. D-F) 0.30 ND + 1/4, 1/2, or full strength PG. G-I) 0.60 ND + 1/4, 1/2, or full strength PG. Data were normalized to the photon flux at 800 nm, and are presented as the average of relative SPDs acquired on 27 May, 30 May, and 12 June 2020 on clear sky or mostly sunny days between 13:00-14:00 h. Data collected under full sun were on average; R:FR = 1.15, B:G = 0.87, % Blue = 29%, % Green = 35%, and % Red = 36%. Red bars indicate 400 and 700 nm respectively, designating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between the red bars. Black lines represent the relative SPD of the layered filters, and green lines represent the SPD of the original PG filter. Figure S10. Relative spectral photon distributions (SPD) acquired under the combination of 1) 1/8, 1/4, or 1/2 LEE Filters color temperature blue (CTB), 2) 1/4, 1/2 , or full strength LEE Filters plus green (PG), and 3) LEE Filters 0.30 or 0.60 neutral density (ND) filters. A-F) Combinations of CTB filters only. G-L) 0.30 ND filter layered on CTB + PG filters. M-R) 0.60 ND filter layered on CTB + PG filters. Data were normalized to the photon flux at 800 nm and are presented as the average of relative SPDs acquired on 27 May, 30 May, and 12 June 2020 on clear sky or mostly sunny days between 13:00-14:00 h. Data collected under full sun were on average; R:FR = 1.15, B:G = 0.87, % Blue = 29%, % Green = 35%, and % Red = 36%. Red bars indicate 400 and 700 nm respectively, designating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between the red bars. Black lines represent the relative SPD of the layered filters, blue lines represent the SPD of the original CTB filer (A-F), green lines represent the SPD of the original PG filter (A-F), and teal lines represent the SPD of layered CTB and PG filters (G-R). Figure S11. Two general models for simulating different types of foliar shade. In all panels, black lines in SPDs represent either moderate or deep foliar shade, and colored lines represent the SPD from the designated filter(s). Red bars indicate 400 and 700 nm respectively, designating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between the red bars. A) An area of moderate foliar shade with more diffuse light has an SPD with a (1) relatively high B:G ratio and a reduced R:FR ratio. A LEE Filters 1/4 CTB filter (2) simulates the B:G ratio of the SPD from the moderate foliar shade site, no other parameters are simulated well. A single LEE Filters 0.30 ND filter (3) similarly does not accurately simulate the moderate foliar shade SPD. The combination of the 1/4 CTB and the 0.30 ND filters (4) more accurately simulates the entire moderate foliar shade SPD. B) An area of deep foliar shade with a (1) relatively low B:G ratio and a much lower R:FR ratio. A single LEE Filters 1/2 PG filter (2) does not simulate the deep shade foliar shade SPD. The combination of a LEE Filters 1/2 PG and a LEE Filters 1/4 CTB filters (3) still does not provide an accurate deep foliar shade simulate. The combination of the PG, CTB, and a LEE Filters 0.60 ND filter (4) more accurately simulates the entire moderate deep shade SPD.

Additional file 2: Table S1: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under either full sun or foliar shade. Table S2: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under neutral density (ND) photoselective filters. Table S3: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under color temperature blue (CTB) photoselective filters. Table S4: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under plus green (PG) photoselective filters. Table S5: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under layered Rosco color temperature blue (CTB) neutral density (ND) filters. Table S6: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under layered Rosco plus green (PG) and neutral density (ND) filters. Table S7: Average relative blue, green and red PPF data collected under layered Rosco color temperature blue (CTB), plus green (PG), and neutral density (ND) filters. Table S8: Average data collected under layered LEE Filters color temperature blue (CTB) and neutral density (ND) filters. Table S9: Average data collected under layered LEE Filters plus green (PG) and neutral density (ND) filters. Table S10: Average data collected under layered LEE Filters color temperature blue (CTB), plus green (PG), and neutral density (ND) filters. Table S11: The effects of high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps on LEE Filters spectral quality. Table S12: The effects of metal halide (MH) lamps on LEE Filters spectral quality.

This thesis examines potential improvements to current coal mine fire response measures. In the event of a fire scenario, indirect testing and analysis of the exhausting air is needed to characterize changes in the fire. The application of multiple passive source tracers provides improved detail of complex ventilation interactions over an extended period of time. The first work in this thesis details the testing of the passive release rates for three Perfluorocarbon tracer compounds over a 180-day period. The results of this study demonstrate the ability for the permeation plug release vessel design to release Perfluorocarbon tracers at a steady rate. Current response methods for a fire in a coal mine gob consist of injection of inert gas and sealing of the mine openings. Injection of high expansion foam into the gob from the surface has potential to improve extinguishment of the fire and reduce the time needed to bring the mine back to an operational state. The applicability of this method requires computational modeling and field testing. The second part of this thesis determines the Darcy and Forchheimer values for high expansion foam flow in simulated gob material with a lab experiment. The experiment was replicated in the CFD software, OpenFOAM, to validate the methods for calculation of the Darcy and Forchheimer values. The results of this study provide a tested methodology for a future full scale modeling of high expansion foam injection in a coal mine gob. Master of Science

In this essay, Pauline Kleingeld notes that Kant’s Principle of Autonomy, which played a central role in both the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, disappeared by the time of the Metaphysics of Morals. She argues that its disappearance is due to significant changes in Kant’s political philosophy. The Principle of Autonomy states that one ought to act as if one were giving universal laws through one’s maxims. The criterion of just legislation that Kant accepted in the mid-1780s does not require any actual consent on the part of the citizens—genuine universality is sufficient for a law to be just. Hence, at that time, Kant could indeed explicate the criterion governing the moral permissibility of one’s maxims by drawing an analogy with the criterion governing the justice of political laws. In the Metaphysics of Morals and in other works in the 1790s, however, he added the further condition that laws must be given with the consent of the citizens. With this further condition, the moral criterion was no longer fully analogous to the criterion for political laws being just. Accordingly, Kleingeld argues, Kant dropped the Principle of Autonomy, which was firmly based on that analogy.