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New influenza vaccines that provide effective and broad protection are desperately needed. Live attenuated viruses are attractive vaccine candidates because they can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. However, recent formulations of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) have not been protective. We combined high-coverage transposon mutagenesis of influenza virus with a rapid high-throughput screening for attenuation to generate W7-791, a live attenuated mutant virus strain. W7-791 produced only a transient asymptomatic infection in adult and neonatal mice even at doses 100-fold higher than the LD50 of the parent strain. A single administration of W7-791 conferred full protection to mice against lethal challenge with H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 strains, and improved viral clearance in ferrets. Adoptive transfer of T cells from W7-791-immunized mice conferred heterologous protection, indicating a role for T cell-mediated immunity. These studies present an LAIV development strategy to rapidly generate and screen entire libraries of viral clones.

Exploring urban spatial structure plays an important role in promoting urban development, but there is a lack of research on the urban spatial structure of Xinjiang ports. This paper takes the central urban area of Kashi City as the study area and integrates points of interest (POI) data with nighttime light (NTL) data using the Open Street Map (OSM) road network to perform kernel density analysis, two-factor combination mapping, and partition identification. It identifies the spatial structural characteristics of the central urban area and divides it into different functional subdivisions. This research shows that ① the overall distributions of nighttime luminance values and POI kernel density are similar, and the overall distribution pattern gradually weakens from the city centre to the surrounding area. High-value areas are distributed in groups, presenting the spatial structure characteristics of one main area and two subareas. ② The fusion of POI data with OSM road network data identifies urban single functional zones and mixed functional zones and divides different functional zones in a more detailed way, with higher accuracy in identifying functional zones. ③ The coupling of POI and nighttime light remote sensing can better characterise the spatial features of the urban structure, such as large-scale homogeneous areas, urban fringe areas, suburbs and township centres, etc. The fusion of POI and the OSM road network can better characterise single and mixed land use types of urban land use and improve the part of the city that cannot be characterised by POI and night light. The results of this study are conducive to the realisation of rational and functional zoning in Kashi City and provide a reference for promoting urban human–land coordination and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved endogenous single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression to maintain normal physiological functions in fish. Nevertheless, the specific physiological role of miRNAs in lower vertebrates, particularly in comparison to mammals, remains elusive. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the control of antiviral responses triggered by viral stimulation in fish are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the regulatory impact of miR-1388 on the signaling pathway mediated by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Our findings revealed that following stimulation with the viral analog poly(I:C), the expression of miR-1388 was significantly upregulated in primary immune tissues and macrophages. Through a dual luciferase reporter assay, we corroborated a direct targeting relationship between miR-1388 and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3). Furthermore, our study demonstrated a distinct negative post-transcriptional correlation between miR-1388 and TRAF3. We observed a significant negative post-transcriptional regulatory association between miR-1388 and the levels of antiviral genes following poly(I:C) stimulation. Utilizing reporter plasmids, we elucidated the role of miR-1388 in the antiviral signaling pathway activated by TRAF3. By intervening with siRNA-TRAF3, we validated that miR-1388 regulates the expression of antiviral genes and the production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) through its interaction with TRAF3. Collectively, our experiments highlight the regulatory influence of miR-1388 on the IRF3-mediated signaling pathway by targeting TRAF3 post poly(I:C) stimulation. These findings provide compelling evidence for enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms through which fish miRNAs participate in immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As construction waste production in Beijing has increased significantly, there is an urgent demand to manage and dispose it in a more economical and environmentally-friendly way. As there are different benefits and limits between preliminary sorting/recycling on construction sites and centralized treatment on final disposal sites, three scenarios were formed. AHP was used to compare these scenarios from the aspect of technical feasibility, economic costs and environmental effects. AHP analysis results showed that the priority of three scenarios followed D3>D1>D2, indicating the optimal way for C&D waste in Chaoyang district is firstly going through primary recycling with a mobile treatment facility on the construction site and then transporting to a final disposal site.

The treatment, disposal and management of municipal solid waste strongly depend on the composition and characteristics of municipal solid waste. The Physical composition of MSW and its influencing factors were investigated and analyzed in the residential of Beijing area. The result showed that the composition of MSW in four seasons was similar, and the kitchen was the main composition of MSW, accounting for 69-74% of the total amount of MSW. The average age of families, educational backgrounds, family income and building area have a great influence on the physical proportion of MSW. As the average age of the family increases, the proportion of other wastes was gradually reduced, the proportion of the harmful waste was increased. With the increase of educational backgrounds and family income, the content of kitchen waste decreased, while the content of recyclable waste increased obviously. The 50 square meters was used as a dividing point for the residential area of the family, the kitchen waste decreased at first and then increased, while the proportion of disposable packaging and other waste increases at first and then decreases with the increase of building area.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between multiple higher-order aberrations (HOAs) subgroups and pupil offset, as well as to analyze the factors affecting postoperative corneal HOAs in patients with different degrees of refractive errors. Methods: We enrolled 160 patients (316 eyes) aged ≥ 18 years who had undergone femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) treatment. Based on the relationship between the preoperative pupil offset and the postoperative ΔHOAs, all patients were divided into two groups: group I (pupil offset ≤ 0.20 mm) and group II (pupil offset > 0.20 mm). All of the eyes had low to high myopia with or without astigmatism (manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) < -10.00 D). Uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, MRSE, pupil offset, central corneal thickness, corneal HOAs, vertical coma (Z3−1), horizontal coma (Z31), spherical aberration (Z40), trefoil 0° (Z33), and trefoil 30° (Z3−3) over a 6 mm diameter central corneal zone diameter were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Results: Our result revealed significant differences in postoperative corneal total root mean square (RMS) HOAs, RMS vertical coma, RMS horizontal coma, RMS spherical aberration, and RMS trefoil 30° between group I and group II. ΔMRSE was found to be an effective factor for ΔRMS HOAs (R2 = 0.383), ΔRMS horizontal coma (R2 = 0.205), and ΔRMS spherical aberration (R2 = 0.397). In group II, multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between preoperative pupillary offset and Δtotal RMS HOAs (R2 = 0.461), ΔRMS horizontal coma (R2 = 0.040), and ΔRMS trefoil 30°(R2 = 0.089). The ΔRMS vertical coma effect factor is the Y-component, and the factor influencing ΔRMS spherical aberration was ΔMRSE (R2 = 0.256). Conclusion: A small pupil offset was associated with a lower induction of postoperative corneal HOAs. Efforts to optimize centration are critical for improving surgical outcomes in patients with FS-LASIK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the extinct nuclide 182Hf-182W system has been developed as an essential tool to date and trace the lunar origin and evolution. Despite a series of achievements, controversies and problems exist. As a review, this paper details the application principles of the 182Hf-182W isotope system and summarizes the research development on W isotopes of the Moon. A significant radiogenic ε182W excess of 0.24 ± 0.01 was found in the lunar mantle, leading to heated debates. There are three main explanations for the origin of the excess, including (1) radioactive origin; (2) the mantle of the Moon-forming impactor; and (3) disproportional late accretion to the Earth and the Moon. Debates on these explanations have revealed different views on lunar age. The reported ages of the Moon are mainly divided into two views: an early Moon (30–70 Ma after the solar system formation); and a late Moon (>70 Ma after the solar system formation). This paper discusses the possible effects on lunar 182W composition, including the Moon-forming impactor, late veneer, and Oceanus Procellarum-forming projectile. Finally, the unexpected isotopic similarities between the Earth and Moon are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]