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This study emphasizes the critical role of psychological adaptation in the growth and development of college students, a cornerstone of successful higher education. We identify critical challenges by exploring first-year students’ psychological adjustments to their new academic environments and propose targeted strategies to enhance their integration into university life. Utilizing a questionnaire-based analysis to pinpoint areas of psychological misadjustment, our research offers practical solutions to facilitate smoother transitions for students, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of college education.

The construction of an ideal view is crucial for the personal growth of college students. The way they perceive the dialectical relationship between individuals and society and how they strive to realize the value of life is determined by it. This study focuses on college students as the survey subject and designs a questionnaire around their ideal beliefs. Analyzing the current pattern of ideal belief construction among college students is the goal. The current reality, factors that influence the construction of ideal views, and existing problems are analyzed in detail using statistical data from the questionnaire. It also proposes feasible methods to encourage the creation of ideal views among college students. Optimizing college education content, cultivating a creative spirit, and reforming family education are some of the strategies that are included in these strategies.

Abstract Pregnant women infected with HCV should be given attention due to their special physiological stage and the effect on offspring health. To examine the prevalence of HCV infection among pregnant women in part of China and explore relevant factors during pregnancy, a cross-sectional study was conducted in four maternal and children health care institutions (MCHC) in Guangdong, Hunan and Chongqing. Pregnant women who were delivered, induced or spontaneous abortion were included and relevant information was collected through the Hospital Information System. Results showed that the prevalence of HCV among pregnant women in four MCHCs was 0.11% (95% CI 0.09–0.13%). Age, occupations, regions, syphilis-infection, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), and placenta previa were significant factors (all P

BackgroundTo investigate factors associated with retention among the first cohort of drug users attending methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in China.MethodsA six-year cohort of 1511 drug users was enrolled in the first 8 MMT clinics in China in 2004 and followed between March, 2004 and December, 2010. Six-year retention rates were calculated and compared by methadone dosage, clinic location, and length of follow-up. Factors associated with retention were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.ResultsThe overall retention rate over 6-year was 35.7%. Highest drop-out occurred within the first 12 months of treatment. The retention rates for the 6-year by low (≤ 30 mg/day), medium (31-60 mg/day), and high (>60 mg/day) methadone dosage groups were 20.8%, 34.8% and 53.2%, respectively (p < 0.001). The highest 6-year retention rate among eight clinics was 43.8%, while the lowest one was 17.7% (p < 0.001). The results from Cox proportional hazard models indicate that clients having >30 mg daily methadone dosage (p < 0.001), having relatives receiving MMT (p = 0.027), and having >10% urine morphine positive result (p < 0.001) were more likely to be retained in MMT over the six-year period. It has also found that drug injection (p = 0.005) and needle sharing (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with better retention.ConclusionsHealth workers should adjust individuals' methadone dosages as a method to prevent early treatment termination. Further studies are needed to explore the impact of severity of opiate addiction on long-term retention of MMT clients. Careful assessment of drug users upon MMT enrollment may be helpful for providing additional care to clients.

ObjectiveTo assess the overall mortality of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clients in China and its associated factors.MethodsA total of 1,511 MMT clients, all of whom enrolled in China's first eight MMT clinics between March and December 2004, were included in this cohort study and followed for approximately six years, until June 2010. Mortality and its predictors were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsA total of 154 deaths were observed within 5,391 person-years (PY) of follow-up for an all-cause mortality rate of 28.6 per 1,000 PY. The leading causes of death were drug overdose (33.8%), HIV/AIDS-unrelated disease (21.4%), and HIV/AIDS (16.9%). The all-cause mortality rate of clients engaged in MMT for one year or less was roughly three times that of clients who stayed in MMT for four years or more (14.0 vs. 4.6, p

A central principle of synaptic transmission is that action potential‐induced presynaptic neurotransmitter release occurs exclusively via Ca2+‐dependent secretion (CDS). The discovery and mechanistic investigations of Ca2+‐independent but voltage‐dependent secretion (CiVDS) have demonstrated that the action potential per se is sufficient to trigger neurotransmission in the somata of primary sensory and sympathetic neurons in mammals. One key question remains, however, whether CiVDS contributes to central synaptic transmission. Here, we report, in the central transmission from presynaptic (dorsal root ganglion) to postsynaptic (spinal dorsal horn) neurons in vitro, (i) excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) are mediated by glutamate transmission through both CiVDS (up to 87%) and CDS; (ii) CiVDS‐mediated EPSCs are independent of extracellular and intracellular Ca2+; (iii) CiVDS is faster than CDS in vesicle recycling with much less short‐term depression; (iv) the fusion machinery of CiVDS includes Cav2.2 (voltage sensor) and SNARE (fusion pore). Together, an essential component of activity‐induced EPSCs is mediated by CiVDS in a central synapse. Synopsis: Axonal action potential triggers synaptic transmission independent of Ca2+ in a mammalian central synapse.In the synapses between dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn neurons, activity‐induced excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) are mediated by both Ca2+‐independent but voltage‐dependent secretion (CiVDS) and Ca2+‐dependent secretion (CDS).In contrast to CDS, CiVDS‐mediated EPSC shows faster vesicle recycling and less short‐term depression.CiVDS‐mediated glutamate release depends on Cav2.2 (voltage sensor) and SNARE (fusion pore). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resource development and capacity-building during China's rapid scale-up of methadone maintenance treatment services/Developpement des ressources humaines et renforcement des competences lors du developpement rapide et a grande echelle des services de traitement de maintien a la methadone en Chine/Desarrollo de los recursos humanos y creacion de capacidad en relacion con el rapido aumento en China de los servicios de tratamiento de mantenimiento con metadona. Problem China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Programme (MMT) has expanded from eight clinics serving approximately 1000 clients to 738 clinics that have served more than 340 000 clients cumulatively in only 8 years. This has created an enormous demand for trained providers. Approach Human resource development and capacity building efforts have been conducted in China's National MMT Programme to create a supply of providers trained in administering MMT for opioid dependence. Local setting From 2004 to 2007, China's National MMT Programme faced several problems: inappropriately low methadone doses, poor compliance, high concurrent drug use and high drop-out rates among clients, and little experience, little training and high turnover rates among providers. Relevant changes Training programmes for individual providers and their trainers were redeveloped and expanded in 2008. Although programme performance metrics show an increase in patients' annual mean duration in treatment (93 days in 2004 versus 238 days in 2011), the increase in their mean daily methadone dose (from 47.2 mg in 2004 to 58.6 mg in 2011) is modest. Lessons learnt Some of the problems that can arise during the development, launch and scale-up of a major national public health effort, such as China's National MMT Programme, cannot be foreseen. Key to the programme's success so far have been the strong commitment on the part of China's government and the optimism and pragmatism of programme managers. Human resources development and capacity-building during scale-up have contributed to improved service quality in MMT treatment clinics and are critical to long-term success. Probleme Le programme national chinois de traitement de maintien a la methadone est passe de 8 hopitaux traitant environ 1 000 patients a 738 cliniques qui ont suivi plus de 340 000 patients au total en seulement 8 ans. Cela a genere une enorme demande en prestataires experimentes. Approche Le developpement des ressources humaines et des efforts de renforcement des competences ont ete menes par le programme national chinois de traitement de maintien a la methadone (TMM) afin de proposer des prestataires formes a la gestion du TMM en termes de dependance aux opiaces. Environnement local De 2004 a 2007, le programme national chinois de TMM s'est heurte a divers problemes: doses de methadone inadequatement faibles, observance mediocre, importante consommation simultanee de drogues et taux d'abandon eleves chez les patients, faible experience et taux de renouvellement eleve des prestataires. Changements significatifs Des programmes de formation pour les prestataires et leurs formateurs ont ete elabores et developpes en 2008. Bien que des mesures de performance du programme montrent une augmentation de la duree moyenne annuelle du traitement des patients (93 jours en 2004 pour 238 jours en 2011), l'augmentation de leur dose quotidienne moyenne de methadone est modeste (de 47,2 mg en 2004 a 58,6 mg en 2011). Lecons tirees Certains problemes qui peuvent survenir lors du developpement, du lancement et de l'application a grande echelle d'un effort national majeur dans le domaine de la sante publique, tel que le programme national chinois du traitement de maintien a la methadone, ne peuvent etre prevus. A ce jour, les cles du succes du programme sont l'engagement marque de la part du gouvernement chinois ainsi que l'optimisme et le pragmatisme des responsables du programme. Le developpement des ressources humaines et le renforcement des competences lors du developpement a grande echelle ont contribue a une amelioration de la qualite du service dans les cliniques de TMM et sont essentiels pour une reussite a long terme. Situacion El Programa Nacional para el Tratamiento de Mantenimiento con Metadona de China ha pasado de tener ocho clinicas que atendian a aproximadamente 1000 clientes a 738 clinicas con un total acumulado de mas de 340 000 clientes atendidos en solo ocho anos, lo que ha creado una demanda enorme de proveedores de servicios cualificados. Enfoque Los esfuerzos para el desarrollo de los recursos humanos y la creacion de capacidad adecuada han llevado al Programa Nacional para el TMM de China a crear un programa para aportar proveedores cualificados capaces de administrar el tratamiento de mantenimiento con metadona (TMM) para la dependencia de opiaceos. Marco regional Desde el ano 2004 hasta el 2007, el Programa Nacional para el TMM chino tuvo que hacer frente a numerosos problemas: dosis inadecuadamente bajas de metadona, cumplimiento deficiente del programa, elevado uso simultaneo de drogas, tasas altas de abandono entre los clientes, falta de experiencia y de formacion, asi como indices elevados de rotacion entre los proveedores de servicios. Cambios importantes En el ano 2008 se volvieron a disenar y se aumentaron los programas de formacion para los proveedores individuales, asi como para sus instructores. Aunque las mediciones del rendimiento del programa muestran un aumento de la duracion media anual del tratamiento de los pacientes (93 dias en 2004 frente a 238 dias en 2011), el aumento de la dosis diaria de metadona (de 47,2 mg en 2004 a 58,6 mg en 2011) resulta moderado. Lecciones aprendidas No es posible prever todos los problemas que pueden surgir durante el desarrollo, el lanzamiento y la expansion de un esfuerzo de tal relevancia en materia de salud publica nacional como es el Programa chino para el Tratamiento de Mantenimiento con Metadona. Las claves para el exito del programa han sido, hasta ahora, el fuerte compromiso por parte del gobierno chino, asi como el optimismo y el pragmatismo de los gestores del programa. El desarrollo de los recursos humanos y la creacion de capacidad durante su proceso de expansion han contribuido a mejorar la calidad del servicio en las clinicas de TMM y son fundamentales para el exito a largo plazo., Introduction The injection of illicit drugs and the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to which it contributes are still public health challenges in China. (1) Methadone maintenance treatment [...]