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Permeable asphalt mixtures are widely used to achieve good permeability of the pavements used for urban road surfaces. Based on the law of water migration in permeable road structures, the water-holding performance of permeable asphalt mixtures was analyzed and the evaluation indexes were determined. Open-graded asphalt friction course (OGFC-13) permeable asphalt mixture was selected, and the changes in the saturation, water retention, and water-holding rate of OGFC-13 permeable asphalt mixtures with different porosities were compared using water-holding equipment. The water-holding characteristics of permeable pavement materials under different seepage conditions were analyzed. A model of the relationship governing the water-holding capacity of the permeable asphalt mixture, water action conditions, and material porosity was established by a linear fitting method, and the reliability of the model was verified by comparison with laboratory test results, providing a foundation for related research on the water-holding and cooling behavior of permeable pavements.

Entre las especies de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) sinantrópicos que existen en la región de las Américas, tres desempeñan un papel protagónico en la transmisión de enfermedades de importancia médica en países de bajos y medios ingresos (LMIC): Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus y Culex quinquefasciatus. Con el objetivo de caracterizar la infestación domiciliar de estos mosquitos, se realizó un estudio entomológico en el municipio de Jutiapa (Guatemala) y Jarabacoa (República Dominicana), ambos incluidos dentro de la clasificación de LMIC. En cada municipio se muestrearon 100 viviendas seleccionadas aleatoriamente; en cada criadero se capturó la mayor cantidad posible de larvas y/o pupas con la ayuda de pipetas Pasteur, bandejas plásticas y botes herméticos. El porcentaje de depósitos con agua infestados por alguna de las especies de culícidos estudiada fue similar en ambos municipios (Jutiapa = 27.9 %, Jarabacoa = 20.0 %); entre estos predominaron los ubicados en el peri-domicilio (Jutiapa = 76.3 %, Jarabacoa = 93.7 %) en depósitos permanentes y útiles (Jutiapa = 79.6 %, Jarabacoa = 56.9 %). De forma general, Ae. aegypti fue la especie que más depósitos colonizó (Jutiapa = 92, Jarabacoa = 84), en cohabitación o no con otras especies. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias de comunicación y participación comunitaria contextualizadas a las características de cada territorio y especie, así como direccionar los esfuerzos hacia el control doméstico, teniendo en cuenta sus contribuciones a la efectividad y sostenibilidad del manejo integrado de culícidos en estos y otros municipios con características similares.

Sandy soil has a low ability to absorb and store low water, low nutrient content, and a high water evaporation rate, so it is not suitable to be used as agricultural land. Superabsorbents can be used to overcome these weaknesses. The purpose of this study was to measure the abilities of the superabsorbents, including water holding, swelling, and water retention of sandy soil enriched with superabsorbent, and to analyze the chitosan-graft-poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent characteristics. The superabsorbent was prepared by mixing a chitosan solution with ammonium persulfate as an initiator and acrylic acid, which had been neutralized with KOH. Then, the mixture was cross-linked with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). The resulting superabsorbent gel was dried in an oven and then crushed for analysis. The results showed that an increase in chitosan concentration increased the gel fraction, swelling, reusability, and water holding. Meanwhile, an increase in chitosan concentration decreased water retention in sandy soils. The swelling kinetics can be predicted using the pseudo-second-order model with high accuracy (R2 value of 0.99).

The quality characteristics of chhana varied due to the milk composition (cow‐, buffalo‐, and mixed‐ milk) which in turn was affected by the milking season (summer and winter). Upon heating and acidification of milk samples water holding phenomena and denatured protein association within and with other components lead to variation in both macroscale properties (color, texture, and rheology) and molecular bonding patterns (FTIR character). Yield, lightness (L* value), textural firmness, and elastic modulus of chhana increased with increasing proportion of buffalo milk in mixed milk due to higher total solids and less moisture content in both the seasons. Total protein, fat, water, and interaction between them and extent of hydrogen bonding significantly affected the rheological and textural properties of chhana samples., Effect of milk composition and milking season on chhana (Indian cottage cheese). BM, buffalo milk; CM‐cow milk; CP, casein protein; MF, milk fat; MM, mixed milk; tanδ, phase angle; , W, water; WP, whey protein. , cow milk chhana properties (firmness and stickiness); , , buffalo milk chhana properties (firmness and stickiness) indicative of specific components in FTIR region; blue—CM; red—BM.

The objective of this study was to examine the quality enhancement of puffed products made with partial gelatinized waxy and non-waxy type rice. The partial gelatinization process increased water holding capacity of samples, regardless of the gelatinization time, with the puffed waxy rice exhibiting higher water holding capacities than the puffed non-waxy rice. The hardness of puffed rice using partial gelatinized waxy or non-waxy type rice was lower compared with non-partial gelatinized samples. Partial gelatinization also increased the final viscosity of the samples, which was decreased by the puffing treatment. The setback viscosity was higher in the partially gelatinized rice than in the non-gelatinized rice and was lower for the puffing treatment. The in vitro starch digestibility of waxy and non-waxy type rice was improved by a puffing treatment. These results suggest that puffed rice using partial gelatinization treatment enhances the quality and digestibility of soft-textured foods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate quality characteristics of pork myofibrillar protein (MP) added with cornstarch as affected by different pH values and salt cocnentrations. MP mixtures were prepared with three different pH values (pH 6.00, 6.25, and 6.50) and three different salt concentrations (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 M). Cooking yield (CY), gel strength, viscosity, and scanning electron microscopy were measured to evaluate characteristics of MPs. CYs of MPs with cornstarch at above pH 6.25 or salt 0.30 M were increased compared to those at pH 6.00 or salt 0.15 M. However, gel strengths of MPs at salt 0.45 M were higher than those at salt 0.30 M. In microstructure analysis, MP gels with increasing pH value and salt concentration showed compact and uniform structure. Thus, MP gels with pH 6.25 and salt concentration of 0.30 M would be better for manufacturing meat products containing cornstarch to increase their water holding ability.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of annealing and enzyme extract on the gel properties of chickpea (C.P), corn (C.S), Turkish bean (T.B), sweet potato (S.P.S), and wheat starches (W.S). Starches were annealed at different temperatures and times in excess water with or without germinated sorghum extract (GSE). The concentration of α-amylase in the GSE was 5 mg/10 mL. Dynamic rheological properties, freeze-thaw stability and water holding capacity (WHC) were investigated. The dynamic rheological parameters of the native or GSE-treated starches varied significantly (p < 0.05), while the G` of some starches were frequency-independent others exhibited sharp increase in G` at low frequencies. Unlike T.B and S.P.S, the G` of the native C.P and C.S starches was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by annealing, whereas GSE-treatment reduced G` of all gels regardless of annealing temperature or time. Starch gels demonstrated significant (p

The objective of this study was the evaluation of different fibres (bamboo, acacia, potato or citrus) addition on texture, rheological and sensory properties of acid casein processed cheese sauces. Fibres used in production of sauces had an impact on the texture, viscosity, viscoelastic and sensory properties. The largest increase in viscosity was observed in products with addition of potato fibre, which have good water holding and adsorption capacity. Processed cheese sauce with the addition of citrus fibre was characterised by the highest values in general, and the increase of this feature in the tested samples was regular. Adhesiveness was the highest in products with 1% addition of every fibre. The lowest values of viscosity single shear, G′ and G″ moduli, among all tested, had sauces with acacia fibre. Moreover, they had the most thin liquid consistency, which was different from preferred one.

During storage meat and semi-finished meat products, the decisive factor is the correct implementation of freezing process, because the physical, histological, biochemical, microbiological changes that occur at this time, affect the final quality of product after defrosting procedure. Accordingly, studies of the impact of traditional and shock-freezing methods on functional and technological properties of semi-finished rabbit meat products represent scientific and practical interest. The effect of freezing temperature of natural and minced semi-finished rabbit meat products on the duration of cold treatment process has been studied, and the regression equations of their relationships have been obtained and regression curves have been constructed. It has been established that unlike traditional method, by the type of semi-finished products, the duration of cold treatment by shock-freezing method is 3 - 3.5 times shorter. The optimal freezing parameters have also been selected. It has been shown that the use of shock-freezing method contributes to the reduction of mass losses of semi-finished rabbit meat products, and by the type of semi-finished products, they are 5 - 5.3 lower as compared to traditional method of freezing. The determination of functional properties has revealed that shock-freezing allows for increasing water binding capacity-by 23.2 - 31.9%, water holding capacity-by 20 - 25% and pH by 6.7 - 10.4%. There have been studied microbiological indicators of frozen semi-finished products and their changes during the storage process. It has been established that they meet the safety and hygiene requirements for meat products. The full results obtained indicate the advantage of shock-freezing method as compared to traditional methods, as well as point to the appropriateness of its use when selecting the cold treatment modes for semi-finished rabbit meat products.

Fiber and cocopeat are waste products from coconut husks that can be turned into value added products. Fiber and cocopeat from old coconut husks are well known in coconut industry in the world. This paper described fibre strength from young coconut husks, nutrient content and water-holding ability of young coconut cocopeat compared to old coconut cocopeat. The strength of fiber was determined by using Instron Universal Testing Machine. The results showed that mean load at break for young coconut fiber was 13.76 N while mean load at break for old coconut fiber was 14.93 N. Maximum tensile stress for young coconut fiber was 1.55 MPa and 1.76 MPa for old coconut fiber. The nutrient contents were determined for young cocopeat and old cocopeat resulted as phosphorus (372.79 ppm, 339 ppm), potassium (6829.68 ppm, 10040.46 ppm), calcium (508.74 ppm, 578.40 ppm), magnesium (468.67 ppm, 715.60 ppm) and sodium (1579.70 ppm, 3917.60 ppm). The pH value was 6.55 and 5.39 respectively. The ash contents were 2.62% for young cocopeat while 4.06% for old cocopeat. For water holding ability test, moisture content of each sample from young coconut cocopeat and old coconut cocopeat was determined by using soil moisture meter. After seven days with water added 500 ml two times/day, results showed that water holding ability for peat moss was the best while young cocopeat was better than the old cocopeat. All the results showed that fiber and cocopeat from young coconut husk have high potential for sustainable production in the coconut industry.

Low-permeability reservoirs, especially ultralow-permeability reservoirs, usually show a problem of ineffective water injection which leads to low pressure with high injection-production ratio. It is urgent to determine the direction and proportion of ineffective water injection, so as to guide the adjustment of water injection development. Based on the theory of percolation mechanics and combined with the modern well test analysis method, the determination method of effective water injection ratio was established. This method can not only judge the direction of injected water but also determine the proportion of invalid injected water. This method was applied on typical oil reservoirs; the evaluation results showed that extremely low permeability and ultralow permeability usually exist the situation of water holding around the injected well which is almost 20% of the injected water. Some areas existed the water channeling; the evaluation results showed that the water channeling was closely related with sedimentary microfacies rather than microfractures, and the invalid injection accounts are about 45% of the injected water. The method is simple and feasible, which can provide technical reference for the development strategy adjustment of water drive development in low-permeability reservoir.

Fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were slaughtered and stored on ice at 0 °C then portioned and packaged six to eight days later in modified atmosphere (CO2:N2 60:40) packaging (MAP), vacuum skin packaging and open air. All fillet portions were stored in refrigerated conditions at 4 °C. Physical and instrumentally determined sensory quality parameters, including water holding properties, pH, colour, texture and microbiological shelf life, were examined for three weeks. The results showed that both MAP and vacuum skin packaging gave comparable quality in drip loss, water holding capacity, texture and microbiological shelf life. Both packaging groups displayed increased lightness and decreased redness and yellowness throughout storage after filleting. Fillets kept in MAP had consistently lower pH with a darker, more reddish, and yellowish colour than skin packaged fillets. Fillets stored in air had the shortest microbiological shelf life (

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural biomaterial synthesized by bacteria. It possesses a unique structure of cellulose nanofiber-weaved three-dimensional reticulated network that endows it excellent mechanical properties, high water holding capability and outstanding suspension stability. It is also characterized with high purity, high degree of crystallinity, great biocompatibility and biodegradability. Due to these advantages, BC has gained great attentions in both academic and industrial areas. This critical review summarizes the up-to-date development of BC production and application from an industrial perspective. Firstly, a fundamental knowledge of BC's biosynthesis, structure and properties is described, and then recent developments in the industrial fermentation of BC are introduced. Subsequently, the latest commercial applications of BC in the areas of food, personal care, household chemicals, biomedicine, textile, composite resin are summarized. Finally, a brief discussion of future development of BC industry is presented at the end.

The study is carried out to standardize larval indices namely House Index, Container Index and Breteau Index and also to identify the major breeding sources of mosquitoes in the residential environment in and around the Gwale Local government area of Kano, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study by selecting 50 houses randomly from the 6 wards of Municipality was employed. Every water holding container indoors and outdoors were counted and searched for larval presence and noted on a pretested format. In this study, 300 houses were surveyed in 21 days out of which 94.33% (283 houses) were found to have potential sources for mosquito breeding. All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level. House Index = 28.67%; Container Index = 12.14%; Breteau Index = 64.00% showing high chances for outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases. The area is prone to mosquito borne disease like malaria and therefore warrants interventions from the competent.

Entomological surveillance for the prevalence and seasonal variations of Aedes aegypti (Dengue and Chikungunya vector) mosquito larvae was conducted during July 2016 to June 2017 in district Hyderabad. In the role of being Aedes aegypti as potential vector of Dengue & Chikungunya, arboviral infections commonly prevalent in Lower Sindh. The outcome of study was designed on predictive modeling exercise so that rapid response in terms of larvicidal activity either biological method or mechanical or growth regulation could be implemented at positive localities besides identifying prospective geographical distribution in order to assess future interventions well in time prior to peak season. At onset of surveillance, larvae were collected from various types of indoor and outdoor water holding containers/breeding habitat. underground tanks, overhead tanks, plastic drums, earthen pots, discarded receptacles, plant nurseries, puncture tire shops and road side small hotels (Dhaba). A standard method was used for data collection and analysis (house index HI, container index CI and Breteau index BI). A total of 510 household surveyed with 1370 water holding containers in which 372 were positive with Aedes aegypti larvae at the rate of 27.1%; while 344 outdoor water containers examined, 46 were positive with Aedes aegypti larvae at the rate of 13.37%. Total of 1714 indoor and outdoor water holding containers examined, 418 were positive with Aedes aegypti larvae with overall positivity rate of 24.38 %. For entomological indices only indoor water containers data have been used. House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breteau Index (BI) were estimated as 31%, 27.1 % and 73 % respectively. Drums were recorded with highest positivity rate of (40.17%), followed by underground water tanks (29.07%), overhead water tanks (22.8%), Earthen pot (22.6%), discarded containers (12.1%) and the least (10.7%) dripping water collection from air-condition and refrigerator. From outdoor breeding-sites, Plant nurseries were recorded highest 17.1% followed by Dhaba hotel (15.5%) and puncture tire shops (10.6%). The seasonal variations were noted as September and October were observed the peak seasons with positivity rate of 51.25% and 58.27% respectively and the reason is that the favorable climatic factors after monsoon; 131.8 mm rain fall in August 2016 and the favorable temperature and relative humidity as well for the breeding of Aedes aegypti. Positive water containers were distinguished with ratio as properly covered, partially covered and uncovered1.91%, 49.76% and 48.3%respectively. Keywords: Aedes aegypti larvae; Breeding-sites; Dengue/Chikungunya Vector; Hyderabad; Larval indices; Prevalence; Seasonal variation http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90142

The cotton seeds were coated with different polymers namely Genius coat 171, Genius coat 172, Arcus, Myconate and Quick roots and evaluated for various physiological quality parameters at water holding capacities of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 per cent in sand medium along with untreated control seed. The seeds coated with Quick roots polymer recorded higher speed of germination (8.5), germination (88 %), root length (10.35 cm), shoot length (10.80 cm), dry matter production (489.9 mg seedlings-10) and vigour index (1861), respectively over untreated control (5.5, 68, 9.00, 9.50, 458.6 and 1258, respectively) under suboptimal moisture condition like 30 per cent water holding capacity. Cotton seeds coated with Quick roots can tolerate both high as well as low moisture content and produce better germination and seedling establishment.

Karst forests are often located in mountainous regions, and because of various geological factors both soil and water loss are major conservation concerns. We investigated the water-holding characteristics of 3 typical karst forest types through field sampling and laboratory experiments. The results showed that (1) the total litter mass of the coniferous forest was significantly higher than that of either the mixed forest or the broadleaved forest; (2) the mass of semidecomposed litter was significantly higher than that of undecomposed litter; (3) the litter layers of the mixed and coniferous forests had similar maximum water-holding capacity, whereas the maximum water-holding capacity of the broadleaved forest was significantly lower; (4) the maximum water-retention capacity of both the mixed and coniferous forests was significantly higher than that of the broadleaved forest; and (5) water-absorption rate and maximum water-holding capacity varied significantly across forest and litter types, with the mixed forest and undecomposed litter layers tending both to hold more water and to absorb water more quickly than the other forest types or the semidecomposed litter layer. Because of the elevated water-holding capacity and absorption rate of the mixed forest in karst regions, special emphasis on the conservation of this complex forest ecosystem is critical from both hydrological and ecological perspectives.

Bakery products are good vehicles for dietary fiber incorporation. Traditionally, the source of dietary fiber has been mainly from cereals. However, vegetable can be used as potential source of dietary fiber. Pumpkin powder was characterized with good hydration properties (water holding and water retention capacity and swelling capacity), but fat absorption capacity was very low. Wheat flour was substituted with pumpkin powder at different level (2.5; 5; 7.5; and 10%). Addition of pumpkin powder modified the farinographic properties in various ways (water absorption and dough development time increased, while dough stability and mixing tolerance index decreased). Also it was concluded, that addition of pumpkin powder affected the qualitative properties of baked rolls. Enriched baked rolls had lower volume and specific volume. Moreover, the cambering values were significantly decreased as contain of pumpkin powder increased. The effect of incorporation of pumpkin powder in baked rolls on firmness values was also evaluated. It was also observed that enriched rolls were firmer during storage compared to control sample. Baked rolls containing pumpkin powder at higher addition levels had vegetable taste and flavour. From the results also concluded that the overall acceptance of baked rolls with 2.5 and 5% addition levels of pumpkin powder were comparable with control sample (without pumpkin powder).

Effects of three carrageenan types including κ/ι-hybrid carrageenan, κ/ι-mixture carrageenan, and K+-κ-carrageenan in the concentrations of 0.5 g/kg, 1.5 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg on the texture, rheological property, microstructure, and water holding property of tofu were compared for texture control. Types of carrageenan repeating units affected the coagulation process by changing the protein aggregation behavior in heated soymilk, resulting in the formation of tofu with distinct rheological and water-holding properties. The hardness and elasticity of tofu with κ/ι-hybrid carrageenan were higher. The addition of carrageenan increased the expressible water of tofu without varying its syneresis. The stress relaxation data suggested two relaxation mechanisms in tofu. One appears at a shorter time between 0.4 and 15 s for both λ1 and λ2 that represents the aqueous phase with buffering ability in the tofu matrix. The other shows at a longer time around 60–95 s (λ3), that represents the network frame structure in the matrix. The addition of carrageenan increased the λ3 of tofu, indicating the decrease of network chain mobility. Tofu became softer and less elastic when the concentration of carrageenan was increased. The above phenomenon might be due to the changes in the network structure of tofu by carrageenan.

The effect of different chilling technologies on water holding and quality parameters was investigated on Atlantic salmon throughout the entire value chain. Chilling technologies of whole fish before filleting, included superchilling(S) by refrigerated seawater (RSW) or ice (I), followed by chilling of fillets with liquid nitrogen (SS, IS) or ice (SI, II). Superchilling by shell-freezing with liquid nitrogen (IS and SS) caused increased drip loss throughout storage for both raw and smoked fillets. Whole salmon stored in RSW followed by ice storage (SI) had the least drip loss. Moreover, fish stored in RSW had lower H2S producing bacteria for raw fillets, lower blood spot counts and gaping after smoking. Therefore, this method is likely more feasible than storing whole fish in ice or shell-freezing of fillets. Water content, muscle pH and colour parameters were higher for raw than smoked fillets, while breaking force, firmness and water holding capacity were higher for smoked than raw fillets. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The food industry is currently shown the concern with low-fat products. This study aims to evaluate the properties of oat β-glucan(OG)-marine collagen peptide (MCP) mixed gels induced by high pressure at different ratios, pressures, pH levels and the superiority of application in the sausage. The results indicated that the typical gel with high levels of hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, and chewiness, as well as high water holding and oil adsorption capacities was formed using the OG/MCP ratio of 10:1 under 400 MPa at pH 6.0. The mixed gel replacing with 50% fat significantly increased the springiness and chewing(P

To assess how a grate covering a catch basin impacts oviposition by Culex mosquitoes, a field study was conducted in south Florida using containers with two types of covers, with openings of equal area, but different configurations. One opening mimicked a catch basin grate with 16 small openings, while the other cover had just one large opening. The number and presence of egg rafts in six of each container and cover combination was recorded over 18 nights at two field sites, consisting of a wastewater management facility area and residential subdivision. Three mosquito species, all belonging to the subgenus Culex accounted for more than 99% of total egg rafts collected: Culex nigripalpus (n = 1766), Culex quinquefasciatus (n = 754) and Culex coronator (n = 526). Approximately 90% of Cx. nigripalpus and Cx. coronator egg rafts were deposited in the containers with the large opening cover, whereas more Cx. quinquefasciatus egg rafts were laid in the containers with small opening covers than those of Culex nigripalpus and Culex coronator combined. Similar patterns of egg laying activity were noted at each sampling stations. These results suggest that for locating oviposition sites Culex quinquefasciatus may rely more on olfactory clues, while other Culex species depend more on visual clues.

Aedes aegypti is a vector of many arboviruses. Information of the breeding site of this vector is important for preventing many diseases and for design intervention programs. This study was to determine the breeding place of Ae. aegypti, type of water-holding container and susceptibility for organophosphate insecticide in Banguntapan village. Design of this research was cross-sectional study that located in Banguntapan village from November 2016 until January 2017 on 400 houses. All water holding container that present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of Ae. aegypti with single larvae method. Susceptibility test using bioassay and biochemist test was applied on F1 generation larvae. Risk indicator of the entomological survey was the free larvae index (FLI), house index, container index and breteau index. A total 696 container were inspected, of which 149 containers were positive Ae. aegypti, with FLI 73%, HI 27%, BI of 33%, CI 18.14% and PI of 17.5%. The most common breeding habitats for larvae were bathtub, bucket, plant’s pot, birds drinking pot. Susceptibility status to temephos was susceptible, whiles for organophosphate insecticide was medium resistance. Banguntapan village was a high potential for arbovirus transmission and bathtub is the most potential breeding place for Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxidized proteins on meat color and water holding capacity of Tan mutton stored at low temperatures and the correlation between oxidized proteins and meat quality. Compared with the fresh control group, a total of 1089 proteins were identified as shared proteins with different oxidation sites (DOSPs) in Tan mutton from three low temperature groups (−2, −18 and 4 °C). The number of oxidation sites in Tan mutton muscle stored at −2 °C was much higher than those at −18 and 4 °C. There were also differences in the degree and site of protein oxidation between different storage groups. Pearson's correlation analysis between 275 DOSPs and quality traits of the tan mutton muscle stored at low temperatures showed that 19 DOSPs were correlated closely with color (L*, a* and b*) and water holding (CeL, CL and DL). Among them, several proteins might be potential markers for color, and some proteins are good candidate predictors for water holding of Tan mutton muscle. Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of these proteins were structural proteins and metabolic enzymes, which may lead to the change of meat quality by affecting the microstructure and metabolic pathway of muscle.

Three kinds of roe protein concentrates (RPCs: boil-dried concentrate, BDC; steam-dried concentrate, SDC; freeze-dried concentrate, FDC) were prepared from yellowfin tuna to produce value added products for food applications. The buffer capacities of the RPCs were higher under alkaline than under acidic conditions. The water holding capacities of the RPCs were in range 4.5-4.7 g/g protein at pH 6.0. The protein solubility of the FDC (14.2%) was higher than those of the BDC (5.4%) and SDC (5.5%) at pH 6.0. The foaming capacity of the FDC (156.8%) was higher than those of the BDC (109.7%) and SDC (109.4%); the FDC foam was stable for 60 min. The oil-in-water emulsifying activity index of the FDC (12.2m2/g protein) exceeded those of the BDC and SDC (2.2m2/g protein). Protein concentrates from yellowfin tuna roe may be useful as a potential protein source and as a high-value food ingredient.

[EN] A new concept for fluid flow manipulation in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (m-PADs) is presented by introducing ionogel materials as passive pumps. m-PADs were fabricated using a new doubleside contact stamping process and ionogels were precisely photopolymerised at the inlet of the m-PADs.The ionogels remain mainly on the surface of the paper and get absorbed in the superficial paper-fibers allowing for the liquid to flow from the ionogel into the paper easily. As a proof of concept the fluid flowand mixing behaviour of two different ionogels mPADs were compared with the non-treated mPADs.It was demonstrated that both ionogels highly affect the fluid flow by delaying the flow due to their different physical and chemical properties and water holding capacities. The project was carried out with the support of the Ramón y Cajal programme (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad). FBL and JS thank to the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under grant agreement no. 604241 for economical support. JE acknowledges the Gobierno Vasco, Dpto. Industria,Innovación, Comercio y Turismo under ETORTEK IE14-391 andELKARTEK KK-2015/00088. Authors personally acknowledge Marian M. De Pancorbo for letting them use her laboratory facilities at UPV/EHU.

Microfluidisation was used as a potential method for the production of fibrous structure from hazelnut skin (HS), and which was evaluated as an ingredient in cake as model bakery product. More specifically, effects of different amounts of microfluidised HS on rheological behaviour of cake batter and quality parameters (texture and colour) and storage characteristics of cake products were evaluated. Furthermore, performance of microfluidised HS was compared with conventionally milled HS and cacao powder for comparison purpose. The entangled structures of microfluidised HS resulted in much higher consistency index, yield stress and viscoelastic moduli values in batter samples than conventionally milled hazelnut skin. Highly shredded fibrous structure of microfluidised HS provided gluten-like strength and elasticity to cake samples resulting in higher springiness and firmness values. Darker crumb colour of the cake samples was caused by the homogenous distribution of fibrous microfluidised HS. Detailed staling analysis through X-ray and Fourier transform infrared measurements showed that microfluidised HS containing cake samples had lower retrogradation and staling tendency due to their lower starch content, and higher water holding ability. Findings of this study showed that microfluidised HS could be potentially utilised as an ingredient in bakery products.