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To optimize the working efficiency of the novel UV-LED system based on TiO2 photocatalyst, the influence mechanism of LED lamp arrangement, light source wavelength and working voltage on photocatalytic efficiency was investigated. Acid red 26 (AR 26), acetaminophen (ACT) and diclofenac (DCF) were used as contaminant targets of the photocatalytic system. LED lamp arrangement had almost no effect on the degradation of AR26. However, the degradation efficiency of ACT and DCF was improved under a higher light uniformity. The ACT concentration and DCF concentration at 360 min decreased by 14% and 15%, respectively, with increasing light distribution from 45% to 66.5%. The main reason for this discrepancy in effect was whether the rate-determining step of the degradation mechanism was affected by the light uniformity. The short wavelength and high working voltage of LEDs were conducive to the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants to a different degree. When the wavelength was reduced from 405nm to 365nm, the conversion of AR26, ACT, and DCF increased by 77%, 227%, and 106%, respectively. The conversion rates of AR26, ACT, and DCF increased by 28%, 54%, and 32%, respectively, with voltage increasing from 3 V to 4 V. The data of this work will provide support for optimizing the working efficiency of UV-LED systems based on TiO2 photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of science is a way to accommodate various effective phenomena that could influence the entire life cycle. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the electrochemical polymerization mechanism that is involved in numerous technological applications, including sensors and detectors. Accordingly, daily promises were raised to eliminate life disasters and alleviate the challenges such as water floods as a part of weather changes, which could cause severe damage to life health explicitly, infrastructure, economic productivity, and much more. The proposal considers the matter via compromising the water overflow as well as eliminating the disaster that would come in no warning time and tackling the climate emergency flooding with the potential of water reclamation and offers scholarly suggestions by the requirements of the scientific approach. The investigation clarified the electromagnetic absorber beside the electrochemical polymerization through engagement in the flooded water track stations and the calculation result shows that 19.73% could be absorbed when using 300 grams of polymer gel capacity in 240 grams of water. Generally, the paper explores the electromagnetic flood disaster and how to address it to build a more secure forthcoming.

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research • Genus Nomorhamphusfrom three river inlets of Lindu Lake, Central Sulawesi was identified as Nomorhamphus with CO1 gene. • Green wavelength can accelerate growth and maturation. • Wild fish Nomorhamphus can complete life cycles in an aquaculture environment. • Domestication level two is completed. Abstract Genus Nomorhamphus is an endemic fish that can be found in Sulawesi, Indonesia. This fish belongs to the halfbeak group and has diverse colors and morphology. It has economic value as an export commodity in the ornamental fish trade. Exploration of the genetic relationship of genus Nomorhamphus in Central Sulawesi is still limited. Nomorhamphus's fulfillment of export demand still comes from wild catches. This study aimed to identify the genetic relationship of genus Nomorhamphus in the inlet rivers of Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, and evaluate the adaptation response of genus Nomorhamphus to different wavelengths of light exposure. Caudal fin of six fish from the three inlet rivers of Lake Lindu were preserved in 95% ethanol for DNA extraction purposes. This research used a completely randomized design with three treatment, namely rearing under white (400 nm), green (525 nm), and red (625 nm) light for 60 days. Each treatment had three replications in the form of aquariums, with each aquarium being filled with four fish. A total of 42 fish were utilized in the study. CO1 sequence was amplified with universal primers of FISH-F2 and FISH-R2. The PCR amplification products were then sequenced and performed with phylogenetic tree analysis. The genetic diversity analysis suggests that the genus Nomorhamphus of all three rivers, Lindu Lake, Central Sulawesi is one species as Nomorhamphus sp.. Male and female growth length and gonad maturation were developed faster under green light exposure, while survival rate, blood glucose level, and color quality were not significantly different under different light. Exposure of wild fish to green light Nomorhamphus sp. can accelerate gonad maturation and growth to accelerate domestication.

Abstract Visual systems have evolved to discriminate between different wavelengths of light. The ability to perceive color, or specific light wavelengths, is important as color conveys crucial information about both biotic and abiotic features in the environment. Indeed, different wavelengths of light can drive distinct patterns of activity in the vertebrate brain, yet what remains incompletely understood is whether distinct wavelengths can invoke etiologically relevant behavioral changes. To address how specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum modulate behavioral performance, we use larval zebrafish and a stereotypic light-search behavior. Prior work has shown that the cessation of light triggers a transitional light-search behavior, which we use to interrogate wavelength-dependent behavioral modulation. Using 8 narrow spectrum light sources in the visible range, we demonstrate that all wavelengths induce motor parameters consistent with search behavior, yet the magnitude of search behavior is spectrum sensitive and the underlying motor parameters are modulated in distinct patterns across short, medium, and long wavelengths. However, our data also establishes that not all motor features of search are impacted by wavelength. To define how wavelength modulates search performance, we performed additional assays with alternative wavelengths, dual wavelengths, and variable intensity. Last, we also tested blind larvae to resolve which components of wavelength dependent behavioral changes potentially include signaling from non-retinal photoreception. These findings have important implications as organisms can be exposed to varying wavelengths in laboratory and natural settings and therefore impose unique behavioral outputs.

Background and Objectives: Magnetic fluids are unique nanodispersed systems that have the properties of a magnetic material and a liquid. Although their magnetic properties are inferior to steels and ferrites, they are supermagnetic compared to most liquid media. When a magnetic field is applied to a magnetic fluid, agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles are formed in it, which were visually observed in this work. Materials and Methods: The dependence of the modulation depth of laser radiation with wavelengths of 450 nm, 550 nm and 650 nm on the concentration of nanotubes and the magnitude of the magnetic field induction is studied. The transmittance of polarized radiation in the optical range is measured depending on the relative position of agglomerates of ferromagnetic nanoparticles and the vector of the electric field strength of laser radiation. The angle between the electrical component of the laser radiation and the magnetic field induction vector changes by rotating the laser diode and polarizer with a servomotor relative to the vertical axis. Results: The maximum value of the modulation depth for magnetic fluid without carbon nanotubes is 15% and is observed for laser radiation with a wavelength of 650 nm. Adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid makes it possible to increase the modulation depth by approximately one and a halftimes. Conclusion: It has been revealed that with increasing wavelength of laser radiation, the modulation depth increases. As the magnetic field induction value increases, the modulation depth of polarized laser radiation increases for all wavelengths. The addition of carbon nanotubes to the magnetic fluid leads to their alignment along the agglomerates.

The study of plasma generation in liquids is relevant for many applications, especially for increasing the efficiency of terahertz radiation generation. This work investigates the relationship between the laser excitation wavelength and the plasma electron density in liquid water in the near-infrared spectral range. Using numerical simulation methods based on the Keldysh theory, patterns of changes in the ionization rate and changes in the plasma electron density depending on the excitation wavelength are analyzed. The results show the mutual influence of above-threshold ionization and tunneling effects when the Keldysh parameter is close to one. A decrease in plasma electron density with increasing excitation wavelength has been shown. However, in certain wavelength ranges a local increase in plasma electron density was observed. The theoretical results obtained are consistent with the experimental data of other scientific groups. This theoretical study provides valuable information on the modulation of plasma electron density by changing laser excitation wavelengths, which is important for increasing the efficiency of terahertz radiation generation.

Visual systems have evolved to discriminate between different wavelengths of light. The ability to perceive color, or specific light wavelengths, is important as color conveys crucial information about both biotic and abiotic features in the environment. Indeed, different wavelengths of light can drive distinct patterns of activity in the vertebrate brain, yet what remains incompletely understood is whether distinct wavelengths can invoke etiologically relevant behavioral changes. To address how specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum modulate behavioral performance, we use larval zebrafish and a stereotypic light-search behavior. Prior work has shown that the cessation of light triggers a transitional light-search behavior, which we use to interrogate wavelength-dependent behavioral modulation. Using 8 narrow spectrum light sources in the visible range, we demonstrate that all wavelengths induce motor parameters consistent with search behavior, yet the magnitude of search behavior is spectrum sensitive and the underlying motor parameters are modulated in distinct patterns across short, medium, and long wavelengths. However, our data also establishes that not all motor features of search are impacted by wavelength. To define how wavelength modulates search performance, we performed additional assays with alternative wavelengths, dual wavelengths, and variable intensity. Last, we also tested blind larvae to resolve which components of wavelength dependent behavioral changes potentially include signaling from non-retinal photoreception. These findings have important implications as organisms can be exposed to varying wavelengths in laboratory and natural settings and therefore impose unique behavioral outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Laser treatment for hair removal is a very common procedure in dermatology. Ruby, diode, alexandrite, Nd:YAG, and intense pulse light are frequently used for hair reduction. For more effective results a combination of wavelengths is used. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of triple diode lasers in hair growth reduction. METHODOLOGY: This interventional longitudinal study comprises of total 82 patients using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, the mean age of the patients was 28.73, the age range was between 17 to 56 years, and all patients in this study were female of skin phenotype between III to V. Each session was done one month apart for four months, and hair growth reduction was assessed by using GAIS (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale Assessment) score by two independent dermatologists in 4th session. RESULTS: Hair growth reduction was observed in all the enrolled patients from the first session. Out of 82 patients, 63.4% of patients are of skin phenotype IV, 23.2% patients are of skin phenotype III whereas 13.4% are skin phenotype V. After four sessions 41 patients (50%) showed excellent results, and 41 patients (50%) showed good results. None of these patients experienced any long-term side effects. CONCLUSION: Triple diode laser is a safe and effective modality in hair growth reduction at all body sites in skin phenotype III-V with minimal side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of the exact location and depth of underground targets with the very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) technique is one of the most important and difficult tasks in geophysical investigations. This study examined and compared the conventional 2D KIFFILT inversion pseudo-section and the use of Thumb's rule technique in the Fraser filter plot to estimate the top depth of underground targets. The VLF-EM measurement was performed over several empirical buried target models to identify anomalies or geophysical responses corresponding to subsurface targets. The Karous-Hjelt and Fraser filtering techniques were applied to estimate the depth of the identified anomalies using Thumb's rule and the conventional 2D KIFFILT inversion. The signal behaviours of the VLF-EM current density pseudo-sections and the application of Thumb's rule effectiveness in delineating empirical buried target models were examined. Thumb's rule shows 65 % accuracy with the actual depth of the empirical buried target models, while the conventional 2D KHFFILT inversion shows 30 % accuracy with the actual depth of burial. Thumb's rule is more effective and precise in predicting the accurate depth of underground targets. The influences of conductive and resistive materials on VLF-EM signals and the challenges of VLF-EM surveys were discussed. Thumb's rule is suggested as a substantial technique for estimating top depth to the underground target where depth estimation is of prime interest due to its large degree of accuracy. In addition, the total depth of the current density distribution was noted to be increased when the distance between measuring points increased. This means that VLF-EM signals with longer wavelengths indicate deeper depth penetration into the ground than signals with shorter wavelengths. The accuracy of Thumb's rule regarding top depth estimation of the anomalies has been successfully tested and validated, which can be used for VLF-EM investigation where accurate depth estimation is required. The VLF-EM technique can be considered reliable for depth estimation using Thumb's rule approach, which applies to a wide range of subsurface investigations.

This study addressed the optimization of biomass and C-phycocyanin (C-PC) concentration and its purity in the thermotolerant cyanobacterium Potamosiphon sp by adjusting key light quality parameters. Custom design and Central Composite Design experimental designs were employed, using LEDs light intensity, wavelength, and photoperiod. The results demonstrated that these lighting parameters significantly influence biomass and C-phycocyanin production, achieving up to a 100 % increase in phycocyanin accumulation and biomass production and a 50 % improvement in purity index compared to conventional white light under optimal conditions of Red:Blue light (3:1), Intensity (283 μmol m−2 s−1), and photoperiod (17.8 H light). The findings support the use of specific LEDs wavelengths that optimize the performance of production processes and the quality of products derived from cyanobacteria, such as high-value phycobiliproteins.

Lotka-Volterra model continues to be of interest to numerous researchers, both in terms of its mathematical development and applications. This paper discusses an analytical solution of the Lotka-Volterra model near its equilibrium point. This solution, which is the main result of this paper, has not been previously explored by other researchers. The proposed solution is in the form of a series expansion with respect to parameter (1), representing a perturbed solution around the equilibrium point. The analytical solution is evaluated by comparing to both the corresponding exact orbit, which is directly derived from the model, and the corresponding numerical solution. Comparisons with the exact orbit reveal that the orbit formed by the analytical solution closely approximates the exact one. The orbits formed by the analytical solution are closer to the exact ones as approaches zero. Similarly, the analytical solution is also closer to the numerical solution as approaches zero. Additionally, as the solutions exhibit wave-like behavior, further observations are made regarding the 'amplitude' and 'wavelength' of the analytical solution. The wavelength and amplitude of the analytical solutions are closer to the ones of the numerical solutions as tends to zero. The amplitude and wavelength are crucial for optimizing harvesting strategies when applying the Lotka-Volterra model in integrated farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The set of timers in using phototherapy is major problem which has to be resolved to get a good performance of rhinitis phototherapy. This research aims to develop a prototype of phototherapy for allergic rhinitis, incorporating a timer based on light energy. The prototype utilizes a laser diode as a visible light source, specifically with a wavelength of 650 nm. The recommended safe and effective dose of light energy ranges from 1 to 10 Joules, which has been converted into minutes. Measurement tests indicate an average wavelength of 652.40 nm for the right laser, with a measurement uncertainty of ±0.11, and 653.23 nm for the left laser, with a measurement uncertainty of ±0.05. The laser diode source has an average voltage of 1.91 volts and an average current of 1.89 milliamperes, with a measurement uncertainty of ±0.00 and ±0.01, respectively. Additionally, the average discrepancy in the timer is 0.082 minutes for the 10-minute setting and 0.082 minutes for the 20-minute setting. These results confirm the effectiveness and suitability of the developed tool for practical use. The proposed method was useful for rhinitis therapy by using light energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical investigation is performed to study the broadband noise of a fan stage with wavy trailing-edge blades. A study of the wavelength and ratio of amplitude to wavelength (H/L) is conducted to better understand the noise reduction effect of wavy trailing-edge blades. A rotor–stator interaction broadband noise prediction method based on the result of a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation is used. The results show that all wavy trailing-edge configurations reduce the sound power level of the fan stage. The noise reduction effect of H20L10 is the best among all the wavy trailing-edge configurations, and the sound power level is reduced by 2.4 dB at 1000 Hz. When the H/L remains unchanged, the noise reduction effect of the wavy trailing-edge configuration increases with the increase in wavelength. When the wavelength remains unchanged, the noise reduction effect of the wavy trailing-edge configuration with an H/L of 2 is the best. The use of wavy trailing-edge configurations reduces the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent integral length scale upstream of the stator by changing the wake of the rotor, thereby reducing the rotor–stator interaction broadband noise of the fan stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect exhibits a significant influence on the development of luminescent materials and has made remarkable progress over the past decades. The advancement of high-performance AIE materials requires fast and accurate predictions of their photophysical properties, which is impeded by the inherent limitations of quantum chemical calculations. In this work, we present an accurate machine learning approach for the fast predictions of quantum yields and wavelengths to screen out AIE molecules. A database of about 563 organic luminescent molecules with quantum yields and wavelengths in the monomeric/aggregated states was established. Individual/combined molecular fingerprints were selected and compared elaborately to attain appropriate molecular descriptors. Different machine learning algorithms combined with favorable molecular fingerprints were further screened to achieve more accurate prediction models. The simulation results indicate that combined molecular fingerprints yield more accurate predictions in the aggregated states, and random forest and gradient boosting regression algorithms show the best predictions in quantum yields and wavelengths, respectively. Given the successful applications of machine learning in quantum yields and wavelengths, it is reasonable to anticipate that machine learning can serve as a complementary strategy to traditional experimental/theoretical methods in the investigation of aggregation-induced luminescent molecules to facilitate the discovery of luminescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photon energy with its corresponding frequency, wavelength and distance can be determined by the main physical parameters (mass, distance, time) of the particles (electrons, nucleons, molecules) as a result of their excitation, transition, vibration and rotation. All calculations for mass, distance and time for all particles give the same value which corresponds and equals to Planck's constant in all electromagnetic bands, so the physical meaning of Planck's constant is interpreted which represents these main three physical parameters as a result of the physical mechanisms responsible for excited states of nuclei, atoms and molecules. As a result of the equality between Planck's constant and the mentioned three physical parameters a new equation of calculating exact distance of all emitted photons from nuclei, atoms and molecules from radio waves to gamma rays is deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing presence of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and its multiple possibilities of use, the influence of different light and several biopreparations based on beneficial fungi and bacteria on hemp's morphological and physiological properties were examined. Different biopreparations and their combinations were inoculated on hemp seed and/or substrate and grown under blue and white light. A completely randomized block design was conducted in four replications within 30 days. For biopreparation treatment, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) in combination with Azotobacter chroococum and Trichoderma spp. were inoculated only on seed or both on seed and in the substrate. Generally, the highest morphological parameters (stem, root and plant length) were recorded on plants in white light and on treatment with applied Trichoderma spp., both on seed and substrate. Blue light negatively affected biopreparation treatments, resulting in lower values of all morphological parameters compared to control. Leaves pigments were higher under blue light, as compared to the white light. At the same time, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), flavonoids, total flavanol content and phenolic acids were not influenced by light type. Biopreparation treatments did not significantly influence the leaves' pigments content (Chl a, Chl b and Car), nor the phenolic and flavanol content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background & Objective: Laser treatment for hair removal is a very common procedure in dermatology. Ruby, diode, alexandrite, Nd yag, and intense pulse light are frequently used for hair reduction. For more effective results a combination of wavelengths is used. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of triple diode lasers in hair growth reduction. Methodology: This interventional longitudinal study comprises of total 82 patients using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, the mean age of the patients was 28.73, the age range was between 17 to 56 years, and all patients in this study were female of skin phenotype between III to V. Each session was done one month apart for four months, and hair growth reduction was assessed by using GAIS (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale Assessment) score by two independent dermatologists in 4th session. Results: Hair growth reduction was observed in all the enrolled patients from the first session. Out of 82 patients, 63.4% of patients are of skin phenotype IV, 23.2% patients are of skin phenotype III whereas 13.4% are skin phenotype V. After four sessions 41 patients (50%) showed excellent results, and 41 patients (50%) showed good results. None of these patients experienced any long-term side effects. Conclusion: Triple diode laser is a safe and effective modality in hair growth reduction at all body sites in skin phenotype III- V with minimal side effects.

Background. The purpose of this article is to study the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the surface of a liquid for subsequent use in electric arc surfacing processes. Materials and methods. To reach this goal, a duralumin ampoule-step concentrator was used at a frequency of 21400 Hz. Measurements were carried out on a piezoelectric converter with a frequency of 19-24 kHz, as a liquid – industrial water. Results. The dependences of the height of the radiating surface of the ultrasonic vibration concentrator (USVC) on the surface of the liquid on which the impact and formation of the “hole” occur are determined; the parameters of the ultrasonic wave passing through the separation of two media water-air are determined; the dimensions of the depth of the “hole”, pressure and surface area at maximum exposure are determined. Conclusions. The results obtained can and will be used in the processes of electric arc surfacing of metals as a shaping factor.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the United States, affecting approximately 1 in 10 adults, and its prevalence is expected to rise as the population ages. Treatment options for AF are limited; moreover, the development of new treatments is hindered by limited (1) knowledge regarding human atrial electrophysiological endpoints (e.g., conduction velocity [CV]) and (2) accurate experimental models. Here, we measured the CV and refractory period, and subsequently calculated the conduction wavelength, in vivo (four subjects with AF and four controls), and ex vivo (atrial slices from human hearts). Then, we created an in vitro model of human atrial conduction using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This model consisted of iPS-derived human atrial cardiomyocytes plated onto a micropatterned linear 1D spiral design of Matrigel. The CV (34-41 cm/s) of the in vitro model was nearly five times faster than 2D controls (7-9 cm/s) and similar to in vivo (40-64 cm/s) and ex vivo (28-51 cm/s) measurements. Our iPS-derived in vitro model recapitulates key features of in vivo atrial conduction and may be a useful methodology to enhance our understanding of AF and model patient-specific disease.

This study developed an advanced 850 nm centered distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) (broadband DBR) composed of nanomaterial-based multiple structures to improve the optical efficiency of an 850 nm near-infrared light-emitting diode (NIR-LED). A combined 850 nm centered broadband DBR was fabricated by growing an 800 nm centered ten-pair DBR on a 900 nm centered ten-pair DBR (denoted as a combined DBR). The combined DBR exhibited a slightly wider peak band than conventional DBRs. Furthermore, the peak band width of the combined DBR significantly increased upon using a reflective AlAs buffer layer that reduced the overlapped reflection. The output power (20.5 mW) of NIR-LED chips using the combined DBR with an AlAs buffer layer exceeded that of a conventional 850 nm centered DBR (14.5 mW) by more than 40%. Results indicated that combining the optical conditions of wavelengths and the AlAs buffer layer effectively strengthened the broadband effect of the DBR and increased the optical efficiency of the 850 nm NIR-LED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioluminescence is ubiquitous in marine ecosystems and found in uni- and multicellular organisms. Bioluminescent displays can be used to deter predators, attract mates, and lure and hunt prey. Mechanically stimulated flash kinetics of zooplankton and dinoflagellates are life stage-dependent and species-specific, and could prove effective at identification and monitoring biodiversity in bioluminescent species. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of mechanically stimulated bioluminescence for the main dinoflagellate and zooplankton clades in marine environments and assemble known flash kinetics and spectral emission data. Instruments and methods used in measuring bioluminescence are also discussed. Applications, research gaps, perspectives, and biases in approaches to studying bioluminescence are identified. Moreover, emission kinetics of most zooplankton are very poorly known and constitute a critical gap. Lastly, available knowledge is interpreted in terms of potential future changes in global bioluminescence driven by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of cargo relative weight and its distribution along the boat's length in addition to the relative water wavelength on the dynamic performance of a high-speed planing hull. Here, the dynamic performance is measured by the intensity of the boat's heave and pitch motions. The Zarnick's strip theory, which divides the vessel's hull into equal lateral sections, is used to study the applied forces on the vessel, and a MATLAB code is provided based on it. It is demonstrated that increasing the cargo weight and its distribution result in more heave and pitch, and the maximum amount of them are observed in the wave with a length of about 5 times the length of the boat. In addition, the interactive effects of cargo weight and its distribution on the heave and pitch motions are affected by the relative wavelength. Therefore, the more centralized cargo distribution is preferred to increase the dynamic performance of a heavy planing boat with cargo weights more than 50% of the boat's weight, while moving in short waves (λ⁄L<4); and for light cargo weight, less than 50% of the boat's weight, the favorite cargo distribution is broad. When the boat sails in long waves, the desired distribution is reversed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue, composed of adipocyte cells, can become problematic due to an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy). To address this concern, interventions are needed to reduce these probabilities. Near Infrared (NIR) is an electromagnetic wave that affects tissues by being absorbed and penetrating them. NIR can induce cell death (necrosis or apoptosis), where cells respond to external factors causing tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nearinfrared rays on the decrease in the number of adipocyte cells using the flow cytometry method. This study, conducted in vitro using adipocyte cell cultures isolated from rat visceral adipose tissue, explores the effects of NIR exposure at various distances (1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm) for 20 minutes. Adipocyte cells were stained and examined using Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the percentage of cells was determined by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using One Way ANOVA and Duncan test. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed, and the Duncan test revealed variations in the percentage of living cells among control and treatment groups. The data indicated that exposure to high NIR energy with low wavelengths penetrated adipocyte cells, leading to a decrease in the percentage of cells and notable changes in cell morphology. Flow cytometry results demonstrated differences in live cell percentages, with group 2 (exposed at 2 cm for 20 minutes) being more effective, showing lower percentages of live cells. This research suggests that NIR exposure has an impact on adipocyte cell cultures, emphasizing its potential in influencing adipocyte cell behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Province of Iloilo in the Philippines is prone to landslides, which are triggered by heavy rainstorms and can cause severe damage to property and loss of life. To prevent such occurrences, a study was conducted to determine the influence of soil textures and slope angle on landslides and flood monitoring in areas such as Barotac Viejo, Miagao, Oton, and Leganes. The study employed two methods - mid-IR spectroscopy and an improvised apparatus - to gather accurate data on soil textures and slopes. The analysis showed that soil organic matter's mid-IR soil analysis directly affects soil water-holding capacity, thereby preventing landslide occurrences. Smaller-sized particles such as those of clay have a larger surface area leading to a higher water-holding ability, which is important in landslide-prone zones, except for sand, which settles fastest due to its larger mass. Slope angle also plays a crucial role in landslide occurrence, with a 25° angle having more movement than higher slopes like 50 and 80°. The increase in slope angle decreases stability, thereby leading to less landslide movement. The results revealed that landslides are rare in very high slope ranges due to fewer soil movements caused by the particle size and affected by the carbon and nitrogen content and their interaction. This study's findings can aid in forecasting, geohydrological processes, and landslide warning strategies to mitigate risks and reduce socioeconomic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the wavelength characteristics of photochromic contact lenses (CL) and evaluate the impact of tinting on visual function in indoor, outdoor, and glare environments. Methods: A total of 33 healthy individuals with refractive errors were recruited and fully corrected for refractive errors. Three groups were established, including non-activated photochromic CL, activated photochromic CL, and lenses without photochromic properties, which replicated the dimming characteristics of CL. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured and compared among the three groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the spatial frequency (6, 12 cpd) and contrast sensitivity outdoors, with improved values recorded in the activated photochromic-CL group. In subsequent comparisons, the activated-photochromic-CL group demonstrated significantly better contrast-sensitivity values than the non-photochromic-CL group, as well as significant improvement in contrast sensitivity compared to the non-activated-photochromic-CL group. No significant differences were observed in the indoor or outdoor visual acuity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that photochromic CL enhances visual function in outdoor environments, while maintaining visual function indoors and under glare, thereby improving the quality of vision (QOV) in severe light conditions where exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet light is anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps are widely used for sampling mosquitoes. However, this trap, manufactured in the USA, poses challenges for use in sub-Saharan Africa due to procurement costs and shipping time. Traps that are equally efficient than the CDC light trap, but which are amenable for use in remote African settings and made in Africa, are desirable to improve local vector surveillance. This study evaluated a novel solar-powered light trap made in South Africa (Silver Bullet trap; SB), for its efficiency in malaria vector sampling in western Kenya. Methods Large cage (173.7 m3) experiments and field evaluations were conducted to compare the CDC-incandescent light trap (CDC-iLT), CDC-UV fluorescent tube light trap (CDC-UV), SB with white diodes (SB-White) and SB with UV diodes (SB-UV) for sampling Anopheles mosquitoes. Field assessments were done indoors and outdoors following a Latin square design. The wavelengths and absolute spectral irradiance of traps were compared using spectrometry. Results The odds of catching a released Anopheles in the large cage experiments with the SB-UV under ambient conditions in the presence of a CDC-iLT in the same system was three times higher than what would have been expected when the two traps were equally attractive (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval CI 2.8–3.7, P

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

Dental bleaching is a common procedure, requested and accepted by patients with aesthetic requirements. The SEM images were taken at different degrees of magnification, always looking for cracks, porosities, or other changes at this level, which could be related to the sensitivity that appeared after such a procedure. The standard bleaching procedure was applied to the labial surface of the tooth. Biolase Laser white 20 bleaching putty was used, which contains 45% hydrogen peroxide and then activated with 940 nm laser light. The microscopic SEM images of the labial faces on which the 45% concentration hydrogen peroxide type bleaching gel was applied showed that they do not present any structural damage to the enamel.

Introduction The effectiveness of heart rate (HR) measurements via photoplethysmography (PPG) depends on the wavelength of light used. Typical PPG sensors use green, red, or infrared light, each penetrating the skin to different depths (Ray et al., 2021). Here, we present a comparative analysis of the reliability of HR measurements using these wavelengths. Methods Our study collected a dataset of 16 participants, each wearing four PPG sensing devices placed at the forehead, sternum, ankle (supramalleolar), and wrist. Each device continuously recorded reflective PPG signals, whereas the device at the sternum additionally captured the Lead I ECG for reference. During the 13 hours of capture, participants went on an outdoor trip from downtown Zurich to the Jungfraujoch railway station at 3,460 m above sea level in the mountains. PPG measurements were obtained using a state-of-the-art MAX86141 optical analog front-end (AFE) coupled with an illumination module of red, green, and infrared LEDs (SFH7072), along with two photodiodes. The ECG recording was resolved by a biopotential AFE (MAX30003), affixed on the chest with gel electrodes. All devices were synchronized by aligning recorded signals post-hoc (33ms accuracy, Meier & Holz, 2023). The HR was extracted from the ECG via time-domain peak detection and a quotient filter. HR was separately derived from each PPG signal, both by time-domain peak detection and frequency-domain analysis. The HR was computed every 5 seconds for a window of 30 seconds. For comparing wavelengths, measurements were considered if at least one wavelength yielded HR with less than 10% error which corresponds to 95,000 HR measurements across the whole dataset. Results HR derived from green PPG was most accurate (median error of 3.8%), followed by infrared (7.2%) and red PPG (9.1%). Given participants activity and movement throughout the 13 hours of capture, calculating HR from green PPG was most accurate 64.2% of the time compared to infrared (21.8%) and red PPG (15.2%). The latter cases, infrared and red PPG resulting in more accurate HR, occurred during periods of moderate and high motion. Discussion/Conclusion The results indicate that wearable sensors that derive HR from green light PPG can improve their calculations by incorporating additional wavelengths. Since HR based on green light PPG is accurate at rest, PPG using infrared and red would be most beneficial during periods of moderate and increased motion. This finding demonstrates the suitability of infrared and red PPG beyond pulse oxygenation measurements (SpO2). Future work should investigate methods to optimally combine multi-wavelength PPG into a single HR calculation. References Meier, M., & Holz, C. (2023). BMAR: Barometric and Motion-based Alignment and Refinement for offline signal synchronization across devices. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 7(2), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.1145/3596268 Ray, D., Collins, T., Woolley, S., & Ponnapalli, P. (2021). A review of wearable multi-wavelength photoplethysmography. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 16, 136-1551. https://doi.org/10.1109/rbme.2021.3121476

Adipose tissue, composed of adipocyte cells, can become problematic due to an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy). To address this concern, interventions are needed to reduce these probabilities. Near Infrared (NIR) is an electromagnetic wave that affects tissues by being absorbed and penetrating them. NIR can induce cell death (necrosis or apoptosis), where cells respond to external factors causing tissue damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of near-infrared rays on the decrease in the number of adipocyte cells using the flow cytometry method. This study, conducted in vitro using adipocyte cell cultures isolated from rat visceral adipose tissue, explores the effects of NIR exposure at various distances (1 cm, 2 cm, and 3 cm) for 20 minutes. Adipocyte cells were stained and examined using Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and the percentage of cells was determined by flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using One Way ANOVA and Duncan test. Significant differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed, and the Duncan test revealed variations in the percentage of living cells among control and treatment groups. The data indicated that exposure to high NIR energy with low wavelengths penetrated adipocyte cells, leading to a decrease in the percentage of cells and notable changes in cell morphology. Flow cytometry results demonstrated differences in live cell percentages, with group 2 (exposed at 2 cm for 20 minutes) being more effective, showing lower percentages of live cells. This research suggests that NIR exposure has an impact on adipocyte cell cultures, emphasizing its potential in influencing adipocyte cell behavior.

Bioluminescence is ubiquitous in marine ecosystems and found in uni- and multicellular organisms. Bioluminescent displays can be used to deter predators, attract mates, and lure and hunt prey. Mechanically stimulated flash kinetics of zooplankton and dinoflagellates are life stage-dependent and species-specific, and could prove effective at identification and monitoring biodiversity in bioluminescent species. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of mechanically stimulated bioluminescence for the main dinoflagellate and zooplankton clades in marine environments and assemble known flash kinetics and spectral emission data. Instruments and methods used in measuring bioluminescence are also discussed. Applications, research gaps, perspectives, and biases in approaches to studying bioluminescence are identified. Moreover, emission kinetics of most zooplankton are very poorly known and constitute a critical gap. Lastly, available knowledge is interpreted in terms of potential future changes in global bioluminescence driven by climate change.

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

The advent of railways and especially highspeed railways marks great strides in human transportation history. To guarantee exclusive right-of-way, highspeed railways are often built on equal simply supported beams resting on piers. In this paper, a historical review will be given of the resonance and cancellation phenomena observed for simply supported beams traveled by a set of moving loads, as they are typical of highspeed railways. The phenomenon of resonance was observed by early investigators including Timoshenko, Bolotin, Frýba, Matsuura, etc. However, the phenomenon of cancellation was noted lately in 1997 by Yang et al. By letting the conditions of resonance and cancellation coincident, they proposed the optimal span length for suppressing the resonance of simple beams, which is equal to 1.5 times the car length. This 1.5 times rule has been verified and adopted in the design of some highspeed railways. In this article, the theoretical solution for the problem will be revisited for unveiling the key parameters such as the resonance speed (in temporal domain) and resonance wavelength (in spatial domain). Then a rather in-depth review will be given of existing works on the resonance and cancellation of railway bridges from the waves perspective. Some new developments along these lines will also be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental light entrains many physiological and behavioural processes to the 24 h solar cycle. Such light-driven circadian rhythms are centrally controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which receives information from the short-wavelength-sensitive intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The SCN synchronizes local clocks throughout the body affecting sleep/wake routines and the secretion of neuroendocrine-linked hormones such as melatonin from the pineal gland and cortisol via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Although the effects of light parameters on melatonin have been recently reviewed, whether the experimental variation of the spectral power distribution and intensity of light can induce changes in cortisol rhythms remains unclear. Thus, this systematic review evaluated the effects of daytime exposure to lights of different spectral wavelength characteristics and luminance intensity on the cortisol levels in healthy individuals. A search of the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases on 19 June 2023 identified 3418 articles, of which 12 studies (profiling 337 participants) met the inclusion and risk of bias criteria. An analysis of the literature indicated that exposure to bright lights of any colour during the late night or early morning can induce significant increases in cortisol secretion relative to time-matched dim light comparison conditions. Furthermore, exposure to bright lights with stronger short-wavelength (blue/green) components in the early morning typically induced greater increases in cortisol relative to lights with stronger long-wavelength (red) components. Thus, the circadian regulation of cortisol is sensitive to the wavelength composition of environmental lighting, in line with the more commonly studied melatonin. As such, wavelength characteristics should be optimized and reported in light intervention studies (particularly for the investigation of cortisol-associated disorders and HPA axis function), and exposure to short-wavelength light during sensitive periods should be carefully considered in constructed environments (e.g., bedroom and classroom lighting and device screens). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the thermal effect of laser radiation on the sensory effect of the three-layer structure "prism—absorbing nanolayer—water" was resumed. The influence of the laser radiation flux on the metal nanolayer can lead to its significant heating and to the same heating of the adjacent water layers. In our previous studies, the approximation of the infinite absorption coefficient of the sensor nanolayer was considered by the example of gold. We investigated the effect of the finite absorption coefficient both on the heating of the sensory system in the sensor "prism—absorbing nanolayer—water" and on the change of the plasmon resonance wavelength in it. It was defined that with a decrease in the absorption coefficient k, the radiation flux required to achieve the same temperature as at k = ∞ increases. That is, to achieve the maximum sensory effect with a decrease in the absorption coefficient of the material, an increase in the flux is required. This makes the use of highly absorbing materials preferable. The range of radiation flux, at which the influence of temperature on the sensory effect can still be neglected, as before, does not exceed 1 W/cm2 in all studied cases. The magnitude of the sensory effect on the plasmon resonance wavelength also does not change in all studied cases and is 0.75% of the initial value of the plasmon resonance wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps are widely used for sampling mosquitoes. However, this trap, manufactured in the USA, poses challenges for use in sub-Saharan Africa due to procurement costs and shipping time. Traps that are equally efficient than the CDC light trap, but which are amenable for use in remote African settings and made in Africa, are desirable to improve local vector surveillance. This study evaluated a novel solar-powered light trap made in South Africa (Silver Bullet trap; SB), for its efficiency in malaria vector sampling in western Kenya. Methods: Large cage (173.7 m3) experiments and field evaluations were conducted to compare the CDC-incandescent light trap (CDC-iLT), CDC-UV fluorescent tube light trap (CDC-UV), SB with white diodes (SB-White) and SB with UV diodes (SB-UV) for sampling Anopheles mosquitoes. Field assessments were done indoors and outdoors following a Latin square design. The wavelengths and absolute spectral irradiance of traps were compared using spectrometry. Results: The odds of catching a released Anopheles in the large cage experiments with the SB-UV under ambient conditions in the presence of a CDC-iLT in the same system was three times higher than what would have been expected when the two traps were equally attractive (odds ratio (OR) 3.2, 95% confidence interval CI 2.8–3.7, P < 0.01)). However, when the white light diode was used in the SB trap, it could not compete with the CDC-iLT (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.48–0.66, p < 0.01) when the two traps were provided as choices in a closed system. In the field, the CDC and Silver Bullet traps were equally effective in mosquito sampling. Irrespective of manufacturer, traps emitting UV light performed better than white or incandescent light for indoor sampling, collecting two times more Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (RR 2.5; 95% CI 1.7–3.8) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. (RR 2.5; 95% 1.7–3.6). Outdoor collections were lower than indoor collections and similar for all light sources and traps. Conclusions: The solar-powered SB trap compared well with the CDC trap in the field and presents a promising new surveillance device especially when charging on mains electricity is challenging in remote settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of the L-shell X-ray emission of fluorine-like europium ions (Eu54+) were made under controlled laboratory conditions on the EBIT-I electron beam ion trap at Livermore using an X-ray calorimeter, extending such measurements to the middle of the rare earth elements. Comparing the calorimeter spectra with atomic data from the flexible atomic code, we have identified and analyzed several prominent n = 3 → n = 2 transitions, including one two-electron, one-photon core changing transition and one electric quadrupole transition. We find that the measured energies are typically up to several eV higher than predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a theoretical investigation of the structural and optoelectronic properties of GaxIn1-xBiyP1-y quaternary alloys lattice-matched to InP using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave approach based on the functional theory of density. The local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation of Wu–Cohen (WC-GGA) have been used for calculating the structural properties of GaxIn1-xBiyP1-y quaternaries. The lattice matching condition and the range of (x, y) concentrations for which the quaternary alloys are lattice-matched to InP substrate were determined. It is found that the calculated lattice constants of GaxIn1-xBiyP1-y for all selected concentrations (x, y) are about 5.9 Å, which are in good agreement with the experimental value of the lattice constant of InP (5.869 Å). The electronic property calculations are executed via EV-GGA and TB-mBJ approximations. The calculated band structures show that GaxIn1-xBiyP1-y quaternaries have semiconductor character and exhibit a direct band gap, for all selected concentrations (x, y). In addition, the optical properties were calculated and discussed in detail. And also, the optical band gaps of quaternaries were determined using Tauc's method. We observed that the GaxIn1-xBiyP1-y quaternaries cover the wavelength ranging from 0.911 to 2.456 µm while maintaining a lattice match to the InP substrate. The obtained results reveal that these quaternaries are suitable candidates for telecommunication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is dedicated to the modeling, design, and consequent construction of the practical setup of the small-size solid-state laser with Nd:YAG gain medium and the diode pumping. Solid-state lasers have been in existence for around 50 years and have experienced both positive and negative aspects during their evolution. Nevertheless, they have always held an essential position in numerous industries, scientific endeavors, and everyday activities. Nowadays, such devices are widely used and developed in location, manufacturing, medicine, and of course in military. Hence, the development and optimization of their structure remain a pertinent and important issue. The research reveals the basic component parameters for a compact Nd:YAG laser with diode pump, which can be implemented in the construction of range-finder. The main results of the work. Nd:YAG laser with overall dimensions of 350 x 25 x 25 mm was developed and modeled; the dimensions of the laser active head are 110 x25 x 25 mm. Diode pumping is a matrix of six diodes with a power of 90 W each, which operate in a pulse mode with a duration of 250 ns. The resonator consists of two mirrors, with an output reflectance from 0.66 to 0.74. The active element is 72 mm long. With these laser parameters, the first giant pulse after the start of pumping was achieved at 59 μs, an output energy of 25 mJ, and a laser system efficiency of 22 %. Additionally, the following radiation pulses were generated with a time interval of 4 μs. The results obtained in this work make it possible to create a diode-pumped solid-state laser with an output radiation energy of up to 25 mJ and have compact cavity dimensions of about 80 x 25 x 25 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The free electron laser is considered one of these important and advanced inventions because it provides a laser beam within various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. In any laser system device, several parameters must be available on which the efficiency and performance of the laser system are dependent. The Pierce parameter is one of the important parameters in measuring the performance quality of the free electron laser. In this paper, the simulation results were obtained using the MATLAB program to show the important effect of the Pierce parameter on the performance of the free electron laser system. The simulation results showed that the values of the Pierce parameter ranged between (0.01 - 0.03) for the laser beam with long wavelengths, while it ranged between (0.001-0.0001) for the short wavelengths. The results showed an increase in the efficiency values of the free electron laser system with increasing the values of the Pierce parameter, which represents the ratio between the saturation power and the power of the electron; therefore, it can be used as a specific threshold to measure the efficiency of the laser system. Additionally, the simulation of the Pierce parameter has a direct relation to the small signal gain per unit length.

Abstract This work presents photonic crystal fibres made up of four hexagonal shape of four rings. Four structures have been designed and configured. The structures show improvement in optical properties consecutively to achieve the optimum configuration. The full vectorial finite-element method is adopted for this work. COMSOL Multiphysics is used for the simulation. The results show a birefringence of 1.308 × 10−2 at 1.55 µm and tuneable double zero dispersion at wavelengths of 0.99 µm and 1.8 µm for x-polarisation mode. Also, the chromatic dispersion of − 24.062 ps/km nm and nonlinear coefficient of 30.32 W−1 km−1 are obtained at a telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 µm. The proposed photonic crystal fibre can be beneficial in nonlinear and supercontinuum applications since photonic crystal fibres of double zero dispersion demonstrate higher power spectral densities than single zero dispersion.

Abstract Background In the past decade and during the COVID pandemic, the prevalence of myopia has reached epidemic proportions. To address this issue and reduce the prevalence of myopia and its complications, it is necessary to develop more effective interventions for controlling myopia. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of narrowband lights and competing defocus on eye growth and refraction in chicks, an important step in understanding the potential for these interventions to control myopia. This is the first time these effects have been characterized. Methods Three groups of five-day-old chicks (n = 8 per group) were raised in three different lighting conditions: white, red, and blue for 13 days in a 12/12-h light/dark diurnal cycle. One eye was randomly selected for applications of a dual-power optical lens (− 10 D/ + 10 D, 50∶50), while another eye was left untreated as control. Vitreous chamber depth (VCD), axial length (AL), choroidal thickness (CT) and refractive errors were measured at pre-exposure (D0) and following 3 (D3), 7 (D7), 10 (D10), and 13 days (D13) of light exposure. Results Under white light, the dual-power lens induced a hyperopic shift [at D13, mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER), treated vs. control: 4.81 ± 0.43 D vs. 1.77 ± 0.21 D, P

Background Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves laser therapy utilized in medical sciences to modulate biological processes acting as a palliative and immune response-enhancing treatment. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to explore current trends in PBM-related scientific production, encompassing publications, citations, impact, keywords and clusters. Additionally, it aims to predict future research trends in this domain. Methods The data for this quantitative and qualitative bibliometric analysis were obtained from 608 scientific documents retrieved in November 2022, with 123 sourced from Web of Science and 485 from Scopus, Utilizing Excel, the data was processed in Excel to extract essencial information. Productivity and impact were evaluated for eligibility, and VOSviewer aided in determining associativity for the bibliometric analysis. Results The findings of this study demostrate that the scientific production related to PBM adheres to a growth power law, exhibiting characteristics of both exponential and linear phases. Notably, recent research trends emphasize critical concepts such as laser therapy, orthodontics, and dental pulp stem cells. Particularly significant is the burgeoning interest in utilizing PBM within dentistry as a complementary alternative to existing protocols. Conclusions PBM stands as a promising laser therapy within medical applications. Through a detailed bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the increasing significance of PBM, especially within the realm of dental treatments. These insights offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of PBM research and provide valuable guidance for potential future directions of study.

In this paper, a numerical investigation is performed to study the broadband noise of a fan stage with wavy trailing-edge blades. A study of the wavelength and ratio of amplitude to wavelength (H/L) is conducted to better understand the noise reduction effect of wavy trailing-edge blades. A rotor–stator interaction broadband noise prediction method based on the result of a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equation is used. The results show that all wavy trailing-edge configurations reduce the sound power level of the fan stage. The noise reduction effect of H20L10 is the best among all the wavy trailing-edge configurations, and the sound power level is reduced by 2.4 dB at 1000 Hz. When the H/L remains unchanged, the noise reduction effect of the wavy trailing-edge configuration increases with the increase in wavelength. When the wavelength remains unchanged, the noise reduction effect of the wavy trailing-edge configuration with an H/L of 2 is the best. The use of wavy trailing-edge configurations reduces the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent integral length scale upstream of the stator by changing the wake of the rotor, thereby reducing the rotor–stator interaction broadband noise of the fan stage.