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The author points out that among the main priorities of Ukraine's domestic policy since independence has been the creation of reliable mechanisms for security, political stability, and democracy that would correspond to the relevant mechanisms employed in the European Union. The prospect of EU membership is defined at the constitutional level and is a strategic guideline for Ukrainian aspirations for transformation and a key goal for which reforms are being carried out within the Ukrainian state. The creation and implementation of such mechanisms is the standard that will allow Ukraine to join the EU's common security system, increase the effectiveness of control over the movement and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and bring international cooperation in the fight against organized crime, illegal migration, smuggling, terrorism, and drug trafficking to a new level. It is noted that Ukraine's intentions to integrate into the European space have necessitated significant changes in national legislation aimed at adapting to a wide range of norms and standards generally accepted in international and European practice. The sphere of public security protection deserves special attention from lawmakers, as human rights protection is an invariable «gold standard» that distinguishes a democratic state. Given the state-forming importance of the national police, its improvement is in the zone of increased attention from both the government and society. It is extremely important today to create an effective organizational model of police bodies capable of reliably protecting the interests of the economy and citizens, implementing such principles of reforming the Ukrainian police that would result not only in excellent work in detecting and stopping offenses but also in creating significant resources for preventing offenses. The author demonstrates the dependence of the functional orientation of police structures on the functional orientation of the state, in particular on the form of state-legal regime it implements, which directly lays the basic principles of the activities of law enforcement structures in the country and the principles of their reform. Therefore, the logical idea arises that the functional orientation of police structures may depend on the functional orientation of the state, in particular on the form of state-legal regime it implements, which directly lays the basic principles of the activities of law enforcement structures in the country and the principles of their reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the characteristics of key international instruments in the field of control over the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies and the specifics of their influence on the formation and development of the export control mechanism of Ukraine. Even though the foundations of international legal cooperation in the relevant field were laid by treaties in the field of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Convention on Biological Weapons, Convention on Chemical Weapons), its regulatory core consists of acts adopted within the framework of multilateral regimes (groups) of export control (Zanger Committee, Nuclear Suppliers Group, Australian Group, Missile Technology Control Regime, Wassenaar Agreement), which, however, are not legally binding. The simplified procedure for the adoption of regulatory instruments, which define the basic principles and establish requirements for the procedure for control over the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies, as well as determine their lists, within the limits of multilateral export groups, allows for a prompt response to the challenges faced by the international community, taking into account the dynamics of scientific and technical development and hence the emergence, among other things, of new materials, equipment, software, which can potentially be used to develop the latest types of weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, the lack of appropriate regulatory flexibility lies in the fact that the effectiveness of international cooperation in the relevant field directly depends on the conscientious observance by states of the guidelines of “soft” law acts. Currently, Ukraine is a party to all treaties in the field of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and a member of key multilateral export control groups, which directly affected the specifics of the national system of control over the international transfer of dual-use goods and technologies. The national institutional and legal mechanism generally reproduces the key principles of control over the transfer of dual-use goods and technologies reflected in relevant international treaties and acts of multilateral export control groups. At the same time, the Single List of Dual-Use Goods needs to be updated in accordance with the changes in the lists of controlled goods reflected in the guidelines of multilateral export regimes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prohibition of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) in South Africa is governed through the implementation of an integrated and robust non-proliferation and arms control policy, legislative and regulatory framework, which has been revised and improved over time to address global developments; scientific and technological developments; and advancement of the threat landscape in terms of illicit trafficking of restricted goods and technologies as well as terrorism. Nonetheless, deficiencies in the regulatory framework and legislation became apparent over the years, especially after the infiltration of the South African industry by the A.Q. Khan nuclear smuggling network. Although some of these deficiencies have been addressed, others are more challenging and require further work to be concluded in order to improve regulatory processes and strengthen the non-proliferation system, and to ensure that the proliferation strategies of non-state actors can be combatted. It is also aimed at South Africa maintaining its image as a reliable and responsible supplier, recipient and end user of strategic goods and technologies, while contributing meaningfully to global efforts of disarmament and non-proliferation of WMDs as a responsible member of the international community, as an advocate for global disarmament, and as a leader in efforts to prevent the proliferation of WMDs, in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study published in the journal MedComm describes a new immunotherapy approach that enhances the anti-tumor activity of therapeutic T cells. The researchers engineered naturally occurring mutations in T cells to increase their effectiveness in killing tumor cells. The study found that a gene fusion called CARD11-PIK3R3 enhanced signaling pathways involved in T cell activation and function, leading to improved tumor death in vitro and in vivo. This discovery has the potential to improve T cell immunotherapy and provide new directions for treating cancer. [Extracted from the article]

informing the population, which may be affected in the event of a radiation accident, to the legislation of the European Union. The subject of the study was the provisions of nuclear, environmental and other branches of legislation, international, foreign and EU legislation, as well as scientific-theoretical and practical ideas, views and approaches to solving legal problems of ensuring radiation safety, radiation protection and informing the general public about health protection measures, to be taken and actions to be taken in the event of a radiation accident. The object of the study is public environmental, nuclear, radiation and other relations that arise in the event of a radiation accident and informing the population in case of danger, as well as regulated by the norms of national and international legislation. The problems of ensuring radiation and nuclear safety of the population rank first among the priority issues of ensuring peace in Ukraine and in the world. One of the directions of legal reform in Ukraine is the development of domestic legislation and its convergence with EU legislation as one of the conditions for Ukraine's integration into the European Union. The importance, priority and relevance of the adaptation of the legislation of Ukraine in the field of the use of nuclear energy and radiation safety to the EU legislation is determined, first of all, by the importance of informing the population that may be affected in the event of a radiation accident, receiving information about health protection measures that concern them, as well as about their actions in case of such an accident. These issues became especially active after the russian federation's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The main legal documents in Ukraine for ensuring radiation safety, radiation protection of the population and personnel are the laws of Ukraine "On the use of nuclear energy and radiation safety" dated February 8, 1995, "On human protection from the effects of ionizing radiation" dated January 14, 1998, Standards of radiation safety of Ukraine (NRBU - 97), approved by the resolution of the Chief Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine on December 1, 1997, Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety of Ukraine (OSPU - 2005), approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated February 2, 2005 No. 54, order of the State of the Committee on Nuclear Regulation of Ukraine "On approval of the Radiation Accident Response Plan" dated May 17, 2004. These normative acts define a number of legal categories, in particular, the concept of "radiation accident". At the time of the adoption of domestic national legal acts, Council directives 89/618/EURATOM, 90/641/EURATOM, 96/29/EURATOM, 97/43/EURATOM and 2003/122/EURATOM were already in force in EU member states. Since then, Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM of December 5, 2013 was adopted, which established basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation, and also terminated the validity of these directives. Certain provisions of this directive were implemented in some legislative acts in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Use of Nuclear Energy and Radiation Safety", in particular, in terms of the introduction of the Institute of Radiation Protection Expert, which should contribute to increasing the effectiveness of radiation protection protection of personnel and population. In our opinion, the decision to introduce the said institute is premature, since the main provisions of the Directive on radiation protection have not been adopted, and the expert institute should focus on them. The authors positively evaluate the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as a whole of the draft law "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine Regarding the Protection of Humans from the Effects of Ionizing Radiation." The draft law defines a number of basic terms related to radiation safety, in particular: "emergency situation"; "equivalent dose"; "dose limit"; "situation of emergency, existing and planned exposure" etc. In addition, the following are established: limit doses in the situation of planned exposure; effective and equivalent dose limits for personnel and the public"; basic protection and safety measures for medical radiation; defined reference levels for situations of existing and emergency exposure, as well as reference levels of the average annual concentration of radon activity in indoor air for the permanent presence of people at workplaces. According to the authors, synchronous work should be carried out on the development of new radiation safety standards, which should establish new radiation hygiene regulations both for practical activities and for intervention, in particular, in the event of a radiation accident. In the conditions of modern realities, the probability of the realization of nuclear and radiation threats to the national security of Ukraine and global security in general in the conditions of large-scale Russian aggression has increased sharply. There is a need to continue Ukraine's political consultations with the EU, the Group of Seven member states within the framework of the "Global Partnership against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction" initiative, the IAEA, and other international organizations on nuclear and radiation security issues, not only during the period of martial law in Ukraine, and after its completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the book "Fear, Power, and Hubris: Why the United States Invaded Iraq" by historian Melvyn Leffler. The book offers a revisionist analysis of the decision to invade Iraq in 2003, presenting a sympathetic view of the Bush administration's motivations. Leffler argues that fear, particularly in the aftermath of 9/11, played a significant role in shaping the administration's actions. While acknowledging the poor planning and execution of the war, Leffler emphasizes the officials' earnest intentions to protect the nation from further attacks. The article also highlights some criticisms of the book, including its sympathetic tone and use of politicized terminology. Overall, the book provides important insights into the decision-making process behind the Iraq War and its long-term consequences. [Extracted from the article]

During the years of war, as a result of aviation and missile attacks, a significant number of health care facilities in various regions of Ukraine were destroyed, and the complexity and intensity of their work increased significantly. If the readiness of hospitals and their employees to treat gunshot and explosive injuries is established, in the case of mass destruction of chemically hazardous enterprises and the threat of the enemy using weapons of mass destruction, including chemical weapons, there is a need for special training of health care facilities to work in the in conditions of chemical threats. The aim of the work was justification of the development and set of measures for the implementation of standard operating procedures in the event of a chemical incident. The legal documents and recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, management of the World Health Organization and the Red Cross on the topic of the study were used. The research methods: bibliosemantic, analytical, modeling were applied. It is established that the special management group, which includes representatives of various services, is of decisive importance in the effective management of a health care facility during a chemical incident: administration; communication department; security department; management of nurses and the department of infection control; human resources department; pharmacy; intensive care unit; department of engineering maintenance and repair; laboratory; kitchen; laundry; cleaning service and waste management. The most important measures of response to a chemical incident that ensure the safety of medical personnel and patients are the organization of a triage zone and a decontamination area for chemically affected persons. Based on the above, to prepare a health care facility for work during a chemical incident, it is necessary to develop a response plan, which consists of special administrative and management decisions and provides for regular staff training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An export control regime plays a vital tool in the effort to counter the proliferation of traditional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. However, there are new and fundamental challenges with this system. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding and implementing nuclear export control mechanisms to advance international security and prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. The research will apply descriptive analysis of the mechanisms of nuclear export controls. Critical analysis of the nuclear export control apparatuses will be applied as a technique to review the loopholes in the enforcement mechanisms of these initiatives. The debate covers key aspects of nuclear export control, including legislative frameworks, industry compliance, licensing and authorization procedures, verification and monitoring systems and control scope. Understanding these elements will enable stakeholders to support responsible and peaceful transfers of nuclear technology while ensuring compliance with international commitments and nonproliferation standards. The paper further delves into the context of these regimes, which are constructed in a way that provides cushion to the international community led by the Western states. The article emphasizes the critical role of the mechanisms of nuclear export control in preserving international security by preventing the unauthorized transfer of sensitive nuclear materials and technology. It also emphasizes the need for industry and national collaboration in this regard.

The article focuses on Israel's Begin Doctrine, which aims to prevent its enemies, like Iran, from acquiring nuclear weapons. Topics discussed include Israel's history of preventive strikes against nuclear facilities, ongoing efforts to sabotage Iran's nuclear program, and the potential for a future Israeli military campaign against Iran's nuclear infrastructure.

Examining Islamic Jihad issues in resorting to military force and coercive actions against the enemy and the way to treat civilians and non-combatant people indicates that the humanitarian provisions of Islam are based on the fundamental principles that provide the necessary grounds for the implementation of Jihad rules in different conflict situations. They provide Islam. Justice, the right to life and respect for human dignity are among the foundations of humanitarian rights in Islam, each of which has a special place and importance in Jihad in the cause of Allah. Quranic evidence, narration, reason, consensus and Muslim jurisprudence rules have prohibited the production and use of weapons of mass destruction; Therefore, in this article, while examining the concept and examples of weapons of mass destruction, topics such as justice, the right to life, human dignity, which are discussed as the bases for not allowing the use of weapons of mass destruction, to examine the verses and traditions, reason and consensus, which are among the most important evidences for issuing verdicts. Regarding topics such as weapons of mass destruction; Paid. In this research, the prohibition of the production and use of weapons of mass destruction in Islamic jurisprudence has been analyzed, and in the books of the jurists of the previous examples, it can be revised and applied to the current examples; Also, the prohibition of using these weapons in normal conditions is based on customary rules.

The article is concerned with the current system of the decontaminants and decontamination equipment of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The authors indicate that the main decontamination work during the fighting with the use of weapons of mass destruction must be done by the soldiers themselves with the application of the decontamination equipment at their disposal. This equipment should be repairable, simple and convenient in use, not expensive in production and have extended storage life. Military units of radiological, chemical and biological defence should be involved in the most difficult and responsible decontamination operations, connected with the decontamination of the command and control centers, large-size military equipment and individual protection equipment. The article is concerned with the main trends in the research, connected with the creation of new, more advanced individual means of decontamination, development of portable decontamination equipment, decontaminants and ways of decontamination.

Sustainability may be at risk in a population that has altered health, according to Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3): Health and well-being. The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine could jeopardize SDG 3, specifically the mental health of the population. The present study sought to determine the association between severe anxiety, depression and stress in population of 13 Latin American countries according to fear about the war conflict. It was a crosssectional, analytical and multicenter study. Anxiety, depression and stress were measured with the DASS-21 test (Cronbach’s Alpha: 0.97) and fear due to an armed crisis with a questionnaire already validated in Latin America (Cronbach’s Alpha: 0.92), which was also adjusted for sex, age, education level and country of residence. Descriptive and analytical statistics were obtained. Of the 2,626 respondents, the main fear was that weapons of mass destruction would be used. In the multivariate models, strong associations were found between fear of a possible world-scale armed conflict and having severe or very severe levels of anxiety (aPR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.64–2.36; value of p <0.001), depression (aPR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.54–2.36; value of p <0.001) or stress (aPR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.63–2.57; value of p <0.001). Sustainability linked to SDG 3, specifically mental health, is affected by this type of significant events, given the possible global war crisis that could trigger major events, even more so if added to the deterioration already experienced by COVID-19 in the Latin American region, insecurity and constant political uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threat of near-peer adversaries possessing weapons of mass destruction necessitates a focus on comprehensive readiness for the US Army. This article highlights the significance of regaining Arctic dominance and conducting large-scale combat operations (LSCO) training in extreme cold weather and CBRN-contaminated environments to effectively counter near-peer competitors. It discusses the need for increased CBRN training, equipment, and confidence in combat operations, emphasizing the unique challenges posed by extreme cold weather. The Joint Pacific Multinational Readiness Center in the Indo-Pacific theater emerges as a groundbreaking training facility that allows for in-theater training, cost savings, and increased training value for soldiers. The article acknowledges the ongoing threat of adversaries' CBRN weapons of mass destruction, underlining the importance of maintaining readiness through dynamic and rigorous training. It concludes by emphasizing the significance of applied readiness, regional engagement, and a paradigm shift in prioritizing CBRN training and evaluation. Overall, this article advocates for a comprehensive approach to address the complexities of LSCO in extreme cold weather and CBRN-contaminated environments to emerge triumphant in future conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although war is the arena of killing, fighting, and striving to weaken the enemy side, it is not a place and a space for the permissibility of any action. Rather, there are some actions that are criminalized and punishable even if they occur in wartime. These actions are termed in this era as "war crimes". Islamic jurisprudence did not know this terminology with this name, except that the content of its idea is spread in books of jurisprudence in the chapters of jihad and walking, so the Islamic law restricted many actions during the war, and it did not allow killing and fighting except in a narrow space in a way that achieves the interest for which the war was established, which is the subjugation of The enemy and its victory, so it made rules and controls within its perpetuation of the morals of war, those ethical rules that the Islamic Sharia dyed with the dye of obligation, so they became legal rules that must be disciplined, and arranged a punishment for their violators, so the Sharia prohibited the use of many combat means such as treachery, displacement, and the use of civilians as human shields, and it also criminalized The use of some weapons of mass destruction or those whose harm exceeds non-combatants. In return, we find that the international community did not begin to issue legal instruments that regulate war and hostilities until centuries ago. Late, to complete the legal system of international humanitarian law with the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 AD and their Additional Protocols of 1977 and 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the level of the overall CBRN threat in the world is currently considered to be low, there is a trend of a growing concern about CBRN terrorism. Various terrorist groups have shown interest in using CBRN materials to disrupt the global order and economy. The motivation and factors that influence the potential use of CBRN agents in terrorist attacks arise from the fact that CBRN agents have potentially high mortality and can cause serious consequences. A large number of potential dual-use (military and civilian) items as well as the introduction of new technologies in use can be utilized for the CBRN attacks and create a wide range of new possible terrorist (and military) threats. This paper provides a general overview of the past and current situations regarding CBRN terrorism, analyses some of current widely known new technologies that can be utilized for CBRN terrorist attacks and analyses the biggest potential threats from CBRN hazards.

INTRODUCTION. The article analyzes the consequences of coming into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2017. This Treaty forbids use of nuclear weapons and its deployment on territories of states, which ratified it. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on the main international treaties, which regulate now the status of nuclear weapons – Non-proliferation treaty 1968, Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2017 and also Advisory Opinion of UN International Court of Justice 1996. RESEARCH RESULTS. Coming into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons subdivided states into two groups – the states-participants of this Treaty and states-non participants. On the territory of states-participants the use of nuclear weapons is prohibited and must be considered as war crime. On the territory of states- non-participants use of nuclear weapons preserves the same regime as before. This regime was considered by UN International Court of Justice in his Advisory Opinion on Legality of Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons 1996. The article analyzes this Advisory Opinion. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Author comes to a conclusion, that all the legal foundations upon which is based this Advisory Opinion remains intact and also his central clause, according to which it is not forbidden for a state to use nuclear weapons when its survival is at stake. This situation may occur when such a state would be in armed conflict with a state or group of states – members of a military-political organization, which had much stronger military and economic potential. Also use of nuclear weapons is not forbidden against all members of this military-political organization.

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this work was to determine what role NATO plays in the policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the modern world. The research primarily examined the threats that come from weapons of mass destruction and how it affects global security. As for research methods, to get reliable information. The methods of policy analysis and document analysis were used to analyze and describe the challenges faced by NATO in the non-proliferation policy of weapons of mass destruction. In order to obtain reliable and objective information, a wide range of documents, strategies, and scientific papers were analyzed. The mentioned study showed us that NATO's policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction faces many challenges and threats from aggressive states, terrorists, extremists, criminal groups, aggressive religious actors, and in the overall context, asymmetric and symmetric threats. The role of NATO is very important in the security policy of the alliance and the policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world. NATO should be able to protect global security from weapons of mass destruction threats through pragmatic policy and dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential exists for charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity against the perpetrators of the invasion of Iraq, namely, former Prime Minister Tony Blair and his entourage. The findings of the Chilcot Inquiry in 2016 do not rule out the International Criminal Court taking action, and this article argues that it is plausible for those leaders who took the UK to war to be prosecuted for breaching international human rights law and international humanitarian law. This is because, first, the UNSCR 1441 was not respected by the British government that gave UN inspectors more time to investigate if Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and, second, there is a measure of personal responsibility for those who gave the order for the invasion that has led to catastrophic consequences both in terms of human casualties and material damage in its aftermath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to determine what role NATO plays in the policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the modern world. The research primarily examined the threats that come from weapons of mass destruction and how it affects global security. As for research methods, to get reliable information. The methods of policy analysis and document analysis were used to analyze and describe the challenges faced by NATO in the non-proliferation policy of weapons of mass destruction. In order to obtain reliable and objective information, a wide range of documents, strategies, and scientific papers were analyzed. The mentioned study showed us that NATO’s policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction faces many challenges and threats from aggressive states, terrorists, extremists, criminal groups, aggressive religious actors, and in the overall context, asymmetric and symmetric threats. The role of NATO is very important in the security policy of the alliance and the policy of non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world. NATO should be able to protect global security from weapons of mass destruction threats through pragmatic policy and dialogue.

In a world dominated by great powers and large states, powerful multinational corporations, big military alliances, and trade blocks, very small states and territories may seem inherently disadvantaged, or at [...]