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With the development of power electronics technology, power modules delivery considerably greater power density, which makes junction temperature an important parameter for reliable operation. Existing thermal models often ignore the influence of the thermal boundary conditions on the thermal parameter and cannot accurately predict junction temperature in various operating conditions. This article proposes a three-dimensional compact thermal network model that considers the thermal boundary conditions and can be obtained by the finite-element method (FEM). A novel two-step method for thermal parameter extraction is presented and the effects of boundary conditions on thermal network parameters are discussed in detail. The experimental results and FEM simulation show that the proposed thermal network model can accurately estimate the junction temperature in different thermal boundary conditions.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term inflammatory disease derived from an autoimmune disorder of the synovial membrane. Current therapeutic strategies for RA mainly aim to hamper the macrophages' proliferation and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the accumulation of therapeutic agents targeted at the inflammatory site should be a crucial therapeutic strategy. Nowadays, the nanocarrier system incorporated with stimuli-responsive property is being intensively studied, showing the potentially tremendous value of specific therapy. Stimuli-responsive (i.e., pH, temperature, light, redox, and enzyme) polymeric nanomaterials, as an important component of nanoparticulate carriers, have been intensively developed for various diseases treatment. A survey of the literature suggests that the use of targeted nanocarriers to deliver therapeutic agents (nanotherapeutics) in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis remains largely unexplored. The lack of suitable stimuli-sensitive polymeric nanomaterials is one of the limitations. Herein, we provide an overview of drug delivery systems prepared from commonly used stimuli-sensitive polymeric nanomaterials and some inorganic agents that have potential in the treatment of RA. The current situation and challenges are also discussed to stimulate a novel thinking about the development of nanomedicine.

The adaptive treatment tolerance (ATT) of cancer cells is the main encumbrance to cancer chemotherapy. A potential solution to this problem is to treat cancer cells with multiple drugs using nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we tested the co-administration of curcumin (Cur) and doxorubicin (Dox) to MCF-7 resistant breast cancer cells to block the ATT and elicit efficient cell killing. Drugs were co-administered to cells both sequentially and simultaneously. Sequential drug co-administration was carried out by pre-treating the cells with albumin nanoparticles (ANPs) loaded with Cur (Cur@ANPs) followed by treatment with Dox-loaded ANPs (Dox@ANPs). Simultaneous drug co-administration was carried out by treating the cells with ANPs loaded with both the drugs (Cur/Dox@ANPs). We found that the simultaneous drug co-administration led to a greater intra-cellular accumulation of Dox and cell killing with respect to the sequential drug co-administration. However, the simultaneous drug co-administration led to a lower intra-cellular accumulation of Cur with respect to the sequential drug co-administration. We showed that this result was due to the aggregation and entrapment of Cur in the lysosomes as soon as it was released from Cur@ANPs, a phenomenon called lysosomotropism. In contrast, the simultaneous release of Dox and Cur from Cur/Dox@ANPs into the lysosomes led to lysosomal pH elevation, which, in turn, avoided Cur aggregation, led to lysosome swelling and drug release in the cytosol, and finally provoked efficient cell killing. Our study shed the light on the molecular processes driving the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer drugs co-administered to cancer cells in different manners.

Nanotechnology‐basedin vitro diagnostics (nanoIVDs) are widely studied for disease diagnostics with promising sensitivity, specificity, and convenience. However, it is still a major challenge for both regulatory authorities and scientific researchers to accelerate the clinical translation of such an innovative technology. Herein, this perspective discussed the benefits and challenges of nanoIVDs as well as the administration considerations on the distinguish features of nanoIVDs by regulatory authorities, so as to further achieve the evaluation, translation, and application of nanoIVD products.

Nanochemotherapy combats cisplatin resistance by exploiting increased intracellular hypoxia in cancer cells., Various cancers treated with cisplatin almost invariably develop drug resistance that is frequently caused by substantial DNA repair. We searched for acquired vulnerabilities of cisplatin-resistant cancers to identify undiscovered therapy. We herein found that cisplatin resistance of cancer cells comes at a fitness cost of increased intracellular hypoxia. Then, we conceived an inspired strategy to combat the tumor drug resistance by exploiting the increased intracellular hypoxia that occurs as the cells develop drug resistance. Here, we constructed a hypoxia-amplifying DNA repair–inhibiting liposomal nanomedicine (denoted as HYDRI NM), which is formulated from a platinum(IV) prodrug as a building block and payloads of glucose oxidase (GOx) and hypoxia-activatable tirapazamine (TPZ). In studies on clinically relevant models, including patient-derived organoids and patient-derived xenograft tumors, the HYDRI NM is able to effectively suppress the growth of cisplatin-resistant tumors. Thus, this study provides clinical proof of concept for the therapy identified here.

Weisheng Guo,1 Lin Zhao,1 Guangya Wei,1 Peng Liu,1 Yu Zhang,1 Liran Fu2 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Liran FuDepartment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, No. 33 Huanghe Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-15837117112Email w2qcxz@163.comBackground: Circular RNAs have been emerging as biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The hsa_circ_0013912 (circ_0013912) has been retrieved to be upregulated in PDAC. Here, we further investigated its role in PDAC cells, as well as its mechanism via serving as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miRNA (miR)-7-5p, which is abundant in pancreas and suppresses the development of PDAC.Materials and Methods: The clinical human tissues were harvested from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and PDAC patients, and expression of circ_0013912 and miR-7-5p was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The interaction between both was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation and biotin-miRNA pull-down assay. Functional experiments were performed using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, fluorescence-activated cell separation method, caspase 3 activity assay kit, Western blotting, transwell assays, and xenograft tumor model.Results: circ_0013912 was upregulated in PDAC tumors and cells; besides, circ_0013912 upregulation was associated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Silencing circ_0013912 inhibited cell viability, colony formation ability, cell cycle entrance, migration and invasion, but facilitated apoptosis rate and caspase 3 activity in PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells, accompanied with decreased c-myc, cyclin D1 and vimentin, and increased E-cadherin. Furthermore, miR-7-5p was a target of circ_0013912. Blocking miR-7-5p could promote cell growth, migration and invasion of PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells with circ_0013912 silencing or not. Tumor growth was also restrained by circ_0013912 downregulation.Conclusion: Circ_0013912 knockdown could suppress cell growth and metastasis of PDAC cells via sponging miR-7-5p.Keywords: circ_0013912, miR-7-5p, PDAC

Improving the supply of O2 and the circulation lifetime of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo would be a promising approach to eliminate hypoxic tumors. Herein, by taking advantage of the significant gas-adsorption capability of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a biomimetic O2-evolving photodynamic therapy (PDT) nanoplatform with long circulating properties was fabricated. Zirconium (IV)-based MOF (UiO-66) was used as a vehicle for O2 storing, then conjugated with indocyanine green (ICG) by coordination reaction, and further coated with red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Upon 808 nm laser irradiation, the initial singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by ICG would decompose RBC membranes. At the same time, The photothermal property of ICG could facilitate the burst release of O2 from UiO-66. Subsequently, the generated O2 could significantly improve the PDT effects on hypoxic tumor. Owing to the advantages of long circulation and O2 self-sufficient, the designed nanotherapeutic agent can improve the efficiency of treatment against hypoxia tumor via PDT. Hence, this study presents a new paradigm for co-delivery of O2 and photosensitizers, and provides a new avenue to eliminate hypoxic tumors.

Coronary heart disease is a prevalent and fatal killer caused by vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (VASPs). However, the precise detection and treatment of VASPs remains a difficult challenge. Here, we present the development of noninvasive human serum albumin (HSA)-based theranostic nanomedicines (NMs) for the specific diagnosis and effective therapy of VASPs. Methods: The ICG/SRT@HSA-pept NMs were formulated to contain payloads of the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye indocyanine green (ICG) and the sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) activator SRT1720, and modified with a peptide moiety targeting osteopontin (OPN). The in vivo atherosclerotic mouse model was established with the high-fat diet (HFD). The in vitro vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) phenotypic switching was induced using the ox-LDL stimulation. Results: Due to the overexpression of OPN in activated VSMCs and VASPs, the targeted NMs specifically accumulated within the VASPs region after intravenous injection into the atherosclerotic mice, achieving the precise detection of VASPs. In addition, in the presence of SRT1720, the NMs could activate intracellular Sirt1 and activate an antiatherogenesis effect by inhibiting the phenotypic switching of VSMCs, which is an essential contributor to the vulnerability and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. After therapeutic administration of the ICG/SRT@HSA-pept NMs for two weeks, the physiological sizes and plaque compositions of VASPs were markedly improved. Furthermore, ICG/SRT@HSA-pept NMs-treated mice presented a more favorable plaque phenotype than that was observed in free SRT1720-treated mice, suggesting the enhanced delivery of pharmaceutical agents to the atherosclerotic lesions and improved therapeutic efficacy of NMs compared with free SRT1720. Conclusions: The theranostic ICG/SRT@HSA-pept NMs showed great potential for the precise identification and targeted treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.

Seeking profitable therapies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has attracted intense research interest. However, an efficient cure for TNBC remains an unresolved challenge in oncology. Herein, for the first time, we describe the use of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with NVP-BEZ235 and Chlorin-e6, denoted as NVP/Ce6@NPs, to overcome the adaptive treatment tolerance of TNBC by taking advantage of the synergistic effect between biochemical and photodynamic therapies. Upon laser irradiation, the NVP/Ce6@NPs generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and efficiently induced the apoptosis of tumor cells through DNA damage. Furthermore, the released NVP-BEZ235 could prevent Chk1 phosphorylation-induced DNA damage repair, thus enhancing the sensitivity of tumor cells to ROS. Animal studies on mice bearing an MDA- MB-231 tumor validated that the NVP/Ce6@NPs had a greater therapeutic efficacy compared to that of monotherapies, with an inhibition ratio of 89.3%. Western blotting and cell viability analyses confirmed the inhibition of both MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and Chk1 phosphorylation by NVP/Ce6@NPs. These findings provide a rational understanding of the synergistic effect of the biochemical/photodynamic therapy and pave the way for the development of efficient therapeutic approaches to fight against TNBC.

Nanomedicines (NMs) have emerged as promising agents for cancer treatment because of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Multiple biological barriers prevent NMs from efficiently accumulating at the tumor site and penetrating into the tumor tissue, leading to suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. To address this problem, we grafted tiny CuS nanocrystals (NCs) onto the surface of gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs, ~100 nm) to create transformable nanoparticles, denoted as CuS@GNPs, which can successively cross the biological barriers from intravenous injection to deep tumor zones via enzyme-induced multistage delivery. These transformable CuS@GNPs possess an initial diameter of approximately 120 nm and significantly accumulated at the tumor site after intravenous administration. Upon accumulation at the tumor site, the over-expressed hydrolases in the tumor microenvironment trigger rapid dissociation of the scaffold (GNPs) of CuS@GNPs and attendant release of the CuS NCs for deeper penetration into the tumor tissue. The spatiotemporal multistage delivery behavior of CuS@GNPs within tumor tissue could be tracked in vivo by photoacoustic imaging in a real-time manner. Following the systemic administration of CuS@GNPs, near infrared laser irradiation was further employed and efficient photothermal ablation of tumors was realized in MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, these results indicated that the as-fabricated transformable CuS@GNPs could undergo enzyme-induced multistage delivery for enhanced accumulation at the tumor site and improved penetration into the inner tumor. Furthermore, the transformable CuS@GNPs facilitated efficient photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal ablation to inhibit tumor growth.

Viruses have evolved to be outstandingly efficient at gene delivery, but their use as vectors is limited by safety risks. Inspired by the structure of viruses, we constructed a virus-mimicking vector (denoted as TR4@siRNA@Tf NCs) with virus-like architecture and infection properties. Composed of a hydrophilic peptide, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen, and a lipophilic tail, TR4 imitates the viral capsid and endows the vector with AIE properties as well as efficient siRNA compaction. The outer glycoprotein transferrin (Tf) mimics the viral envelope protein and endows the vector with reduced cytotoxicity as well as enhanced targeting capability. Because of the strong interaction between Tf and transferrin receptors on the cell surface, the Tf coating can accelerate the intracellular release of siRNA into the cytosol. Tf and TR4 are eventually cycled back to the cell membrane. Our results confirmed that the constructed siRNA@TR4@Tf NCs show a high siRNA silencing efficiency of 85% with significantly reduced cytotoxicity. These NCs have comparable transfection ability to natural viruses while avoiding the toxicity issues associated with typical nonviral vectors. Therefore, this proposed virus-like siRNA vector, which integrates the advantages of both viral and nonviral vectors, should find many potential applications in gene therapy.

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of the key events during the progress of atherosclerosis. The activated liver X receptor (LXR) signalling pathway is demonstrated to inhibit platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB)-induced VSMC proliferation. Notably, following PDGF-BB stimulation, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by VSMCs increases significantly. In this study, anti-ICAM-1 antibody-conjugated liposomes were fabricated for targeted delivery of a water-insoluble LXR agonist (T0901317) to inhibit VSMC proliferation. The liposomes were prepared by filming-rehydration method with uniform size distribution and considerable drug entrapment efficiency. The targeting effect of the anti-ICAM-T0901317 liposomes was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and flow cytometry. Anti-ICAM-T0901317 liposomes showed significantly higher inhibition effect of VSMC proliferation than free T0901317 by CCk8 proliferation assays and BrdU staining. Western blot assay further confirmed that anti-ICAM-T0901317 liposomes inhibited retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation and MCM6 expression. In conclusion, this study identified anti-ICAM-T0901317 liposomes as a promising nanotherapeutic approach to overcome VSMC proliferation during atherosclerosis progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11671-017-2097-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Carrier-free nanodrugs formulated from the supramolecular self-assembly of pure drug molecules have emerged as an innovative and promising strategy for tumor therapy. We report herein a new and simple method to directly assemble a small hydrophobic anticancer drug, 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), with a photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) to form stable, discrete nanorods (NRs), which not only circumvent the extreme hydrophobicity of HCPT but also incorporate two different modalities into one delivery system for combination therapy. Different ratios of HCPT to Ce6 were evaluated to afford the optimal nanoformulation. The as-prepared HCPT/Ce6 NRs were fully characterized, indicating a relatively uniform size of about 360 nm in length and 135 nm in width, and a surface charge of about -33 mV. Efficient internalization of the NRs by cancer cells was observed by using a confocal microscope and the generation of singlet oxygen species arising from the NRs under 655 nm laser irradiation was detected by DCFH-DA. As a result, very potent in vitro efficacy against several kinds of cancer cell lines was achieved through chemo-photodynamic dual therapy. The in vivo tumor suppression effect of HCPT/Ce6 NRs was verified on a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model, achieving almost complete inhibition of the tumor growth, which may benefit from the superiority of nanomedicine and combination therapy. The rationale of this facile and green strategy for carrier-free nanodrug formulation via the self-assembly approach might provide new opportunities for the development of combinatorial therapeutics for tumors.

New strategies with high antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug-resistant bacteria are urgently desired. Herein, we describe a smart triple-functional nanostructure, namely TRIDENT (Thermo-Responsive-Inspired Drug-Delivery Nano-Transporter), for reliable bacterial eradication. The robust antibacterial effectiveness is attributed to the integrated fluorescence monitoring and synergistic chemo-photothermal killing. We notice that temperature rises generated by near-infrared irradiation did not only melt the nanotransporter via a phase change mechanism, but also irreversibly damaged bacterial membranes to facilitate imipenem permeation, thus interfering with cell wall biosynthesis and eventually leading to rapid bacterial death. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence demonstrate that even low doses of imipenem-encapsulated TRIDENT could eradicate clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, whereas imipenem alone had limited effect. Due to rapid recovery of infected sites and good biosafety we envision a universal antimicrobial platform to fight against multidrug-resistant or extremely drug-resistant bacteria., Antibiotic resistance is a major global health challenge. Here, the authors report on a thermoresponsive delivery system for combined photothermal and antibiotic delivery with fluorescent tracking abilities and demonstrate application against antibiotic resistant bacteria in vitro and in vivo.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases. Despite considerable advances in clinical treatment of RA, suboptimal response to therapy and treatment discontinuation are still unresolved challenges due to systemic toxicity. It is of crucial importance to actively target and deliver therapeutic agents to inflamed joints in order to promote in situ activity and decrease systemic toxicity. In this study, we found that SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) was overexpressed in the synovial fluid and synovium of RA patients as well as mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), which has been scarcely reported. Building upon the SPARC signature of RA joint microenvironment and the intrinsic high affinity of SPARC for albumin, we fabricated methotrexate-loaded human serum albumin nanomedicines (MTX@HSA NMs) and explored them as biomimetic drug delivery systems for RA therapy. Upon intravenous injection of chlorin e6-labeled MTX@HSA NMs into CIA mice, the fluorescence/magnetic resonance dual-modal imaging revealed higher accumulations and longer retention of MTX@HSA NMs in inflamed joints with respect to free MTX molecules. In vivo therapeutic evaluations suggested that the MTX@HSA NMs were able to attenuate the progression of RA with better efficacy and fewer side effects even at half dose of administrated MTX in comparison with free MTX. By unraveling the mechanism driving the efficient accumulation of MTX@HSA NMs in RA joints and showing their ability to improve the safety and therapeutic efficacy of MTX, our work sheds light on the development of innovative anti-RA nanomedicines with a strong potential for clinical translation.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are new inspiring clinical targets that have emerged from persistent efforts with unique properties and diverse applications. However, the main methods currently utilized in their production are not environmentally friendly. With the aim of promoting a green approach for the synthesis of NPs, this review describes eco-friendly methods for the preparation of biogenic NPs and the known mechanisms for their biosynthesis. Natural plant extracts contain many different secondary metabolites and biomolecules, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds and enzymes. Secondary metabolites can enable the reduction of metal ions to NPs in eco-friendly one-step synthetic processes. Moreover, the green synthesis of NPs using plant extracts often obviates the need for stabilizing and capping agents and yields biologically active shape- and size-dependent products. Herein, we review the formation of metallic NPs induced by natural extracts and list the plant extracts used in the synthesis of NPs. In addition, the use of bacterial and fungal extracts in the synthesis of NPs is highlighted, and the parameters that influence the rate of particle production, size, and morphology are discussed. Finally, the importance and uniqueness of NP-based products are illustrated, and their commercial applications in various fields are briefly featured.

Combined cancer therapy possesses many advantages including improved tumoricidal efficacy, reduced side effects, and retarded drug resistance. Herein, a protein-polymer bioconjugate-coated multifunctional upconversion nanosystem, consisting of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) core, tailored amphiphilic protein-polymer bioconjugate shell, and photosensitizer zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and antitumor drug doxorubicin coloaded inside, was elaborately developed for combined photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy. In this system, UCNs core could convert deep penetrating near-infrared light to visible light for simultaneous cell fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy by activating ZnPc to generate cytotoxic ROS, while the protective shell of bovine serum albumin-poly(ε-caprolactone) (BSA-PCL) offered excellent water solubility, good stability, and low cytotoxicity. The ROS production test showed that this nanosystem could successfully generate singlet oxygen under NIR irradiation. A cellular uptake study demonstrated that intense fluorescence emission of the UCNs could be observed in HeLa cells, indicating their outstanding real-time imaging capability. More importantly, compared with single PDT or chemotherapy systems, the constructed combined therapy UCNs system demonstrated significantly enhanced tumor cell killing efficiency. On the basis of our findings, this multifunctional UCNs nanosystem could be a promising versatile theranostic nanoplatform for image-guided combined cancer therapy.

Many theranostic nanomedicines (NMs) have been fabricated by packaging imaging and therapeutic moieties together. However, concerns about their potential architecture instability and pharmacokinetic complexity remain major obstacles to their clinical translation. Herein, we demonstrated the use of CuInS/ZnS quantum dots (ZCIS QDs) as "all-in-one" theranostic nanomedicines that possess intrinsic imaging and therapeutic capabilities within a well-defined nanostructure. ZCIS QDs were exploited for multispectral optical tomography (MSOT) imaging and synergistic PTT/PDT therapy. Due to the intrinsic fluorescence/MSOT imaging ability of the ZCIS QDs, their size-dependent distribution profiles were successfully visualized at tumor sites in vivo. Our results showed that the smaller nanomedicines (ZCIS NMs-25) have longer tumor retention times, higher tumor uptake, and deeper tumor penetration than the larger nanomedicines (ZCIS NMs-80). The ability of ZCIS QDs to mediate photoinduced tumor ablation was also explored. Our results verified that under a single 660 nm laser irradiation, the ZCIS NMs had simultaneous inherent photothermal and photodynamic effects, resulting in high therapy efficacy against tumors. In summary, the ZCIS QDs as "all-in-one" versatile nanomedicines allow high therapeutic efficacy as well as noninvasively monitoring tumor site localization profiles by imaging techniques and thus hold great potential as precision theranostic nanomedicines.

Improving the supply of O

Organic dyes generally suffer from small Stokes shift that usually leads to self‐quenching and ‐gaining errors during the fluorescent imaging process. Here, a through‐bond energy transfer (TBET) cassette is developed with large Stokes shift to pursue precise cell imaging. The TBET is constructed by covalently conjugated tetraphenylethene (acts as donor) and rhodamine (acceptor) through an acetylene bond. The constructed TBET cassette distinctly behaves as dual‐Stokes shifts, including a large pseudo‐Stokes shift caused by energy transfer, from donor's absorption to acceptor's emission (up to 260 nm) and a smaller Stokes shift of acceptor molecules itself. Due to the intrinsic dual‐Stokes shifts, TBET cassette exhibits specific “dual distinct absorbances, single shared emission” properties, which can be excitated under two different laser channels. By colocalization of the imaging readouts of these two channels, the precisely “double checked” fluorescent imaging is achieved in living cells.

Ultrasmall Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) nanocrystals with high near infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion abilities and peroxidase-mimic properties are synthesized and functionalized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) for rapid clearance multifunctional theranostic platform. Due to the presence of Cu (I) of CZTS@BSA, H 2 O 2 could be decomposed to produce highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalyzed by intrinsic peroxidase like activity of CZTS. The CZTS@BSA possesses high NIR absorption and excellent photoacoustic (PA) imaging abilities. The as-prepared CZTS@BSA is also reported as an efficient T1 contrast agent for in vivo MR imaging. Therefore, in vivo distribution and rapid renal clearance of CZTS@BSA are successfully tracked by PA/MR dual-modal-imaging and further proved by ICP-MS analysis. Systemic acute toxicity evaluation indicates CZTS@BSA have good biocompatibility to normal tissues and blood. All results reveal that CZTS@BSA could act as a rapid clearance theranostic nanoplatform for dual-modal-imaging guided tumor PTT.

To research on the effect of DC-CIK cells on human lymphoma cell line Raji the immunophenotype of DC-CIK cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, and its proliferation inhibition effect was detected using MTT assay. 24 nude mice (4-6 weeks old) were employed and inoculated Raji cells on right axillaries for constructing human Burkitt lymphoma model. MTT results showed that DC-CIK cells had a significant inhibitory effect on Raji cells with obvious dose- and time- dependent effect. Western Blot results confirmed that DC-CIK cells could significantly down regulate the expression of BCL-2 (P0.05). DC-CIK cells possesses significant anti-tumor effect on human Burkitt lymphoma bearing nude mice, and down regulation of Raji induced BCL-2 cell apoptosis may be one of the inhibitory mechanisms of DC-CIK cells.