Search

This research articulates a relationship between the physical community of Harlem, New York and the digital community comprising TripAdvisor, the world's largest travel related social media website. The purpose of this research is to identify forces of racial commodification in the tourism industry and analyze the role of digital technologies in this process. This research is important because tourism and digital technologies are active sites of racial formation and inequality, and TripAdvisor helps mediate the way they interact. This research employs a mixed-method qualitative approach to articulating the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship: discourse analysis of online reviews of a prominent cultural tourism company in Harlem, ethnography of that company's tour experiences, and techniques designed to bridge methodological gaps between these two. I find that the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship produces a three-layered discursive structure, with each successive layer less visible relative to each other. The first—and most visible layer—contains a discourse based in newly emerging conventions of online travel writing. The second layer contains a discourse reflecting touristic valuations of racial difference in capitalistic markets. The third—and least visible layer—contains a discourse reflecting histories and current patterns of racial oppression and inequality. Each of these layers are necessary to create a definition of race emphasizing its supposed benefits to economic growth at the same time it remains a hierarchical and exploitative social construction. Doctor of Philosophy This research articulates a relationship between the physical community of Harlem, New York and the digital community comprising TripAdvisor, the world’s largest travel related social media website. The purpose of this research is to identify forces of racial commodification in the tourism industry and analyze the role of digital technologies in this process. This research is important because tourism and digital technologies are active sites of racial formation and inequality, and TripAdvisor helps mediate the way they interact. This research employs a mixed-method qualitative approach to articulating the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship: discourse analysis of online reviews of a prominent cultural tourism company in Harlem, ethnography of that company’s tour experiences, and techniques designed to bridge methodological gaps between these two. I find that the Harlem-TripAdvisor relationship produces a three-layered discursive structure, with each successive layer less visible relative to each other. The first—and most visible layer— contains a discourse based in newly emerging conventions of online travel writing. The second layer contains a discourse reflecting touristic valuations of racial difference in capitalistic markets. The third—and least visible layer—contains a discourse reflecting histories and current patterns of racial oppression and inequality. Each of these layers are necessary to create a definition of race emphasizing its supposed benefits to economic growth at the same time it remains a hierarchical and exploitative social construction.

This study is about how Harlem--an ethnically diverse community regarded by many as a primary site of the African American Experience--is represented in the online tourism domain. More specifically, it is about identifying loci of value in the content of online tourist reviews which contribute to a color-blind and politically sanitizing discourse about Harlem that reinforces a neoliberal understanding of Harlem as an underdeveloped economic frontier. Tourism has been identified by New York policy makers to be a way to generate revenue in culturally diverse, low-income areas, and especially in Harlem. In order for tourism to be successful, a neighborhood needs to be considered a place that can offer tourists a valuable experience. Online reviews, particularly those on social media sites, are becoming increasingly influential within the tourism industry because of their influence with consumers, who regularly consult them to guide purchasing decisions. This study examines online reviews of a prominent Harlem tourism company as a way to analyze the valuating discourse needed to keep tourists coming back to the community. What do reviewers find valuable during the tour? And what elements of the tour are responsible for producing value for tourists? These questions are investigated using a four-step qualitative approach to analyzing online tourist reviews on TripAdvisor.com posted about Harlem Heritage Tours. Master of Science

近代日本において,宗教家が作った民間ハンセン病救済施設が6つあった(キリスト教系5つ,仏教系1つ)。NGO/NPO(Third Sector)活動であった。仏教系「身延深敬病院」の創設者は,外国人宣教師と違い,海外からの援助等に頼れなく,日本国内で資金集めをせざるを得なかった。その一環として,「十万一厘講」という募金方法を考えたが,結局維持困難であった。当時の日本人の寄付行為特徴が背景にあると考えられた。本論文の主目的は,「十万一厘講」の仕組み・業績・廃止となった理由を明らかにすることである。当時の日本人の寄付行為特徴についても考察し,日本の現状にも触れた。個人による寄付は現在も欧米に比較して少額である。自主的で,行政と切り離れている真のThird Sector 活動が生じにくい状況があると考えられた。

The insecticidal properties of certain entomopathogenic viruses can be greatly improved in mixtures with substances that affect the integrity of the insect peritrophic membrane, particularly optical brighteners. We aimed to determine the effect of an optical brightener, Blankophor BBH, and an abrasive compound, silicon carbide, alone and in mixtures, on the prevalence of patent and covert infection of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) by Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) (Iridoviridae). The prevalence of patent infection by IIV-6 was < 1.5% in all treatments involving virus. Contrary to predictions, there were significantly fewer patent infections in virus treatments involving Blankophor with or without silicon carbide compared with controls. Covert infection of adults detected by insect bioassay was between 6.7 and 12.2%, although no significant differences were observed between treatments. Exposure to IIV-6 alone or silicon carbide alone did not significantly increase larval mortality compared to the controls, whereas exposure to Blankophor alone, or in any combination with IIV-6 or silicon carbide, clearly increased larval mortality. These effects did not carry-over to the pupal stage. Adult females emerged 1.5 days later than males. Compared to control insects, female development rate was extended by 11.4 and 12.6% in the treatments involving IIV-6 alone and silicon carbide alone, respectively. The sex ratio at adult emergence did not differ significantly between control insects and those of other treatments. These results support the hypothesis that the gut is unlikely to represent the principal point of infection of mosquito larvae by iridescent viruses.

Sublethal viral infections can cause changes in the body size and demography of insect vectors, with important consequences for population dynamics and the probability that individual mosquitoes will transmit disease. This study examined the effects of covert (sublethal) infection by Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) on the demography of female Aedes aegypti and the relationship between key life history parameters in covertly infected female insects compared with healthy ( control) insects or non-infected mosquitoes that had survived exposure to virus inoculum without becoming infected. Of the female mosquitoes that emerged following exposure to virus inoculum and were offered blood meals, 29% (43/150) proved positive for covert IIV-6 infection. The net reproductive rate ( R 0) of covertly infected females was 50% lower for infected females compared to control mosquitoes, whereas non-infected exposed females had an R 0 approximately 15% lower than that of controls. Reproduction caused a significant decrease of about 13 days in mosquito longevity compared to females that did not reproduce (P < 0.001). Infected females lived 5-8 days less than non-infected exposed females or controls, respectively (P = 0.028). Infected females and non-infected exposed females both had significantly shorter wings than control insects ( P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between wing length and longevity in covertly infected female mosquitoes but not in control or non-infected exposed mosquitoes. Longer lived females produced more eggs in all treatments. There were no significant correlations between body size and fecundity or the production of offspring. There was also no correlation between fecundity and fertility, suggesting that sperm inactivation was a more likely cause of decreased fertility in older mosquitoes than sperm depletion. We conclude that covert infection by iridescent virus is likely to reduce the vectorial capacity of this mosquito.

Invertebrate iridescent viruses (Iridoviridae) possess a highly cytotoxic protein. In mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6) usually causes covert (inapparent) infection that reduces fitness. To determine whether sublethal effects of IIV-6 are principally due to cytotoxicity of the viral inoculum (which inhibits macromolecular synthesis in the host), or caused by replication of the virus larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L) were exposed to untreated IIV-6 virus that had previously been deactivated by heat or ultraviolet light. Control larvae were not exposed to virus. Larval development time was shortest in control larvae and extended in larvae exposed to untreated virus. Covertly infected mosquitoes laid significantly fewer eggs, produced between 20 and 35% fewer progeny and had reduced longevity compared to other treatments. Wing length was shortest in mosquitoes exposed to heat-deactivated virus. Multivariate analysis of the same data identified fecundity and progeny production as the most influential variables in defining differences among treatments. Overall, viral infection resulted in a 34% decrease in the net reproductive rate (R0) of covertly infected mosquitoes, vs. only 5–17% decrease of R0 following treatments with deactivated virus, compared to controls. Sublethal effects of IIV-6 in Ae. aegypti appear to be mainly due to virus replication, rather than cytotoxic effects of the viral inoculum.

The hour of death Fionn in search of his youth Cromwell and the friar the Girl and the Sailor the Four-leafed Shamrock and the Cock the Cow that Ate the Piper Conal and Donal and Taig Adventures of a Strolling Player, Oliver Goldsmith the Limerick Gloves, Maria Edgeworth the Death of a Devotee, William Carleton the Brown Man, Gerald Griffin Green Tea, Sheridan Le Fanu Albert Nobbs, George Moore the Sphinx without a Secret, Oscar Wilde Philippa's Fox-hunt, E.E.Somerville and Martin Ross the Priest, Daniel Corkery the Weaver's Grave, Seumas O'Kelly the Dead, James Joyce my Little Black Ass, Padraic O Conaire the Triangle, James Stephens Bush River, Joyce Cary the Pedlar's Revenge, Liam O'Flaherty the Fanatic, Lian O'Flaherty Her Table Spread, Elizabeth Bowen the Faithless Wife, Sean O'Faolain the Sugawn Chair, Sean O'Faolain Guests of the Nation, Frank O'Connor the Majesty of the Law, Frank O'Connor Pastorale, Patrick Boyle the Hare-lip, Mairtin O'Cadhain the Poteen Maker, Michael McLaverty the Ring, Bryan MacMahon Sarah, Mary Lavin Desert Island, Terence De Vere White the Pilgrims, Benedict Kiely Weep for our Pride, James Plunkett Loser, Val Mulkerns the Bird I Fancied, Aidan Higgins Death in Jerusalem, William Trevor the Diviner, Brian Friel an Occassion of Sin, John Montague Irish Revel, Edna O'Brien First Conjugation, Julia O'Faolain the Beginning of an Idea, John McGahern Life Drawing, Bernard MacLaverty the Airedale, Desmond Hogan.

n/a

n/a