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Epiblema minutana (Kearfott, 1905), revised status (Figs. 2���9, 17���18, 20���23) Eucosma minutana Kearfott 1905:356; Barnes and McDunnough 1917:170. Epiblema minutana: Blanchard 1979:179; Miller and Pogue 1984:227. Eucosma antaxia Meyrick 1920:344, unnecessary replacement name for minutana. Epiblema strenuana (not Walker): Heinrich 1923:140; McDunnough 1939:48; Powell 1983:35; Miller 1987:56; Brown 2005:286; Gilligan et al. 2008:121; Pohl et al. 2018:151, senior synonym of E. minutana. Lectotype (designated by Blanchard 1979). ♂, New Jersey, Essex County, Montclair, W. D. Kearfott, July 1908, slide 24505, USNM. Kearfott (1905) mentioned a series of about 40 specimens from Tryon, North Carolina; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Brighton, Pennsylvania; Plummers Island, Maryland; Belvidere, Illinois; Smith County, Tennessee; Anglesea, New Jersey; and Essex County Park, New Jersey. Klots (1942) stated that Heinrich (1923) had designated a lectotype from Essex County Park, New Jersey but disagreed with Heinrich���s statement that the depository was the AMNH. Blanchard (1979) settled the matter by formally designating the lectotype listed above in the USNM. Redescription. Epiblema minutana is a dark gray species that lacks any subcostal orange-brown coloration near the apex of the forewing. In size it varies (FWL: 4.3���7.9 mm) much like E. strenuana (FWL: 4.0���9.0 mm) but on average it is somewhat smaller than the latter species (mean FWL = 6.0 vs. 7.1 mm). Previous authors have noted, and we concur, that the forewing is slightly narrower in E. minutana than in E. strenuana (AR = 3.19 vs. 2.80). The interfascial spot is often present as a paler shade of gray (Figs. 5���8), but in some individuals it is barely discernable (Figs. 2���4). The ocellus resembles that of E. strenuana, but the white costal strigulae are usually more prominent than in the latter species. Epiblema minutana is similar to E. strenuana in genitalia but differs from the latter species in the following respects: the socii (Figs. 17���18) are shorter and sometimes triangular (tapering from a broad base to a narrowly rounded apex vs. consistently fingerlike with parallel lateral margins), and the sterigma (Figs. 20���23) is ovate instead of rectangular, with length-ostium diameter = 1.56 vs. 1.95. Shape of the socii can vary and appear similar to those in E. strenuana. Genitalic characters should be used in combination with wing coloration to make a specieslevel identification. Remarks. The typical phenotype of E. minutana (Figs. 2���8) is broadly distributed in eastern United States and is also found in central California. In the East, the larval host is presumed to be Ambrosia artimisiifolia L. (annual ragweed), but the adult determinations in literature reports of reared specimens need to be checked for accuracy vis��-vis E. strenuana. Epiblema minutana has been reared in Mexico from field-collected larvae from A. confertiflora (McClay 1987) and in Contra Costa County, California, by J. A. Powell from Ambrosia psilostachya DC. (Cuman ragweed), a plant with a transcontinental distribution. The EME has numerous specimens from California with minutana -like genitalia and pale gray forewings (Fig. 9). They are somewhat larger than typical E. minutana (mean FWL = 6.9 vs. 6.0 mm) but are nearly identical in forewing geometry (AR = 3.18 vs. 3.19). This phenotype has been reared from A. psilostachya and from Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene (silver bur ragweed) (Powell and Opler 2009). The range of the latter plant extends along the Pacific coast from southern California to Alaska. Powell and Opler (2009) reported larvae causing deformities at nodes of lateral decumbent stems but not forming stem galls. Similar specimens are represented in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) from San Diego County, California. These cluster with typical E. minutana but show some minor consistent differences in the sequences that could indicate they are a separate taxon. We can find no morphological differences in these California specimens, thus we tentatively refer them to E. minutana until a more comprehensive DNA analysis can be performed. We can confirm they are not E. strenuana, which is also present in California, and we have examined typical specimens of E. strenuana from the same location in San Diego County., Published as part of Gilligan, Todd M., Wright, Donald J., Brown, Richard L., Augustinus, Benno A. & Schaffner, Urs, 2020, Taxonomic issues related to biological control prospects for the ragweed borer Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), pp. 347-358 in Zootaxa 4729 (3) on pages 354-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3632783, {"references":["Kearfott, W. D. (1905) Descriptions of new species of tortricid moths from North Carolina, with notes. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 28, 349 - 364. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1398.349","Blanchard, A. (1979) New status for Epiblema minutana (Kearfott) and new species of Epiblema Hubner and Sonia Heinrich (Tortricidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 33, 179 - 188.","Miller, W. E. & Pogue, M. G. (1984) Ragweed borer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini): Taxonomic implications of an allometric analysis of adult characters. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77, 227 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 77.3.227","Heinrich, C. (1923) Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 123, 1 - 128.","Miller, W. E. (1987) Guide to the olethreutine moths of Midland North America (Tortricidae). United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service Agriculture Handbook 660, 104 pp. [Miller and Hodges 1990]","Brown, J. W. (2005) World catalogue of insects. Volume 5: Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 741 pp.","Gilligan, T. M., Wright, D. J. & Gibson, L. D. (2008) Olethreutine moths of the midwestern United States, an identification guide. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, 334 pp.","Pohl, G. R., Landry, J. - F., Schmidt, B. C., Lafontaine, J. D., Troubridge, J. T., Macaulay, A. D., van Nieukerken, E. J., deWaard, J. R., Dombroskie, J. J., Klymko, J., Nazari, V. & Stead, K. (2018) Annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Canada and Alaska. Series Faunistica No. 118. Pensoft, Sofia, 580 pp.","Klots, A. B. (1942) Type material of North American Microlepidoptera other than Aegeriidae in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the AMNH, 79, 391 - 424.","McClay, A. S. (1987) Observations on the biology and host specificity of Epiblema strenuana [Lepidoptera, Tortricidae], a potential biocontrol agent for Parthenium hysterophorus [Compositae]. Entomophaga, 32, 23 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02390928","Powell, J. A. & Opler, P. A. (2009) Moths of Western North America. University of California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 369 pp."]} more...

Eucosma paragemellana Gilligan & Wright, new species (Figs. 12 ���13, 27, 30, 34) Diagnosis. Eucosma paragemellana (Figs. 12���13) is indistinguishable from E. gemellana (Figs. 8���11) in forewing color and maculation, but E. paragemellana is smaller (mean FWL = 6.4 vs. 9.3 mm) and has a shorter costal fold (CFR = 0.25 vs. 0.42). Males differ in the shape and setation of the valva (Figs. 26, 27): the neck in E. paragemellana is somewhat narrower (NR = 0.19 vs. 0.28), the saccular angle is slightly more acute (SA = 78 vs. 89), the anal angle is more elongate, and the setae on the medial surface of the cucullus extend to the vertex of the anal angle. Females differ in the locations of the indentations in the posterolateral margins of sternum 7 in relation to the lamella postvaginalis (Figs. 33, 34): aligned with the posterior margin in E. paragemellana, aligned with the midpoint in E. gemellana. Differences between E. paragemellana and E. circulana are discussed above in the diagnosis of the later taxon. Description. Head and Thorax as in E. gemellana except: 3 FWL 5.0��� 7.6 mm (mean = 6.3, n = 56), AR = 2.66, CFR = 0.25; �� FWL 6.6���7.3 mm (mean = 6.7, n = 8), AR = 2.70. Abdomen. Male genitalia (Fig. 27) (n = 9): Uncus moderately produced and clearly differentiated from dorsolateral shoulders of tegumen; socii fingerlike, phallus stout, moderately long, and tapering distally; anellus approximate to phallobase; vesica with 25���28 deciduous cornuti; valva with costal margin straight to weakly concave, ventral emargination deep, proximal extremity of neck narrow, NR 0.17���0.25 (mean = 0.19, n = 9), ventrolateral margin of neck weakly scooped out, saccular corner angular, SA 65���86 (mean = 78, n = 9); cucullus with apex weakly developed, distal margin weakly convex, ventral projection long and narrow; setation of medial surface of cucullus extending to spiniform seta at vertex of anal angle, coarse toward distal margin and anal angle grading to fine toward costal margin and apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 30, 34) (n = 4): As in E. gemellana except that the indentations of the posterolateral margins of sternum 7 align with the posterior margin of the lamella postvaginalis. Holotype (Fig. 13). 3, Alabama, Baldwin Co., Weeks Bay Estuarine Reserve, D. J. Wright, 22 June 2008, USNM. Paratypes. ALABAMA: Baldwin Co., Weeks Bay Estuarine Reserve, R. L. Brown, 20 June 2001 (2 3) MEM; D. J. Wright, 21 June 2008 (5 3, slides DJW 2050, 3123, 3124), 22 June 2008 (6 3; 1 ��, slide DJW 2773) DJW; T. M. Gilligan, 21 June 2008 (5 3), 22 June 2008 (2 3; 1 ��) TMG; L. D. Gibson, 21 June 2008 (4 3) LDG. FLORIDA: Pensacola, 11���14 October 1914 (1 ��, slide DJW 1346) AMNH. MISSISSIPPI: Harrison Co., Pass Christian, R. Kergosien, 6 August 1994 (1 3, slide TMG 612) MEM; Jackson Co., 1 mi. W Hwy 90 & 57, R. L. Brown, 5 April 1991 (1 3), 12 April 1991 (1 3), D. M. Pollock, 5 April 1991 (1 3) MEM; I- 10 at Escatawpa River, R. L. Brown, 13 April 1991 (1 3, slide TMG 607) MEM; I- 10 1 mi. W Ala., T. L. Schiefer, 22 July 1989 (1 3, slide DJW 2006; 3 ��) MEM, DJW; Sandhill Crane NWR, J. A. MacGown, 29 August 1995 (3 3), 7 September 1994 (3 3, TMG 605; 1 ��, slide TMG 610) MEM; Grand Bay Savannah, R. L. Brown and E. L. Martinez, 30 April 2004 (4 3), J. A. MacGown, 6 September 1994 (1 3) MEM. NORTH CAROLINA: Pender Co., Holly Shelter Game Land, J. B. Sullivan, 1 July 1998 (2 3, slide TMG 595), 7 August 1997 (4 3), 26 August 1997 (9 3, slide TMG 603; 1 ��, slide TMG 596), 26 September 1995 (1 3) USNM. Distribution (Fig. 35) and Flight Period. Gulf Coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and the panhandle of Florida; coast of North Carolina; April ��� September., Published as part of Gilligan, Todd M. & Wright, Donald J., 2013, The type species of Eucosma H��bner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini), pp. 489-504 in Zootaxa 3630 (3) on pages 498-500, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/283490 more...

Eucosma gemellana Heinrich, new status (Figs. 8 ���11, 26, 33) Eucosma circulana gemellana Heinrich 1923: 96, Fig. 150. Eucosma circulana gemellana; McDunnough 1939: 46; Powell 1983: 34; Brown 2005: 317. Diagnosis. Eucosma gemellana (Figs. 8���11) is similar in appearance to E. circulana (Figs. 5���7) and E. paragemellana (Figs. 12���13); maculation and genitalic differences are discussed in the diagnoses under the latter two species. Description. Head. Frons and vertex creamy white; labial palpus creamy white with some pale brown tinting on lateral surface; antenna creamy white. Thorax. Dorsal surface creamy white to pale brown; fore- and mid-legs with anterior surfaces pale brown, posterior surfaces creamy white; hind-legs creamy white; tarsi with weakly contrasting white annulations. Forewing (Figs. 8���11): 3 FWL 7.2 ���11.0 mm (mean = 9.3, n = 48), AR = 2.91, CFR = 0.42; �� FWL 8.1���12.3 mm (mean = 10.2, n = 13), AR = 2.88; costal margin weakly arched; apex acute; termen weakly concave; dorsal surface as in E. circulana except: most specimens have a creamy white subcostal streak from base to mid-wing and creamy-white streaking on cell, CuP, and A 1 + 2, the anterior one-half of the ocelloid region has variably expressed dark streaks along the medial veins, the ocellus has white edging along its anterior margin and lacks metallic-gray scaling separating the distal two columns of black dots, and males have a thin graybrown streak on the costa from base to distal end of fold. Hindwing: brownish gray. Abdomen. Male genitalia (Fig. 26) (n = 9): Uncus weakly produced but distinguishable from dorsolateral shoulders of tegumen; socii fingerlike, phallus stout, moderately long, tapering distally; anellus approximate to phallobase; vesica with 20���40 (mean = 28, n = 4) deciduous cornuti; valva with costal margin weakly concave, ventral emargination deep and U-shaped, proximal extremity of neck narrow, NR 0.23���0.36 (mean = 0.28, n = 9), ventrolateral margin of neck scooped out (indicated by dashed line in Fig. 26), saccular corner angular, SA 85���92 (mean = 89, n = 9); cucullus with apex rounded and moderately produced, distal margin weakly convex of nearly uniform curvature, ventral development long and narrow, setation of medial surface coarse toward distal margin and anal angle grading to fine toward costal margin and apex; anal angle with one spiniform seta at vertex that is isolated from nearby setae on medial surface of cucullus. Female genitalia (Fig. 33) (n = 3): As in E. circulana except the posterior projections of sternum 7 extend beyond posterior margin of the sterigma, and the indentations in the posterolateral margins of sternum 7 are aligned with the midpoint of the lamella postvaginalis. Holotype. 3, Florida, [Pinellas Co.], St. Petersburg, May, slide 72903, USNM. Paratypes. FLORIDA: [Pinellas Co.], St. Petersburg, R. Ludwig, 11 April 1914 (1 3); Morrison, 1884 (1 3) [determined as Paedisca circulana by Walsingham], USNM. Additional material examined. FLORIDA: Charlotte Co., Punta Gorda, H. Ramstadt, 1���10 May 1903 (1 3) USNM; Citrus Co., Sandhill Crane NWR, H. D. Baggett, 2 June 1984 (1 3) MEM; Hwy 480 W Floral City, H. D. Baggett, 2 June 1984 (1 3) FSCA; Lecanto, J. Glaser, 1 October 1996 (1 3, slide TMG 601) USNM; Hernando Co., Croom Wildlife Preserve, W. L. Adair, 8 February 1989 (1 3) FSCA; Highlands Co., Highlands Hammock St. Park, G. J. Balogh, 5 November 1987 (1 3, slide DJW 330) DJW; Hillsborough Co., USF Ecology Area, W. L. Adair, 23 May 1992 (1 ��) FSCA; Tampa, H. D. Baggett, 27 April 1984 (1 3) FSCA, (1 3, slide RLB 1781), 27 April 1989 (1 3) MEM, 9 October 1933, (1 3) USNM; Stemper, G. Krautwurm, 14 February 1911 (1 3), 7 October 1911 (1 3) CMNH, 1��� 7 July (1 3) USNM; Lee Co., Ft. Myers, 22 April 1912 (1 ��, slide DJW 3168) AMNH; Levy Co., Goethe State Forest, J. E. Hayden & G. E. Lee, 15 June 2012 (1 3) FSCA; Liberty Co., Wilma, J. Glaser, 30 September 1996 (2 3, slide 141872) USNM; Marion Co., Ocala NF, Lake Delancy, J. S. Kutis, 10 April 1991 (1 3), 23 June 1991 (1 ��), 28 June 1991 (1 3, slide TMG 606), 11 September 1991 (3 3), 21 September 1991 (1 3), 9 October 1991 (1 3, slide RLB 1783), 18 October 1990 (1 3) MEM; H. D. Baggett, 10 April 1991 (1 3), 16 April 1990 (1 3), 22 June 1991 (2 3), 28 July 1991 (1 ��), 11 August 1990 (1 3), 17 September 1991 (1 ��, slide RLB 1782), 16 October 1990 (3 3), 18 October 1990 (1 3, slide TMG 611), 19 October 1991 (2 3) MEM; W. L. Adair, 31 October 1992, (1 3, 1 ��) FSCA; Orange Co., Winter Park, A. B. Klots, May 1946 (1 3; 1 ��, slide DJW 1179), September 1946 (1 ��, slide DJW 1347) AMNH; Pinellas Co., St. Petersburg, 16���23 February (2 3, slide TMG 597), 1��� 7 March (1 3, slide TMG 598), 16���23 October (2 3) USNM; Putnam Co., Lake Delancy, H. D. Baggett, 2 March 1985 (1 3) MEM; U. of Florida Preserve, Welaka, H. D. Baggett, 19 September 1987 (1 ��) MEM; Welaka, D. C. Ferguson, 17 April 1973 (1 3, slide 124081) USNM; Santa Rosa Co., FAMU Biological Station near Holt, J. B. Heppner, 25���28 August 1986 (1 ��) FSCA; Volusia Co., Cassadaga, S. V. Fuller, 3 May 1965 (1 3), 1 July 1964 (1 3), 3 September 1996 (1 ��), 9 October 1962 (1 ��), 15 December 1965 (1 3) FSCA. Distribution (Fig. 35) and Flight Period. Florida, February ��� December., Published as part of Gilligan, Todd M. & Wright, Donald J., 2013, The type species of Eucosma H��bner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Eucosmini), pp. 489-504 in Zootaxa 3630 (3) on pages 497-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3630.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/283490 more...

In an environment where GPs are of differing quality and heterogeneous patients have different preferences for quality, it is shown that fee-for-service coupled with balance billing is a superior payment scheme to just fee-for-service or capitation payments as it generates an efficient allocation of GPs between high and low quality and an efficient allocation of patients between GPs. Where patients have more than one condition it is shown that fee-for-service allows patients to seek treatment from GPs of differing quality conditional on the medical condition they have. more...

A model of costly medical malpractice claims, based on Bayes Rule, is developed to examine the effects of physicians being liable for actual damage under a negligence rule. This model is consistent with empirical evidence concerning the pattern of claims. It is shown that compensating actual damage does not provide physicians with appropriate incentives to spend the second best optimal amount of time with patients or to treat the second best optimal number of patients. As a result, too much medical malpractice occurs relative to the second best social optimum. more...

Agency theory predicts a negative relationship between risk and incentives, yet recent empirical evidence has not consistently found such a relationship. In fact, some researchers have found a positive relationship. By introducing competition for heterogeneous managers, who differ in their degrees of risk aversion, into a standard agency model, this paper demonstrates that a negative or positive relationship is theoretically possible. Which arises depends on the relative risk aversion parameters of the managers and the absolute and relative riskiness of the environments. more...

In many countries, including Australia and the United Kingdom, there are regulations that limit the amount of advertising content per hour of television broadcasts. This paper examines the effect this regulation has on programme quality and viewer welfare. It is shown that regulation reduces programme quality and that its effect on viewer welfare is ambiguous. In some circumstances, fostering competition can both reduce the number of advertisements per unit of time and increase programme quality. This unambiguously increases viewer welfare. Therefore, depending on the parameters of the model, fostering competition may be preferable to regulating the amount of advertisements per unit of time. more...

Given symmetric information, it is assumed that the optimal policy for a policy maker is to commit to future removal of tariff protection as this provides the form with a greater incentive to undertake cost reducing effort than otherwise. This policy is shown to be time inconsistent and as a result less cost reducing effort is undertaken than in the credible commitment solution. The introduction of asymmetric information weakens this last result as it allows the policy maker to credibly commit to at least some removal of tariff protection. As a consequence, the expected value of the policy maker's objective function may be greater under asymmetric information than symmetric information. more...

This paper develops a two period model in which a dynamic external economy, in the form of learning-by-doing spillovers, provides the rationale for infant industry assistance are then examined by introducing owner/manager effort into the learning process. It is shown, under conditions of symmetric information, that temporary assistance is optimal. Under conditions of asymmetric information, it is shown that a form of permanent assistance is optimal if the policy maker can commit to a Period 1 per unit output subsidy and a Period 2 lump-sum subsidy contingent on Period 2 output. more...

In this paper learning-by-doing involves a relationship whereby current period marginal cost is lower the greater is cumulative output prior to the current period only if the owner/manager expends effort in the learning process. This feature is incorporated into models of monopoly regulation and infant industry protection where it is found that, even when the policy maker is unable to observe owner/manager effort, the complete information solution is still attainable. This result is achieved using a mechanism in which a lump-sum subsidy is given, in the second period of a two period model, contingent on a particular output being produced. The novel aspect of this mechanism is that in the majority of the learning-by-doing literature temporary assistance is given which is not contingent on a particular output being produced. more...

This paper develops a partial equilibrium monopoly model of international technology transfer in which both the extent of technological change and the mode of technology transfer are endogenous. The model is then used to analyse the welfare effects of various policies that are often recommended or enacted in practice. In general the welfare effects are ambiguous as they depend on the parameters of the model; nevertheless, this paper outlines welfare effects that have not been formalised previously and which are important in any proper analysis of policy regarding international technology transfer. more...

This paper develops a partial equilibrium model of international technology transfer in-which the mode of technology transfer is endogenous and per unit royalties play two roles in license contracts. The first is that they facilitate the monopoly solution when a competitor is licensed, and the second is that they help in the self-selection process under conditions of asymmetric information more...