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Abstract Hearing loss(HL) represents a significant public health concern. This study aimed to determine the association between hearing loss and gout and to elucidate the underlying causative mechanisms. Data for this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Mendelian randomization (MR) basic databases. Initially, baseline characteristics of individuals with and without gout were compared. A nonlinear relationship between pure tone audiometry (PTA) values and gout prevalence was confirmed through restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve analysis. Subsequently, hearing loss was categorized into different levels based on PTA values, and multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate the impact of varying degrees of hearing loss on the risk of gout. Finally, MR analysis was conducted to further elucidate the causal relationship between hearing loss and gout. A total of 3,258 individuals were included in this study, with a gout prevalence of 3.7%. Significant differences were observed between the gout group and the non-gout group in variables such as age, gender, blood uric acid level, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes. RCS curve analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between PTA values and gout risk, particularly when PTA values exceed a specific threshold, where the curve flattens. Based on different levels of hearing loss derived from PTA values, multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that mild and moderate hearing loss significantly increased the risk of gout, remaining statistically significant after adjusting for covariates (odds ratio (OR) = 2.10–3.48, P

Abstract Background Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a very important tropical woody oil plant with high commercial and ornamental value. The exocarp of the oil palm fruit is rich in anthocyanosides and proanthocyanidins, which not only give it a bright colour, but also mark the maturity of the fruit. The study of the dynamic change pattern of anthocyanoside content and important anthocyanoside metabolism-related regulatory genes during oil palm ripening is conducive to the improvement of the ornamental value of oil palm and the determination of the optimal harvesting period of the fruits. Methods We analyzed the virescens oil palm (AS) and nigrescens oil palm (AT) at 95 days (AS1, AT1), 125 days (AS2, AT2) and 185 days (AS3, AT3) after pollination were used as experimental materials for determining the changes in the total amount of anthocyanins as well as their metabolomics and transcriptomics studies by using the LC-MS/MS technique and RNA-Seq technique. Result The results showed that the total anthocyanin content decreased significantly from AS1 (119 µg/g) to AS3 (23 µg/g), and from AT1 (1302 µg/g) to AT3 (170 µg/g), indicating a clear decreasing trend during fruit development. Among them, the higher flavonoids in AS and AT included anthocyanins such as peonidin-3-O-rutinoside (H35), pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (H21), and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (H7), as well as condensed tannins such as procyanidin B2 (H47), procyanidin C1 (H49), and procyanidin B3 (H48). Notably, nine genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway exhibited up-regulated expression during the pre-development stage of oil palm fruits, particularly during the AS1 and AT1 periods. These genes include: Chalcone synthase (CHS; LOC105036364); Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H; LOC105054663); Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR; LOC105040724, LOC105048473); Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS; LOC105035842), UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT; LOC105039612); Flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H; LOC105036086, LOC105044124, LOC105045493). In contrast, five genes demonstrated up-regulated expression as the fruits developed, specifically during the AS3 and AT3 periods. These genes include: Chalcone synthase (CHS; LOC105036921, LOC105035716); Chalcone isomerase (CHI; LOC105045978); UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT; LOC105046326); Flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H; LOC105036086). Conclusion Most of differentially expressed genes exhibited up-regulation during the early stages of fruit development, which may contribute to the elevated anthocyanin content observed in oil palm fruits of both types during the pre-developmental period. Furthermore, the expression levels of most genes were found to be higher in the AT fruit type compared to the AS fruit type, suggesting that the differential expression of these genes may be a key factor underlying the differences in anthocyanoside production in the exocarp of oil palm fruits from these two fruit types. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the identification and characterization of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in oil palm fruits, as well as the development of novel variations using molecular biology approaches.

Abstract Roses are consistently ranked at the forefront in cut flower production. Increasing demands of market and changing climate conditions have resulted in the need to further improve the diversity and quality of traits. However, frequent hybridization leads to highly heterozygous nature, including the allelic variants. Therefore, the absence of comprehensive genomic information leads to them making it challenging to molecular breeding. Here, two haplotype-resolved chromosome genomes for Rosa chinensis ‘Chilong Hanzhu’ (2n = 14) which is high heterozygous diploid old Chinese rose are generated. An amount of genetic variation (1,605,616 SNPs, 209,575 indels) is identified. 13,971 allelic genes show differential expression patterns between two haplotypes. Importantly, these differences hold valuable insights into regulatory mechanisms of traits. RcMYB114b can influence cyanidin-3-glucoside accumulation and the allelic variation in its promoter leads to differences in promoter activity, which as a factor control petal color. Moreover, gene family expansion may contribute to the abundance of terpenes in floral scents. Additionally, RcANT1, RcDA1, RcAG1 and RcSVP1 genes are involved in regulation of petal number and size under heat stress treatment. This study provides a foundation for molecular breeding to improve important characteristics of roses.

The double flower developmental process is regulated via a complex transcriptional regulatory network. To understand this highly dynamic and complex developmental process of Dianthus spp., we performed a comparative analysis of floral morphology and transcriptome dynamics in simple flowers and double flowers. We found that the primordium of double flowers of ‘X’ was larger in size compared to that of simple flowers of ‘L’ in Dianthus chinensis. RNA-seq and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) during flower development, identified stage-specific gene network modules. Expression analysis by RNA-seq indicated that a group of genes related to floral meristem identity, primordia position and polarity were highly expressed in double flowers genotypes compared to simple flowers genotypes, suggesting their roles in double-petal formation. A total of 21 DEGs related to petal number were identified between simple and double flowers. The experiments of in situ hybridization revealed that DcaAP2L, DcaLFY and DcaUFO genes were expressed in the intra-sepal boundary and petal boundary. We proposed a potential transcriptional regulatory network for simple and double flower development. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying double flower formation in Dianthus spp.

Abstract Rose (Rosa) is a prominent ornamental plant that holds substantial economic and social significance. Roses originating from different regions exhibit intricate phenotypic and genetic characteristics, but the majority of rose genetic resources are poorly characterized. In this study, 192 genotypes of the genus Rosa were examined using 33 phenotypic traits and 10 pairs of SSR markers. Compared to wild species, both old garden and modern roses exhibited a significant level of diversity, with flower color having the highest degree of diversity and style morphology having the lowest degree of diversity. This phenomenon may be attributed to the limited utilization of wild roses due to their simpler ornamental traits and the frequent phenotypic and molecular infiltration between old garden roses and modern roses. Following a inaugural comprehensive evaluation employing principal component analysis, R. chinensis ‘Zihongxiang’, R. hybrida ‘Burgundy Iceberg’, R. hybrida ‘Conrad F. Meyer’, R. rugosa ‘Gaohong’ and R. floribunda ‘Sheherazad’ were selected as core germplasm resources for future breeding. Moreover, three tetraploid roses, namely R. hybrida ‘Midnight Blue’, R. floribunda ‘Sheherazad’, and R. hybrida ‘Couture Rose Tilia’, with significant differences in both phenotypic and molecular profiles were selected and reciprocally intercrossed. Ultimately, two populations were obtained exhibiting significant variation in flower size, annual stem color, stem pickle density, and leaf number. Furthermore, our results indicated that the traits of flower diameter, flower height, petal width, and petal number may potentially be controlled by two major-effect loci. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the evolutionary patterns of Rosa germplasm resources. It paves the way for identifying core genotypes that carry distinct ornamental characteristics and possess immense value for breeding novel varieties in the future.

The SEPALLATA (SEP) gene, as a 'glue' for the 'floral quartets model', plays an important role in floral organ development by forming tetramers with class A-, B-, and C- genes. The functional differentiation of class E genes has been reported in different species. Carnation (Dianthus spp.) is a world-famous economic flower that has been extensively used in landscaping, but the roles of SEP genes in carnation are unclear. Here, we found that the class E genes of D. chinensis cultivar 'L' showed different expression patterns during floral organ primordium development by transcriptome analysis. Combined with quantitative real-time PCR, its tissue and specific stage expression patterns were also different in different subclades. In addition, a yeast two-hybrid experiment was carried out to explore the interaction patterns of class E genes with other class A-, B-, and C- genes. Only DcSEP3s and DcSEP4s proteins interacted with all three classes of A-, B-, and C- proteins, and interestingly, is that DcSEP3-1 only interacted with the DcAP1 protein of class A, while the DcSEP3-2 protein only interacted with DcFUL1. Transgenic experiments showed that overexpression of DcSEP3-2 genes in Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering, smaller rosettes, dwarfism and abnormal floral organs. The transgenic line overexpressing of DcSEP3-1 only showed an early flowering phenotype. All these results indicated that the two DcSEP3s of class E genes in D. chinensis may undergo sub-functionalization. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flower development in carnation.

Abstract The real‐time simulation of active distribution networks (ADNs) can provide an accurate insight into transient behaviours, but faces challenges in simulation efficiency and flexibility brought by larger system scales and wider time‐scale ranges. This paper presents an asynchronous multi‐rate (AMR) method and design for the real‐time simulation of large‐scale ADNs. In the proposed method, the entire ADN was decoupled into different subsystems according to accuracy requirements, and optimized time‐steps were allocated to each subsystem to realize a fully distributed simulation. This not only alleviated the time‐step coordination problem existing in multi‐rate real‐time simulations, but also enhanced the flexible expansion capabilities of the real‐time simulator. To realize the AMR real‐time simulation, a multi‐rate interfacing method, synchronization mechanism, and data communication strategy are proposed in this paper, and their hardware design is also presented in detail. A modified IEEE 123‐node system with photovoltaics and wind turbine generators was simulated on a 3 field‐programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)‐based AMR real‐time simulator. The real‐time results were captured by the oscilloscope and verified with PSCAD/EMTDC, which demonstrated the superiority in simulation flexibility and accuracy compared with the synchronous multi‐rate (SMR) method.

Abstract Field‐programmable gate array (FPGA)‐based real‐time simulators are often applied in simulations of active distribution networks (ADNs) because of their parallel architectures and low cost. The overall performance of an FPGA‐based real‐time simulator is mainly determined by its kernel solver, which solves the nodal equation at each simulation time step. With the increasing scale of ADNs, real‐time simulations of fast switching dynamics, along with limited computation hardware, have increased the requirements of the solver in terms of both time and resource consumption. In this study, a highly parallel kernel solver is proposed to improve the simulation efficiency of the FPGA‐based real‐time simulator. The multi‐level parallel design and its implementation, including the parallelism at the system and module and element levels, are presented in detail. A modified IEEE 123‐node system with distributed photovoltaics (PVs) is then simulated using a three‐FPGA‐based real‐time simulator. Simulation results are compared with the commercial simulation tool PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the proposed kernel solver.

Abstract Background Gorlin-Goltz syndrome (GS) is an inherited disease characterized by predisposition to basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and various developmental defects, whose numerous disease-causing PTCH1 mutations have been identified in the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Methods In this study, whole exome sequencing was used to screen for both somatic and germline deleterious mutations in three sisters with a lethal GS. The mutations we found were confirmed by subcloning and Sanger sequencing of the genomic DNA. RNA-seq was performed to profile gene expression in paired BCCs samples and the expression levels for selected genes were validated by quantitative PCR. Results The clinical and histopathologic features were analyzed for the proband in the three-generation GS family. We identified the insertion mutation PTCH1 c.1341dupA (p. L448Tfs*49), which segregated with BCC phenotype and contributed to the death of two in four patients from a Chinese family with GS. Compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT), four second-hit mutations were found in four of the six pairs of BCC from three patients. Of note, somatic genomic alterations in all six BCC samples were mainly clustered into non-clock-like Signature 7 (ultraviolet mutagenesis) and 11 (related to certain alkylating agents). Both RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNA levels of PTCH1 and its effector GLI1 were markedly upregulated in six pairs of BCC samples versus ANCT. Conclusions The distinct non-clock-like signatures of BCCs indicated that GS was not a life-threatening illness. The main reasons for untimely death of GS patients were PTCH1 mutation, exposure to intense ultraviolet radiationand the poor economic conditions.

IntroductionOil palm is the world's highest yielding oil crop and its palm oil has high nutritional value, making it an oilseed plant with important economic value and application prospects. After picking, oil palm fruits exposed to air will gradually become soft and accelerate the process of fatty acid rancidity, which will not only affect their flavor and nutritional value, but also produce substances harmful to the human body. As a result, studying the dynamic change pattern of free fatty acids and important fatty acid metabolism-related regulatory genes during oil palm fatty acid rancidity can provide a theoretical basis for improving palm oil quality and extending its shelf life.MethodsThe fruit of two shell types of oil palm, Pisifera (MP) and Tenera (MT), were used to study the changes of fruit souring at different times points of postharvesting, combined with LC-MS/MS metabolomics and RNA-seq transcriptomics techniques to analyze the dynamic changes of free fatty acids during fruit rancidity, and to find out the key enzyme genes and proteins in the process of free fatty acid synthesis and degradation according to metabolic pathways.Results and discussionMetabolomic study revealed that there were 9 different types of free fatty acids at 0 hours of postharvest, 12 different types of free fatty acids at 24 hours of postharvest, and 8 different types of free fatty acids at 36 hours of postharvest. Transcriptomic research revealed substantial changes in gene expression between the three harvest phases of MT and MP. Combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis results show that the expression of SDR, FATA, FATB and MFP four key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins in the rancidity of free fatty acids are significantly correlated with Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Myristic acid and Palmitoleic acid in oil palm fruit. In terms of binding gene expression, the expression of FATA gene and MFP protein in MT and MP was consistent, and both were expressed higher in MP. FATB fluctuates unevenly in MT and MP, with the level of expression growing steadily in MT and decreasing in MP before increasing. The amount of SDR gene expression varies in opposite directions in both shell types. The above findings suggest that these four enzyme genes and enzyme proteins may play an important role in regulating fatty acid rancidity and are the key enzyme genes and enzyme proteins that cause differences in fatty acid rancidity between MT and MP and other fruit shell types. Additionally, differential metabolite and differentially expressed genes were present in the three postharvest times of MT and MP fruits, with the difference occurring 24 hours postharvest being the most notable. As a result, 24 hours postharvest revealed the most obvious difference in fatty acid tranquility between MT and MP shell types of oil palm. The results from this study offer a theoretical underpinning for the gene mining of fatty acid rancidity of various oil palm fruit shell types and the enhancement of oilseed palm acid-resistant germplasm cultivation using molecular biology methods.

In time-domain simulations of power system transients, trapezoidal integration with fixed step-size is the most common method due to its accuracy and ease of implementation. Discontinuities occurring within fixed time-step when simulating power electronics circuits, may cause numerical oscillations and errors. Several methods are available in the literature for interpolation and handling of discontinuities. This paper intends to analyze how accuracy is affected by existing techniques for handling discontinuities in time-domain simulations based on the trapezoidal integration method. New algorithms are proposed to improve accuracy.

The arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is a new metaheuristic algorithm inspired by arithmetic operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) to solve arithmetic problems. The algorithm is characterized by simple principles, fewer parameter settings, and easy implementation, and has been widely used in many fields. However, similar to other meta-heuristic algorithms, AOA suffers from shortcomings, such as slow convergence speed and an easy ability to fall into local optimum. To address the shortcomings of AOA, an improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (IAOA) is proposed. First, dynamic inertia weights are used to improve the algorithm’s exploration and exploitation ability and speed up the algorithm’s convergence speed; second, dynamic mutation probability coefficients and the triangular mutation strategy are introduced to improve the algorithm’s ability to avoid local optimum. In order to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the algorithm in this paper, six benchmark test functions are selected for the optimization search test verification to verify the optimization search ability of IAOA; then, IAOA is used for the parameter optimization of support vector machines to verify the practical ability of IAOA. The experimental results show that IAOA has a strong global search capability, and the optimization-seeking capability is significantly improved, and it shows excellent performance in support vector machine parameter optimization.

The increasing penetration of uncontrollable distributed generators (NDGs) exacerbates the risk of voltage violations in active distribution networks (ADNs). It is difficult for a centralized control strategy to meet the requirements of fast voltage and reactive power control because of the heavy computational and communication burdens. Local voltage control based on real-time measurements can respond quickly to the frequent fluctuations of distributed generators (DGs). In this paper, a local voltage control strategy of DGs with reactive power optimization based on a kriging metamodel is proposed. First, to build the metamodel for local voltage control, the steps for determining the input variables are presented in detail, and the effects of different variables on the accuracy of the metamodel are analyzed. Then, taking minimum network losses and voltage deviations as the objective function, we construct the metamodel for local voltage control based on kriging methods. Finally, operation strategies for DGs are developed by calculating the optimally weighted vector based on real-time measurements, and the operation strategies for DGs will be added into the original sample set to improve the accuracy of the metamodel. The proposed local voltage control strategy based on only the local measurements can quickly respond to the frequent DG fluctuations, reduce the communication burden for large networks and improve the adaptability of local voltage control in ADNs. Case studies under different scenarios on the IEEE 33-node system and the IEEE 123-node system are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the problems of voltage deviation and voltage fluctuation caused by the high penetration of DGs.

The application of synchronized phasor measurement technology at distribution networks provides new options for voltage-to-power sensitivity estimation and voltage regulation. An augmented sensitivity estimation-based voltage control strategy with a phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is proposed for active distribution networks (ADNs). The voltage control records are extracted from historical synchronized phasor measurements. The voltage-to-power sensitivities reflecting the relationship of voltage change and power fluctuation are estimated with the obtained voltage control records. In addition to the linear parameter, parameters to match the nonlinearity between voltage and power variation and to track the operation conditions are introduced in the fitting model to improve the accuracy of the voltage control strategy. Rule-based and sensitivity-based optimization voltage control methods are proposed using the sensitivities estimated in which the measurements of partial nodes at the distribution network are the only needed data. The voltage control is also realized with faster computation speed. Case studies and analysis on the IEEE 33-node test feeder verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

The field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulator takes advantage of many merits of FPGA, such as small time-step, high simulation precision, rich I/O interface resources, and low cost. The sparse linear equations formed by the node conductance matrix need to be solved repeatedly within each time-step, which introduces great challenges to the performance of the real-time simulator. In this paper, a fine-grained solver of the FPGA-based real-time simulator for active distribution networks is designed to meet the computational demand. The framework of the solver, offline process design on PC and online process design on FPGA are proposed in detail. The modified IEEE 33-node system with photovoltaics is simulated on a 4-FPGA-based real-time simulator. Simulation results are compared with PSCAD/EMTDC under the same conditions to validate the solver design.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential channel proteins that execute multi-functions throughout plant growth and development, including water transport, uncharged solutes uptake, stress response, and so on. Here, we report the first genome-wide identification and characterization AQP (BvAQP) genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), an important crop widely cultivated for feed, for sugar production and for bioethanol production. Twenty-eight sugar beet AQPs (BvAQPs) were identified and assigned into five subfamilies based on phylogenetic analyses: seven of plasma membrane (PIPs), eight of tonoplast (TIPs), nine of NOD26-like (NIPs), three of small basic (SIPs), and one of x-intrinsic proteins (XIPs). BvAQP genes unevenly mapped on all chromosomes, except on chromosome 4. Gene structure and motifs analyses revealed that BvAQP have conserved exon-intron organization and that they exhibit conserved motifs within each subfamily. Prediction of BvAQPs functions, based on key protein domains conservation, showed a remarkable difference in substrate specificity among the five subfamilies. Analyses of BvAQPs expression, by mean of RNA-seq, in different plant organs and in response to various abiotic stresses revealed that they were ubiquitously expressed and that their expression was induced by heat and salt stresses. These results provide a reference base to address further the function of sugar beet aquaporins and to explore future applications for plants growth and development improvements as well as in response to environmental stresses.

Flowers with more petals are of more ornamental value. It is well known that AGAMOUS (AG) is the core member of the C-class gene which plays an essential role in double flower formation and identification of stamens and carpels in Arabidopsis thaliana. We searched C-class genes in the genome of the carnation, and found two AG orthologs (DcaAGa, DcaAGb). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two genes were closely related to the euAG subclade. Then we searched the genomes of other Caryophyllales plants (Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Chenopodium quinoa) for C-class genes, and found that their C-class genes all belonged to the euAG subclade. Semi-quantitative PCR (sq-PCR) analysis indicated that the expression of DcaAG genes in the single flower phenotype was higher than that in the double flower phenotype. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expressions of DcaAG genes in the flower bud were significantly different from those in the root, stem, and leaf between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, and that DcaAG genes were specifically expressed in the stamen and carpel of carnation. Moreover, the expression of other floral organ identity genes (AP1 and AP2, PI and AP3, SEP1 and SEP3 corresponding to the A-, B-, and E-class of genes, respectively) showed no significant difference in all floral organs between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, suggesting that C-class (DcaAG) genes might play an important role in the double flower phenotype in carnation. Petal loss or decrease, precocious flowering, silique shortening, and seed sterility were observed in 35S::DcaAGa and 35S::DcaAGb transgenic Arabidopsis plants. All these results show that DcaAG genes might affect the petal number negatively and have a specific function in stamen and carpel development in carnation.

Reconfigurable computing is that the logical resources in the system can be reconfigured according to the real-time changing data flow to achieve different calculation functions. The reconfigurable computing system has both high efficiency on hardware and universality of software. The field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulator for active distribution networks (ADNs) requires a long compilation time for case modification, with low efficiency and low versatility, making it inconvenient and difficult for users. To solve the problem of long compile time with a new case, a universal design of the FPGA-based real-time simulator for ADNs based on reconfigurable computing is proposed in this paper. It includes the universal design of the simulation parameter configuration, the simulation initial value setting, the linear equations solving module and the simulation result output module. The proposed universal design of the simulator makes the modification and change of the cases and parameters without recompiling and further improves the simulation efficiency. Simulation results are conducted and compared with PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the universal design.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are associated with the transport of water and other small solutes across biological membranes. Genome-wide identification and characterization will pave the way for further insights into the AQPs’ roles in the commercial carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). This study focuses on the analysis of AQPs in carnation (DcaAQPs) involved in flower opening processes. Thirty DcaAQPs were identified and grouped to five subfamilies: nine PIPs, 11 TIPs, six NIPs, three SIPs, and one XIP. Subsequently, gene structure, protein motifs, and co-expression network of DcaAQPs were analyzed and substrate specificity of DcaAQPs was predicted. qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, and semi-qRTRCR were used for DcaAQP genes expression analysis. The analysis results indicated that DcaAQPs were relatively conserved in gene structure and protein motifs, that DcaAQPs had significant differences in substrate specificity among different subfamilies, and that DcaAQP genes’ expressions were significantly different in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Five DcaAQP genes (DcaPIP1;3, DcaPIP2;2, DcaPIP2;5, DcaTIP1;4, and DcaTIP2;2) might play important roles in flower opening process. However, the roles they play are different in flower organs, namely, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for further functional analysis of DcaAQPs.