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Graphene oxide (GO), a carbonaceous 2D nanomaterial, has received significant interest as a next-generation membrane building block. To fabricate high-performance membranes, an effective strategy involves stacking GO nanosheets in laminated structures, thereby creating unique nanochannel galleries. One outstanding merit of laminar GO membranes is that their permselectivity is readily tunable by tailoring the size of the nanochannels. Here, a high-performance GO-based nanofiltration membrane was developed by intercalating an aromatic crosslinker, α,α/-dichloro-p-xylene (DCX), between the layers in laminated GO nanosheets. Owing to the formation of strong covalent bonds between the crosslinker and the GO, the resulting GO laminate membrane exhibited outstanding structural stability. Furthermore, due to the precisely controlled and enlarged interlayer spacing distance of the developed DCX-intercalated GO membrane, it achieved an over two-fold enhancement in water permeability (11 ± 2 LMH bar−1) without sacrificing the rejection performance for divalent ions, contrary to the case with a pristine GO membrane.

We report a fast and simple synthesis of Fe2O3@MoS2 0D/2D-nanocomposite material using a Taylor–Couette flow reactor. A Taylor–Couette flow with high shear stress and mixing characteristics was used for fluid dynamic exfoliation of MoS2 and deposition of uniform Fe2O3 nanoparticles, resulting in a Fe2O3@MoS2 in the form of 0D/2D-nanocomposite material. Using Taylor–Couette flow reactor, we could synthesize Fe2O3@MoS2 0D/2D-nanocomposite material at a rate higher than 1000 mg h−1 which is much higher than previously reported production rate of 0.2–116.7 mg h−1. The synthesis of Fe2O3@MoS2 nanocomposite was achieved in an aqueous solution without thermal or organic solvent treatment. Exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets show an average thickness of 2.6 ± 2.3 nm (

We report a fast and simple synthesis of Fe

The threespot wrasse (Halichoeres trimaculatus; Family Labridae) is a common coral reef species of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Given that this species spawns daily at high tide (HT), we hypothesized that endocrine changes in relation to gonadal development are synchronized with the tidal cycle. To test this, we examined the transcript abundance of two cytochrome P450 aromatases (cyp19a and cyp19b) and two estrogen receptors (erα and erβ) in the ovary and brain of this species in response to tidal change. When fish were collected around four tidal points [low tide (LT), flood tide (FT), high tide (HT), and ebb tide (ET)], gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter increased around HT and FT, respectively. Ovulatory follicles were observed in ovaries around HT. Real-time quantitative polymerase-chain reaction revealed that mRNA abundance of cyp19a and erα, but not erβ, in the ovary increased around ET and HT, respectively. On the other hand, mRNA levels of cyp19b in the forebrain were significantly higher around FT. Increases of erα and erβ mRNA abundance around FT were observed in all areas of the brain and the midbrain, respectively. The changes in mRNA abundance of key genes involved in reproduction at specific tidal cycles, along with the development of the vitellogenic oocytes in the ovary, support our hypothesis that synchronization of endocrine changes to the tidal periodicity plays a role in the gonadal development of this species. We hypothesize that conversion of testosterone to E2 in the brain may be associated with the spawning behavior given that the wrasse exhibits group spawning with a territory-holding male around HT.

Transient electronics represents an emerging technology whose defining feature is an ability to dissolve, disintegrate or otherwise physically disappear in a controlled manner. Envisioned applications include resorbable/degradable biomedical implants, hardware-secure memory devices, and zero-impact environmental sensors. 2D materials may have essential roles in these systems due to their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Here, we study the bioabsorption of CVD-grown monolayer MoS2, including long-term cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility evaluations in biofluids and tissues of live animal models. The results show that MoS2 undergoes hydrolysis slowly in aqueous solutions without adverse biological effects. We also present a class of MoS2-based bioabsorbable and multi-functional sensor for intracranial monitoring of pressure, temperature, strain, and motion in animal models. Such technology offers specific, clinically relevant roles in diagnostic/therapeutic functions during recovery from traumatic brain injury. Our findings support the broader use of 2D materials in transient electronics and qualitatively expand the design options in other areas.

No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Although flakes of two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures at the micrometer scale can be formed with adhesive-tape exfoliation methods, isolation of 2D flakes into monolayers is extremely time consuming because it is a trial-and-error process. Controlling the number of 2D layers through direct growth also presents difficulty because of the high nucleation barrier on 2D materials. We demonstrate a layer-resolved 2D material splitting technique that permits high-throughput production of multiple monolayers of wafer-scale (5-centimeter diameter) 2D materials by splitting single stacks of thick 2D materials grown on a single wafer. Wafer-scale uniformity of hexagonal boron nitride, tungsten disulfide, tungsten diselenide, molybdenum disulfide, and molybdenum diselenide monolayers was verified by photoluminescence response and by substantial retention of electronic conductivity. We fabricated wafer-scale van der Waals heterostructures, including field-effect transistors, with single-atom thickness resolution., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CMMI-1825731), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CMMI-1825256), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMR-1700137), United States. Office of Naval Research (Grant N00014-16-1-2657)

Transient electronics represents an emerging technology whose defining feature is an ability to dissolve, disintegrate or otherwise physically disappear in a controlled manner. Envisioned applications include resorbable/degradable biomedical implants, hardware-secure memory devices, and zero-impact environmental sensors. 2D materials may have essential roles in these systems due to their unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties. Here, we study the bioabsorption of CVD-grown monolayer MoS2, including long-term cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility evaluations in biofluids and tissues of live animal models. The results show that MoS2 undergoes hydrolysis slowly in aqueous solutions without adverse biological effects. We also present a class of MoS2-based bioabsorbable and multi-functional sensor for intracranial monitoring of pressure, temperature, strain, and motion in animal models. Such technology offers specific, clinically relevant roles in diagnostic/therapeutic functions during recovery from traumatic brain injury. Our findings support the broader use of 2D materials in transient electronics and qualitatively expand the design options in other areas., Transient electronics entails the capability of electronic components to dissolve or reabsorb in a controlled manner when used in biomedical implants. Here, the authors perform a systematic study of the processes of hydrolysis, bioabsorption, cytotoxicity and immunological biocompatibility of monolayer MoS2.

Recently, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-P1 infection in pepper cultivation is very serious problem, which causes low marketability and yield. In this research, 56 domestic pepper cultivars including 20 PR ( Phytophthora resistance) cultivars, 31 foreign pepper lines collected from USA and 112 genetic pepper resources form RDA Genebank were used for CMV-P1 resistance evaluation. Resistance evaluation was performed at 24 days and 51 days after artificial inoculation of peppers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the 36 domestic cultivars ‘Muhanjilju’ were resistant to CMV-P1. All 20 PR cultivars and 29 foreign peppers except ‘NuMex Twilight’ and ‘Chainese Giant’ were susceptible. Among 112 pepper lines from RDA Genebank, nine pepper lines were resistant, and 17 pepper lines were moderately resistant, and 86 pepper lines were susceptible. Almost all domestic peppers on the market were highly susceptible to CMV-P1, whereas 17.2% of foreign pepper cultivars and genetic pepper lines from RDA Genebank were resistant or moderately resistant. Resistant pepper lines selected in this study can be used as genetic sources for breeding CMV-P1 resistant pepper.

We cloned and sequenced the cDNA encoding the and subunits from the pituitary of the blacktip grouper Epinephelus fasciatus, which regulate vitellogenesis and maturation in vertebrates, to achieve stable and healthy gametes. The full-length cDNAs of and were 571 bp and 617 bp, encoding 120 amino acid (aa) and 147 aa proteins, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of and were highly homologous (68-97%) to those of other Perciformes; E. bruneus, Dicentrarchus labrax, Thunnus thynnus, and Pseudolabrus sieboldi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the deduced and amino acid sequences were categorized as a distinct subunit in the family, and are closely related to the teleostei and , respectively. and mRNA exhibited high abundance in the pituitary gland and low in other brain areas, but were not present in peripheral tissues, as determined by RT-PCR.

This study was examined to identify the race differentiation and distribution of mating type on Phytophthora capsici population in Korea. One hundred forty three isolates of P. capsici were collected from several locations of Korea in 2005-2007. In 2005, 20 isolates of P. capsici were collected and surveyed as A1 mating type of 75% and A2 mating type of 25%. In 2006, a total of 91 isolates were collected and separated as A1 mating type of 49.0%, A2 mating type of 42.9% and S type (sterile) of 3.3%. Isolates obtained in 2007 were similar to 2006 results. Totally, ratio of mating type of 153 isolates was confirmed that A1 type was 56.6%, A2 type was 39.2%, and S type was 4.2%. Thirteen pepper cultivars with different pathogenic response to 3 typical isolates having different mating were screened among 50 pepper cultivars and determined as race differential cultivars for investigation. The 11 races of P. capsici were found by using 13-race differential cultivars. These results indicated that at least 11 races of P. capsici are existed and confirmed race differentiation of P. capsici in pepper.

Hot water treatment that is the most appropriate seed disinfection method for organic vegetable farming was evaluated in this study. Among the leafy vegetable seeds lettuce that was the most sensitive to hot water was suitable to treat at for 25 min, while Chinese cabbage and radish seeds were optimally treated at for 25 min. The treatments resulted in similar or higher seed germination rate than non-treated seeds and promoted plant growth. In addition, fungi such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Mucor grown on the seeds were suppressed over 90% and the bacterial growth on lettuce seeds reduced 98.5% by the treatment. Among the fruit vegetable seeds pumpkin that was vulnerable to hot water was suitable to treat at for 15 min, while cucumber and hot pepper seeds revealed optimum treatment at for 25 min as chinese cabbage and radish. The treatment also showed similar or higher seed germination rate and growth than non-treated seeds. Furthermore, fungi such as Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium or Mucor grown on the seeds reduced from 72.0% to 95.4%. The bacterial growth on cucumber and red pepper seeds was suppressed from 65.5% to 86.0% by the treatment. Results indicated that the hot water treatment is practical for disinfection of organic vegetable seeds and the optimum temperature and soaking time varied among the seeds.

While vitellogenesis in male fish is commonly used as a biomarker of xenoestrogen exposure, very little is known about the impacts associated with this unusual protein synthesis in feral populations. To this end, a recent study showed elevated circulating vitellogenin (VTG) levels in male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected from the Aja but not Tengan Rivers in Okinawa, Japan. Here we investigated whether this unusual protein synthesis in male fish from the Aja River affect transcript abundance of estrogen (ER), androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in the liver, brain and testis. The detection of plasma VTG levels ( approximately 100 microg ml(-1)) in male tilapia confirmed xenoestrogenic exposure in the Aja, but not the Tengan River. This protein induction was not associated with any changes in the reproductive capacity as assessed by sperm mobility and testis histology in the Aja fish. Plasma levels of estradiol-17beta, 11-ketotestosterone and cortisol were not significantly different between fish from the two rivers. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction in transcript levels of ERalpha and ERbeta, GR and ARalpha but not ARbeta, in the livers of tilapia from the Aja compared with the Tengan River. There were no significant changes in any of the steroid receptor transcript levels in either the brain or testis between the two rivers. Overall, our results imply that xenoestrogen exposure and VTG synthesis may lead to disruption of liver responsiveness to sex steroids and glucocorticoid stimulation in feral male fish.

This work reports the self-limiting synthesis of an atomically thin, two dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) in the form of MoS2. The layer controllability and large area uniformity essential for electronic and optical device applications is achieved through atomic layer deposition in what is named self-limiting layer synthesis (SLS); a process in which the number of layers is determined by temperature rather than process cycles due to the chemically inactive nature of 2D MoS2. Through spectroscopic and microscopic investigation it is demonstrated that SLS is capable of producing MoS2 with a wafer-scale (~10 cm) layer-number uniformity of more than 90%, which when used as the active layer in a top-gated field-effect transistor, produces an on/off ratio as high as 108. This process is also shown to be applicable to WSe2, with a PN diode fabricated from a MoS2/WSe2 heterostructure exhibiting gate-tunable rectifying characteristics.

Stress response to the seawater acclimation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolt was investigated. Salt concentration of rearing water was gradually increased for 3 days from freshwater to seawater (30 ppt salt level). The changes of serum concentrations of cortisol as a primary stress indicator, and as secondary indicators, glucose (GLC), lactate (LAC), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), sodium ion (Na + ), chloride ion (Cl − ) and enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransferase, AST; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were quantified during the acclimation experiment. Among them, cortisol, LAC, TG, CHOL, ALT, AST concentrations showed rapid increase at the first exposure to the 10 ppt salt level (day 1), and began to decrease to the constant values after day 2 of adaptation at 20 ppt salt level. However, LDH concentration tended to decrease during the whole experimental period. Na + and Cl − showed slight decrease at day 1, and increased to a little bit higher values after day 2 rather than those in freshwater. All the fishes started on taking a food after day 4 of seawater adaptation. From these results, to reduce osmotic shock inducible stress to fish in seawater acclimation, gradual increase of salt levels is recommended.