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In this study, a series of Sr6LuAl(BO3)6:Sm3+ red phosphors were successfully prepared with a high-temperature solid-phase technology. The Rietveld refinement analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffraction patterns indicated that the as-prepared phosphors belong to the R 3 ¯ space group of the hexagonal crystal system. Under 404 nm near-ultraviolet excitation, the Sr6LuAl(BO3)6:Sm3+ phosphor exhibits narrowband emission within the range of 550 to 750 nm. The primary emission peak is observed at a wavelength of 599 nm, corresponding to 6H5/2 → 4F7/2. The optimum doping concentration of the Sr6LuAl(BO3)6:xSm3+ phosphor is 10 mol%. Nearest-neighbor ion interaction is the mechanism of concentration quenching. The synthesized phosphors demonstrate exceptional thermal stability, with a high quenching temperature (T0.5 > 480 K). Furthermore, the assembled white light-emitting diode (w-LED) device exhibits a low color temperature (5464 K), an excellent color rendering index (Ra = 95.6), and CIE coordinates (0.333, 0.336) close to those of standard white light. Collectively, these results suggest the enormous potential of Sr6LuAl(BO3)6:Sm3+ phosphors for applications in w-LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The range between boron deficiency and toxicity in plants is utterly narrow, so that the certain dose of boron fertilizer is required for plants. Indicators of optimum boron fertilization can be measured from plant production and boron use efficiency (BUE) value. BUE influenced by the amount of soluble B-soil, type of B fertilizer, amount of boron input, type of plant, and adequacy of available macronutrients (NPK). However, excessive application of NPK base fertilizer from inorganic fertilizers can trigger soil degradation. Currently, there has not been much research that measures the reduction in the dose of NPK base fertilizer combined with boron fertilizer on plant BUE. The combination of reducing the dose of NPK base fertilizer and boron fertilizer was tested on sweet corn plants on production and BUE. This study was conducted with a randomized block design with 7 treatments, namely without fertilization (K0), base fertilization (D1), 100% base fertilization and 50–15% borate (D2–D4), and 75% base fertilization and 50–15% borate (D5–D7). The results of the initial soil analysis showed low boron content in the soil, so borate fertilization was required to provide nutrients for sweet corn plants. Application of NPK base fertilizer (100%) and addition of borate fertilizer at a dose of 50-100% (~3-6 kg/ha) significantly increased growth, plant biomass, B uptake, boron recovery efficiency (BRE), and B fertilizer efficiency ratio, compared to lower NPK-base fertilizer. Based on the estimated response curve, the recommended dose to achieve optimum-maximum sweet corn production and maximum boron recovery efficiency is 100% macro inorganic fertilization (urea, SP-36, KCl) combined with 5.72-6.75 kg/ha borate fertilizer.

Here, we elaborate a borate glass system with x La 2 O 3 – (79-x) B 2 O 3 – 20.6 Na 2 O – 0.4 CoO; (x = 0, 3, 6 and 9 mol%) glass composition utilizing the melt-quenching method, and studied through density, basic physical parameters, Fourier transforms-infrared (FTIR) and optical absorption spectroscopy. Further addition of La 2 O 3 , up to 9 mol%, affords an enhancement (25 %) in the glass density, besides other structural parameters revealing the role of lanthanum ions on the glass matrix. FTIR findings revealed the essential structural groups of borate glass like trigonal BO 3 units, tetrahedra BO 4 units, and non-bridging oxygen atoms. Here too, a propensity towards the transformation from BO 3 units to BO 4 units was obtained. The optical absorption spectra revealed the existence of Co2+ in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination and the presence of Co3+ in octahedral coordination. The blue color of the present glass was attributed to the absorption band at 571.6–580.9 nm of Co2+ cation within the tetrahedral complexes. Further analysis of the ligand field parameters revealed increased values of the splitting energy parameter of Co2+ in a tetrahedral field with higher La 2 O 3 doping indicating a higher interplay between Co cations and their surrounding ligands. Additionally, the other ligand field parameters described the environments around the cobalt ions such as bonding nature. Finally, the glass refractive index increased with the further addition of lanthanum oxide, enhancing the glass quality for the optical realm. These reported findings show excellent properties of glass host as a promising contender in optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STACK family borates are promising compounds for optical applications. Synthesis and luminescence of Sr3Y(BO3)3 borate belonging to the STACK family is described. Trivalent activators Tb3+ and Gd3+ occupy yttrium sites. Owing to fixed, well-separated positions (Y–Y distance 7.396 Å), a large concentration of Gd3+, as much as 50% relative to Y, could be accommodated without causing concentration quenching. In the case of Gd3+, both excitation and emission lines arise in f–f transitions. Photoluminescence emission is obtained in UV regions. In the case of Tb3+, concentration quenching was observed above 2%. Prominent excitation of Tb3+ is in the form of a band arising in the f–d-type transition, while emission comes from f–f transitions. Emission lifetimes are of the order of milliseconds, typically forbidden f–f transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STACK family borates are promising compounds for optical applications. Synthesis and luminescence of Sr3Y(BO3)3 borate belonging to the STACK family is described. Trivalent activators Tb3+ and Gd3+ occupy yttrium sites. Owing to fixed, well-separated positions (Y–Y distance 7.396 Å), a large concentration of Gd3+, as much as 50% relative to Y, could be accommodated without causing concentration quenching. In the case of Gd3+, both excitation and emission lines arise in f–f transitions. Photoluminescence emission is obtained in UV regions. In the case of Tb3+, concentration quenching was observed above 2%. Prominent excitation of Tb3+ is in the form of a band arising in the f–d-type transition, while emission comes from f–f transitions. Emission lifetimes are of the order of milliseconds, typically forbidden f–f transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This contribution investigates the effect of variable copper incorporation (x = 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0) in silicate (45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5 wt%) and modified borate (45 B2O3, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5 wt%) bioglass materials to be used for bone bonding applications. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) has been used to determine the oxidation states and local coordination structure of Cu atoms in silicate-based and borate-based glasses at the Cu K-edge (~ 8979 eV). The oxidation states of Cu atoms have been determined by near-edge XAFS (XANES) fingerprinting employing reference standard compounds of Cu. Cu (I) and Cu (II) XANES spectra of the standard reference compounds were linearly combined to fit the normalized μ(E) data of the collected XANES spectra using linear combination fitting (LCF approach). The obtained results prove that most of the silicate glass samples contain Cu2O almost exclusively, while modified borate glass samples contain a significant mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. According to the literature, the remarkable coexistence of Cu2O and CuO phases within the borate sample, particularly when x = 4, promotes the conversion process to allow the more facile formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA). The best fit structural parameters derived from extended-XAFS (EXAFS) fitting show that the ratio between Cu (I) and Cu (II) in borate glass agreed well with that extracted from XANES analysis. XANES and EXAFS conclude that borate glass with x = 4 is the most suitable composition for bone bonding applications.

This contribution investigates the effect of variable copper incorporation (x = 0.2, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0) in silicate (45 SiO2, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5wt%) and modified borate (45 B2O3, 24.5 CaO, 24.5 Na2O, 6P2O5wt%) bioglass materials to be used for bone bonding applications. X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) has been used to determine the oxidation states and local coordination structure of Cu atoms in silicate-based and borate-based glasses at the Cu K-edge (~ 8979 eV). The oxidation states of Cu atoms have been determined by near-edge XAFS (XANES) fingerprinting employing reference standard compounds of Cu. Cu (I) and Cu (II) XANES spectra of the standard reference compounds were linearly combined to fit the normalized μ(E) data of the collected XANES spectra using linear combination fitting (LCF approach). The obtained results prove that most of the silicate glass samples contain Cu2O almost exclusively, while modified borate glass samples contain a significant mixture of Cu2O and CuO phases. According to the literature, the remarkable coexistence of Cu2O and CuO phases within the borate sample, particularly when x = 4, promotes the conversion process to allow the more facile formation of hydroxy carbonate apatite (HCA). The best fit structural parameters derived from extended-XAFS (EXAFS) fitting show that the ratio between Cu (I) and Cu (II) in borate glass agreed well with that extracted from XANES analysis. XANES and EXAFS conclude that borate glass with x = 4 is the most suitable composition for bone bonding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of sodium tetrabenzylborate, a novel tetraalkoxyborate obtained via a direct mechanochemical reaction between benzaldehyde and sodium borohydride at room temperature. The molecular and crystal structures of this borate were investigated using 11B MAS NMR, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Crystalline sodium tetrabenzylborate exists in two different crystal structures, which were elucidated using powder- and single-crystal-XRD analyses. At a low temperature (e.g., −100 °C), sodium tetrabenzylborate crystallizes in the monoclinic system with the space group P21 (No. 4), but at room temperature, it displays a crystallization in the tetragonal system with the space group I 4 ¯ (No. 82). According to the DSC analysis, the phase transition occurs at −45 °C. Upon hydrolysis, sodium tetrabenzylborate undergoes direct transformation into benzyl alcohol, thereby confirming the ability of sodium borohydride to convert an aldehyde into its primary alcohol analog. The key findings from our analyses are presented herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The robust electronegativity of the [BO3]3− structure enables the extraction of electrons from adjacent metals, offering a strategy for modulating oxygen activation in propane oxidative dehydrogenation. Metals (Ni 1.91, Al 1.5, and Ca 1.0) with varying electronegativities were employed to engineer borate catalysts. Metals in borate lacked intrinsic catalytic activity for propane conversion; instead, they modulated [BO3]3− group reactivity through adjustments in electron density. Moderate metal electronegativity favored propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propylene, whereas excessively low electronegativity led to propane overoxidation to carbon dioxide. Aluminum, with moderate electronegativity, demonstrated optimal performance. Catalyst AlBOx-1000 achieved a propane conversion of 47.5%, with the highest propylene yield of 30.89% at 550 °C, and a total olefin yield of 51.51% with a 58.92% propane conversion at 575 °C. Furthermore, the stable borate structure prevents boron element loss in harsh conditions and holds promise for industrial-scale catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium diborate glasses containing cadmium and lead oxides were fabricated by the melt annealing technique. Lead oxide was introduced at the expense of cadmium oxide to enhance its elastic and shielding properties. The density of the lead-free glass increased from 2.137 g/cm³ to 3.330 g/cm³ after replacing cadmium oxide with lead oxide. The density values were used to investigate the elastic properties of glass using the Makishima-Mackenzie model. In addition, the Phy-X/PSD code was used to simulate the shielding properties of such glasses at different photon energies ranging from 0.005 to 15 MeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel photocatalysts, both visible and UV-responsive, for water decomposition reactions is of great importance. Here we focused on the application of the borates as photocatalysts in water decomposition reactions, including water splitting reaction, hydrogen evolution half-reaction, and oxygen evolution half-reaction. In addition, the rates of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution by these borate photocatalysts in different water decomposition reactions were summarized. Further, the review summarized the synthetic chemistry and structural features of existing borate photocatalysts for water decomposition reactions. Synthetic chemistry mainly includes high-temperature solid-state method, sol-gel method, precipitation method, hydrothermal method, boric acid flux method, and high-pressure method. Next, we summarized the crystal structures of the borate photocatalysts, with a particular focus on the form of the B-O unit and metal-oxygen polyhedral in the borates, and used this to classify borate photocatalysts, which are rarely mentioned in the current photocatalysis literature. Finally, we analyzed the relationship between the structural features of the borate photocatalysts and photocatalytic performance to discuss the further challenges faced by the borate photocatalysts for water decomposition reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ultrasound energy on hydrothermal synthesis of metal borates and on the characteristic features of synthesized copper borates was investigated. In ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, the reaction parameters such as boron source, reaction temperature and time were optimized. The synthesis was achieved in the modest conditions of 60°C—2.5 min and 70°C—15 min for the boron sources borax and tincalconite, respectively. The obtained phases were identified as the compound of copper borate (Cu(BO2)2) with the powder diffraction file no. 00-001-0472. The reaction yields were also increased from 48 to 75% with modification of experimental procedure. The observed characteristic stretchings in spectral analyses proved the functional groups of three and four coordinated boron to oxygen bands. In the morphological analyses, less agglomerates were observed at the samples produced by using the boron source of borax than tincalconite. The results exhibited the beneficial effects of probable usage of the ultrasound energy on both the practical synthesis and the increase of characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation involved an ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis of the hydrolysis mechanism and energetics in a borate network. The focus was on understanding how water molecules interact with and disrupt the borate network, an area where the experimental data are scarce and unreliable. The modeled system consisted of two boron atoms, bridging oxygen atoms, and varying numbers of water molecules. This setup allows for an exploration of hydrolysis under different environmental conditions, including the presence of OH− or H+ ions to simulate basic or acidic environments, respectively. Our investigation utilized both ab initio calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels and DFT with a range of exchange–correlation functionals. The findings indicate that the borate network is significantly more susceptible to hydrolysis in a basic environment, with respect to an acidic or to a neutral pH setting. The inclusion of explicit water molecules in the calculations can significantly affect the results, depending on the nature of the transition state. In fact, some transition states exhibited closed-ring configurations involving water and the boron–oxygen–boron network; in these cases, there were indeed more water molecules corresponding to lower energy barriers for the reaction, suggesting a crucial role of water in stabilizing the transition states. This study provides valuable insights into the hydrolysis process of borate networks, offering a detailed comparison between different computational approaches. The results demonstrate that the functionals B3LYP, PBE0, and wB97Xd closely approximated the reference MP2 and CCSD(T) calculated reaction pathways, both qualitatively in terms of the mechanism, and quantitatively in terms of the differences in the reaction barriers within the 0.1–0.2 eV interval for the most plausible reaction pathways. In addition, CAM-B3LYP also yielded acceptable results in all cases except for the most complicated pathway. These findings are useful for guiding further computational studies, including those employing machine learning approaches, and experimental investigations requiring accurate reference data for hydrolysis reactions in borate networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing periprosthetic infections, which present significant healing challenges that often require revision surgeries, necessitates the development of novel antibacterial materials and implants. Current research focuses on creating materials that hinder bacterial adhesion, colonization, and proliferation in surrounding tissues. Boron (B)-containing compounds are known for their antibacterial properties and potential in bone metabolism for regenerative medicine. In this study, we synthesized B-containing tricalcium phosphate (0.3B-TCP) with 1.1 wt.% B content via precipitation from aqueous solutions and sintering at 1100 °C. X-ray diffraction confirmed the ceramic's primary crystalline phase as β-TCP, with B evenly distributed according to energy-dispersive spectroscopy data. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) data verified stable paramagnetic borate anions, indicating successful BO33− substitution for phosphate groups. The microstructural properties of 0.3B-TCP ceramic were assessed before and after soaking in a saline solution. Its bending strength was approximately 30 MPa, and its porosity was about 33%. 0.3B-TCP ceramic demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against various bacterial strains and a fungus. Cytotoxicity evaluation using equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenic differentiation assessment were conducted. The combination of antibacterial efficacy and good cytocompatibility suggests 0.3B-TCP ceramic as a promising bone substitute material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was undertaken to study the electrodeposition of tungsten from the Na2WO4-B2O3 system in the molten state. The measurement of the EMF being made with platinum-oxygen indicator and tungsten relative electrodes versus platinum-oxygen. Experiment due to dependencies of the platinum-oxygen potential and tungsten electrodes on the B2O3 concentration, are validate by the forming of ditungstate ions W2O72- in the high temperature ionic liquids (HTILs). The electroreduction process of the active species, is controlled by the diffusion; the rate of formation of the active species does not limit the electrode process; Polarization, in galvanostatic and potentiodynamic mode, have highlighted the fact that charge transfer is reversible. In the Na2WO4-B2O3 melt (acid-basic character), in a narrow potential range and at a controlled process potential, the electroreduction of tungsten from its dimeric form is possible due to the multielectronic processes that take place at the electrode surface. This study played an important role in the evolution tungsten coatings; the corrosion potentials of electrodes (copper, nickel, steel) plated with tungsten, were also measured. In this study, the influence of some parameters (temperature, electrolysis time, cathodic current density, B2O3 concentration) on the cathodic structure and composition was quantified, determining the optimal conditions of the reverse electrodeposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flux materials enhance the energy efficiency of ceramic and glass-ceramic materials production. Traditional fluxes like feldspars and alkaline carbonates often require significant quantities (over 10 wt%) in raw mixtures. In contrast, borates and fluorides offer promising alternatives with strong fluxing effect. The fluxing effect of borates is based on the influence of their oxide constituents - Na2O and B2O3. Boron oxide acts as a glass-forming agent, leading to a formation of glassy phase at lower temperatures. Sodium oxide effectively depolymerizes silicon-oxygen network and reduces its melting temperature. The fluxing effect of fluorides is described by two primary hypotheses: the Dietzel-Buerger hypothesis, suggesting fluoride-induced depolymerization of silicon-oxygen network, and the Kogarko-Krigman hypothesis, proposing fluoride association with basic cations, affecting a microheterogeneity in silicate melts. However, the precise mechanism of fluoride fluxing effect still isn't created. The analysis of flux materials allows development of energy-efficient and cost-effective processes for silicate material synthesis.

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is a promising positive electrode material for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high working voltage; however, its practical application is hindered by the insufficient oxidation resistance of LIB electrolytes. In this study, we aimed to address this issue by evaluating two trifluoromethylated lithium borate compounds lithium difluoro (perfluoropinacolato) borate (PFP‐F2) and lithium difluoro(2‐hydroxy‐3,3,3,3′,3′,3′‐hexafluoroisobutylato) borate (HHIB‐F2) as electrolyte salts for high‐potential LIBs (4.8 V vs. Li/Li+) with LNMO positive electrodes. In full‐cell tests, the cyclability of LIBs containing these salts is superior (60 °C) to that of the cell with lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) as the reference electrolyte salt, which is ascribed to the formation of a positive electrode passivation layer that inhibits the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte salt and solvent in the former case. Moreover, the oxidative decomposition of trifluoromethylated borates at 4.8 V affords a passivation layer on the negative electrode. Thus, the examined borates hold great promise for the commercialization of high‐energy‐density LNMO‐based LIBs, and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the negative electrode resulting from the oxidative decomposition products of electrolyte salts is a promising new way to enhance the performance of high‐potential positive electrode LIBs beyond existing levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we prepared boro-telluride glass samples while varying the concentration of TeO2 (0.00, 10.00, 20.00 mol %) by melt quenching technique and study their physical, optical and luminescence properties by various characterization methods. We found that band gap lies in the 2.88–2.18 eV range, showing decreasing trend with increasing concentration of TeO2. The emission spectra shows four emission peaks under 378 nm excitation centered at 486, 545, 590 and 620 nm because of the transition from 5D4 state to 7FJ (where, J = 6, 5, 4, 3) lower levels. Whereas the intensity decreases with increasing concentration of TeO2, indicating that the non-radiative energy transfer through cross relaxation (CR) increases with increasing concentration of TeO2. The color coordinates for all studied glasses fall in green region and were (x = 0.304, y = 0.605). The CCT obtained value for all prepared glasses is 6000 K. Above study suggests that these glasses can be potentially used in green light LEDs and in other solid state lighting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is a promising positive electrode material for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high working voltage; however, its practical application is hindered by the insufficient oxidation resistance of LIB electrolytes. In this study, we aimed to address this issue by evaluating two trifluoromethylated lithium borate compounds lithium difluoro (perfluoropinacolato) borate (PFP‐F2) and lithium difluoro(2‐hydroxy‐3,3,3,3′,3′,3′‐hexafluoroisobutylato) borate (HHIB‐F2) as electrolyte salts for high‐potential LIBs (4.8 V vs. Li/Li+) with LNMO positive electrodes. In full‐cell tests, the cyclability of LIBs containing these salts is superior (60 °C) to that of the cell with lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) as the reference electrolyte salt, which is ascribed to the formation of a positive electrode passivation layer that inhibits the oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte salt and solvent in the former case. Moreover, the oxidative decomposition of trifluoromethylated borates at 4.8 V affords a passivation layer on the negative electrode. Thus, the examined borates hold great promise for the commercialization of high‐energy‐density LNMO‐based LIBs, and the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the negative electrode resulting from the oxidative decomposition products of electrolyte salts is a promising new way to enhance the performance of high‐potential positive electrode LIBs beyond existing levels.

CaAl-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit different mechanisms of borate removal at varying calcination temperatures. The addition of Mg alters the structure and composition of the calcined products, ultimately impacting their adsorption process. To investigate this, CaAl-LDH and Mg-doped CaAl-LDH with and without different calcination temperatures (500 °C and 900 °C) were prepared to immobilize a wide concentration range of borate. XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EXAFS techniques were employed to study the influence of Mg doping. The results indicate that the doping of Mg increases the BET surface area and enhances the adsorption capacity of uncalcined LDHs, with the enhancement being more pronounced at high borate concentrations. For LDHs calcined at 500 °C, Mg-doped LDHs exhibited slightly better adsorption at any borate concentration due to its more favorable ettringite formation. However, for LDHs calcined at 900 °C, Mg-doped LDHs (LDO) had a slightly better adsorption effect at low borate concentrations. At high concentrations, the crystallinity and morphology of the regenerated CaMgAl-LDH deteriorated, resulting in poor adsorption effects. These findings provide valuable theoretical support for understanding the mechanisms of removing pollutants with different concentrations by different LDHs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of wastewater contaminated with dyes is a prevalent global concern that necessitates the implementation of diverse remediation strategies. There are several methods available for the treatment of wastewater, one of which is photocatalytic treatment. The primary objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a lithium borate-bismuth tungstate glass-ceramic material (0.7Li 2 B 4 O 7 - 0.3Bi 2 WO 6) in the degradation of methylene blue dye through photocatalysis under visible light irradiation conditions. The glass under consideration was prepared using the conventional melt-quench technique. The characterization of the glass was conducted using X-ray diffraction technique and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, the glass obtained was subjected to various heat treatments in order to achieve crystallization, as assisted by differential scanning calorimetry as reported. The elemental analysis and morphology of the glass ceramics that were prepared were examined using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The glass-ceramic sample exhibited a dye degradation efficiency of 73% within a time span of 240 min. The evaluation of the active species involved in degradation is also conducted through the utilisation of a scavenger test. The experiments were conducted multiple times to verify the effectiveness of the prepared glass-ceramic material for water purification purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing competitive environmental catalytic reduction processes via NaBH4 is essential, as BH4− is both an energy carrier (as H2) and a reducing agent. A comprehensive catalytic study of the competition between the borohydride hydrolysis reaction (BHR, releasing H2) and 4-nitrophenol reduction via BH4− on M0- and M/M′ (alloy)-nanoparticle catalysts is reported. The results reveal an inverse correlation between the catalytic efficiency for BH4− hydrolysis and 4-nitrophenol reduction, indicating that catalysts performing well in one process exhibit lower activity in the other. Plausible catalytic mechanisms are discussed, focusing on the impact of reaction products such as 4-aminophenol and borate on the rate and yield of BH4− hydrolysis. The investigated catalysts were Ag0, Au0, Pt0, and Ag/Pt-alloy nanoparticles synthesized without any added stabilizer. Notably, the observed rate constants for the 4-nitrophenol reduction on Ag0, Ag-Pt (9:1), and Au0 are significantly higher than the corresponding rate constants for BH4− hydrolysis, suggesting that most reductions do not proceed through surface-adsorbed hydrogen atoms, as observed for Pt0 nanoparticles. This research emphasizes the conflicting nature of BH4− hydrolysis and reduction processes, provides insights for designing improved catalysts for competitive reactions, and sheds light on the catalyst properties required for each specific process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied a novel technique; dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) with in-situ Raman spectroscopy, as well as complementary techniques of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, to investigate the effect of sodium content on the immediate aqueous reactivity and reactions of a range of melt-quench-derived binary sodium borate glasses (SBGs): xNa 2 O-(100-x)B 2 O 3 (x = 18, 23, 30 and 35 mol%). DVS gravimetrically measured the effect of controlled relative humidity (RH) values on SBGs, while in-situ Raman monitored their structural changes in real time. It was found that the glass boron coordination, glass transition temperature, as well as weight change and percentage of crystallinity post exposure to vapour, along with threshold % RH to initiate sorption, and threshold time to initiate crystallization under 90% RH demonstrated the anomalous variation with increasing sodium content in glasses. Relative to other formulations, 30Na 2 O–70B 2 O 3 showed the lowest weight change and crystallinity after vapour desorption, and highest threshold % RH and longest threshold time. There was also a correlation between vapour- and water-induced reactions, as determined by reaction rates and structural changes. Specifically, lower glass network connectivity or non-bridging oxygen formation fostered their crystallization when exposed to either vapour or water, leading to higher weight change in aqueous environments. In sum, the results of this study validated the coupling of DVS with in-situ Raman spectroscopy in characterizing the reactivity and mechanisms of aqueous interactions of SBGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ba3Lu(BO3)3 borate obtained by solid-phase synthesis is explored by high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction in the temperature range from 25 to 900°C. At room temperature, the compound expands slightly anisotropically (αmax/αmin = 1.2), and with an increase in temperature, the degree of anisotropy increases significantly (αmax/αmin = 6.9 at 900°C). The maximum expansion is observed along the crystallographic axis c (αc = 10.45 × 10–6°C–1 at 25°C and 36.34 × 10–6°C–1 at 900°C), perpendicular to which the boron-oxygen triangles [BO3] are located, and the minimum is in the plane where the triangles are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline borates have received great attention due to their various structures and wide applications. For a long time, the corner-sharing B–O unit is considered a basic rule in borate structural chemistry. The Dy4B6O15 synthesized under high-pressure is the first oxoborate with edge-sharing [BO4] tetrahedra, while the KZnB3O6 is the first ambient pressure borate with the edge-sharing [BO4] tetrahedra. The edge-sharing connection modes greatly enrich the structural chemistry of borates and are expected to expand new applications in the future. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in crystalline borates with edge-sharing [BO4] tetrahedra. We discuss the synthesis, fundamental building blocks, structural features, and possible applications of these edge-sharing borates. Finally, we also discuss the future perspectives in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Ba3Sr3B4O12: Eu3+ phosphors were synthesized by crystallization from a melt. The crystal structures of Ba3(Sr3−1.5xEux)B4O12 (x = 0.03, 0.06, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) solid solutions were refined from SCXRD data. The crystal structures of Ba3(Sr3−1.5xEux)B4O12 phosphors can be described in terms of the cationic sublattice and belong to the "anti-zeolite" family of borates. Its cationic framework is constructed of Ba and Sr atoms. The Eu3+ ions occupy the Sr(1) extraframework cationic site in the Ba3(Sr3−1.5xEux)B4O12 (x = 0.01–0.20) phosphors. The Ba3Sr2.625Eu0.25B4O12 borate crystallizes in a new structure type (I4/mcm, a = 13.132(3), c = 14.633(4) Å, V = 2523.5(11) Å3, Z = 8, R1 = 0.067). In the Ba3Sr2.625Eu0.25B4O12 crystal structure, the Eu3+ ions occupy Sr(1) and Ba/Sr(1) sites, which leads to changes in the crystal structure. The Wyckoff letter and occupancy of the O(5) site are changed; B–O anion groups contain two BO3 triangles (B(3) and B(4)), orientationally disordered over the four orientations, and two ordered BO3 triangles (B(1) and B(2)) in contrast to Ba3Sr3B4O12, in which these groups are disordered over the 4 and 8 orientations. The emission spectra of Ba3Sr3B4O12: Eu3+ show characteristic lines corresponding to the intraconfigurational 4f-4f transitions of Eu3+ ions. Ba3Sr2.7Eu0.20B4O12 demonstrates the strongest luminescent intensity among Ba3(Sr3−1.5xEux)B4O12 solid solutions. The increase in the Eu3+ content results in a gradual change in chromaticity from light red to orange-red/red. It can be concluded that Ba3Sr3B4O12: Eu3+ is a promising red phosphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) based temperature sensors have become more and more popular in recent years. Herein, we co-doped Pb2+ and Sm3+ into the host material Ba 2 MgY 2 (BO 3) 4 (BMYB) to prepare a new series of phosphors. The Pb2+ activated phosphor BMYB:0.03 Pb2+ presents a wide blue emission band centered at 416 nm under 278 nm laser excitation with internal quantum efficiency of 46%. In the presence of both Pb2+ and Sm3+, energy transfer will occur between them, resulting in tunable color emission. Besides, the phosphor has an absolute sensitivity of 0.96% K−1 at 575 K, which makes it an excellent candidate for temperature sensing. These findings suggest that prepared phosphor is a potential candidate for color tunable phosphor and temperature sensing material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the help of the first principle calculation, the solid-state reaction experiment was conducted to investigate the alteration in the sintering and the microwave dielectric properties of Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramic with many Zn2+ substitutions. These properties were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy, network analyzer, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and thermomechanical and differential-thermal analyses. The coexistence of Mg 3 B 2 O 6 , Mg 2 B 2 O 5 and ZnO ceramics could be observed with increasing Zn2+ addition, and the lattice distortion occurred in the Mg 2 B 2 O 5 and Mg 3 B 2 O 6 ceramics due to the substitution of Mg2+ with Zn2+. The electron density and the bond property of the MgO 6 octahedron changed, and a quantitative method was used to discuss the variation in sintering, substitution and phase formation properties. The densification window was decreased to 1100 °C, and the dielectric properties improved with the formation of a three-phase borate solid solution (dielectric constant = 6.73, quality factor = 112,000 GHz at 16 GHz (Q = 7000), temperature coefficient of resonant frequency = −61.2 ppm °C−1, and relative density = 97.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanidinium tetraborate anhydrate is formed as a new phase of guanidinium borate by heating the precipitate from the mixed solution of guanidinium carbonate and boric acid at 115–250°C. The new anhydrate phase is also formed by solid-state reactions of the powder mixture of guanidinium carbonate and boric acid at 115°C, and this route is advantageous over the liquid-phase method for industrial production. The structural and thermal properties of the new anhydrate phase are investigated using XRD and DTA-TG in comparison with the reported phase of guanidinium tetraborate dihydrate, [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]･2H2O. The chemical formula of the new phase is estimated to be [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]. This new anhydrate phase belongs to the monoclinic system, and the lattice constants are estimated at a = 0.7262 (9), b = 0.7868 (14), c = 0.5101 (9) nm, β = 87.61 (13)°, V = 0.2912 nm3, Z = 1 for the liquid-phase product, and a = 0.7250 (11), b = 0.7906 (21), c = 0.5083 (11) nm, β = 87.62 (14)°, V = 0.2911 nm3, Z = 1 for the solid-state reaction product.

Particles of borophosphate glasses with the nominal molar compositions 16Na2O-(24-y)CaO-ySrO-xB2O3-(60-x)P2O5 (mol%), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 60 and y = 0, 12, and 24, were reacted in deionized water and in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. For the dissolution experiments in water, the pH of the solution at the conclusion of the experiments increased systematically, from 2.1 to 9.5, for y = 0 glasses when ‘x’ increased from 0 to 60. The reaction rates over the first 8–24 h of dissolution in both SBF and deionized water followed linear kinetics, with reaction rates dependent on glass composition. For glass particles in SBF, replacing P2O5 with up to 20 mol% B2O3 decreased the dissolution rate (fraction dissolved) by two orders of magnitude, from 7.0 × 10−3 h−1 for x = 0 to 2.0 × 10−5 h−1 for x = 20. Further replacement of P2O5 by B2O3 increased dissolution rates by three orders of magnitude, to 2.3 × 10−2 h−1 at x = 60. The compositional dependence of the dissolution rates is explained by changes in the glass structure, with the most durable glasses possessing the greatest fraction of tetrahedral borophosphate sites in the glass network. Crystalline brushite was detected on Ca-glasses with 35 and 40 mol% B2O3, but the dominant precipitation phase on both the Ca- and Sr-glasses is an x-ray amorphous material constituted from orthophosphate and pyrophosphate anions.

The synthesis and characterization of six new substituted guanidium tetrahydroxidohexaoxidopentaborate(1-) salts are reported: [C(NH2)2(NHMe)][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O (1), [C(NH2)2(NH{NH2})][B5O6(OH)4] (2), [C(NH2)2(NMe2)][B5O6(OH)4] (3), [C(NH2)(NMe2)2][B5O6(OH)4] (4), [C(NHMe)(NMe2)2][B5O6(OH)4]·B(OH)3 (5), and [TBDH][B5O6(OH)4] (6) (TBD = 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0]dec-5-ene). Compounds 1–6 were prepared as crystalline salts from basic aqueous solution via self-assembly processes from B(OH)3 and the appropriate substituted cation. Compounds 1–6 were characterized by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and by single-crystal XRD studies. A thermal (TGA) analysis on compounds 1–3 and 6 demonstrated that they thermally decomposed via a multistage process to B2O3 at >650 °C. The low temperature stage (<250 °C) was endothermic and corresponded to a loss of H2O. Reactant stoichiometry, solid-state packing, and H-bonding interactions are all important in assembling these structures. An analysis of H-bonding motifs in known unsubstituted guanidinium salts [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O, [C(NH2)3][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O, and [C(NH2)3]3[B9O12(OH)6] and in compounds 1–6 revealed that two important H-bonding R22(8) motifs competed to stabilize the observed structures. The guanidinium cation formed charge-assisted pincer cation–anion H-bonded rings as a major motif in [C(NH2)3]2[B4O5(OH)4]·2H2O and [C(NH2)3]3[B9O12(OH)6], whereas the anion–anion ring motif was dominant in [C(NH2)3][B5O6(OH)4]·H2O and in compounds 1–6. This behaviour was consistent with the stoichiometry of the salt and packing effects also strongly influencing their solid-state structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of green, biomedical hydrogels using natural polymers is of great significance. From this viewpoint, guar gum (GG) has been widely used for hydrogel preparation; however, its mechanical strength and adhesion often cannot satisfy the biomedical application. Therefore, in the present study, gelatin and a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) were first applied to overcome the defects of guar gum hydrogel. Dopamine was self−polymerized into polydopamine (PDA) on the gelatin chain at alkaline condition, and gelatin−polydopamine (Gel−PDA) further cross−linked with guar gum and CNC via the borate−didiol bond, intramolecular Schiff base reaction, and Michael addition. CNC not only interacted with guar gum using borate chemistry but also acted as a mechanical reinforcer. The obtained Gel−PDA+GG+CNC hydrogel had an excellent self−healing capacity, injectability, and adhesion due to the catechol groups of PDA. Moreover, dopamine introduction caused a significant increase in the anti−oxidant activity. This hydrogel was cyto− and hemo−compatible, which implies a potential usage in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological properties of hydroxyapatite (HA) are significantly influenced by its compositional characteristics especially doping elements and/or Ca/P ratio, which can be altered by precursor chemistry. In this study, a group of boronated (B-incorporated) hydroxyapatite (BHA) was synthesized using a precipitation method by setting the Ca/P ratio to the stoichiometric value of HA (1.67), while altering the precursor chemistry by adjusting either (Ca + B)/P (Ca-deficient precursor, BC) or Ca/(P + B) (P-deficient precursor, BP). After heat-treatment, the partial decomposition of the BC was observed, forming tricalcium phosphate as the byproduct, however, the BP showed phase stability at all temperatures. The B-ionic species in the form of (BO 2)− and (BO 3)3− were incorporated into the HA structure at the (PO 4)3− and (OH)− positions, respectively. The incorporation of the B species also facilitated the incorporation of (CO 3)2− groups specifically in the BPs. This is the first finding on BHA reporting that preferential (CO 3)2− incorporation depends on the precursor chemistry used. As a result, osteoblast adhesion was superior on the BPs compared to pure HA owing to the carbonated structure, increasing cell spreading area. As such, this in vitro study highlighted that the present P-deficient precursor approach for synthesizing BHA improved biocompatibility properties and should, thus, be further considered for the next-generation of improved orthopedic applications. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of boronated hydroxyapatite from Ca deficient and P-deficient precursors. • Better stability of the HA synthesized from P-deficient precursors at all heat treatment temperatures. • Incorporation of B species into the structure: BO 3 3− ions into PO 4 3− sites and BO 2 − ions into OH− sites. • HA formula synthesized from P-deficient precursors with superior biocompatibility is C a 10 { (P O 4) 6 − x − y (B O 3) x (C O 3) y } { (O H) 2 − z + y (B O 2) z }. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Borate solution was used to treat two sets of Douglas-fir wood samples, one by spraying cross-laminated timbers (CLT) and another set by dip-treating wood in solutions at different retentions. A novel model was developed to explain and predict borate uptake based on dip-treatment parameters. Small-scale CLT samples were prepared using commercial emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) and polyurethane (PU) adhesive with dip-treated wood. The effect of adhesive and borate retention on CLT samples were evaluated through adhesion, fire, termite, and decay tests. The adhesion strength of wood was statistically unaffected by borate treatment. Statistical analysis showed that both spray- and dip-treated samples had significantly higher termite and decay resistance and fire performance than the untreated boards. Untreated CLT samples bonded with PU showed a considerably higher inherent decay and termite resistance than untreated specimens bonded with EPI adhesive.

The co-existence of divalent tin activator and Nd3+/Yb3+ rare earths in the borate glasses were utilized and examined to achieve the effective enhancement of the useful near-infrared emission in the wide spectral region. The UV Sn2+ excitation is extremely relevant for the effectiveness of both (Nd,Yb) near-infrared emission, however, Sn-Nd energy transfer efficiency is particularly prominent. The different advantageous inter-ionic phenomena made it possible to explore the diverse energy transfer routes leading to the population of the relevant ytterbium and neodymium excited states. Consequently, adequate multi-model temperature sensing can be proposed and verified considering single-doped and co-doped borate glass systems. The dissimilar effect of temperature on the complementary Sn2+, Nd3+ and Yb3+ optical transitions was investigated in detail. Employing the temperature-dependent spectra of optically active ions, high values of temperature relative sensitivity (1.3 % K−1) were estimated especially in the physiological range (30 – 75 ⁰C). • Divalent tin activator enhances Near-Infrared Emission of Nd3+/Yb3+ rare earth ions in borate glass • Prominent Sn-Nd-Yb energy transfer routes significantly enhance Yb3+ emissions. • The temperature dependent and independent energy transfer allows for development of multi-model temperature sensing. • High values of temperature relative sensitivity (1.3 % K⁻¹) observed, especially in the physiological range (30–75 ⁰C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borate is an essential material to numerous industries and even to individual countries’ economies, defense, and politics. Almost all industries need borates for production, and almost everybody needs their products. Borate is a compound that contains or supplies boric oxide (B2O3). Among the minerals that contain boric oxide, there are only four minerals significant from an economic standpoint, namely borax (tincal), colemanite, ulexite, and kernite. Turkey has almost 70% of all known reserves in the world. Therefore, borates and their products could be one of the main topics for sustainable development in the whole world. The recent development and pursuit of new boron-consuming technologies and alternative products to existing borate-consuming products introduce additional uncertainty to the sustainability of boron minerals. Therefore, the European Union (EU) Commission also declared borate one of the 30 critical raw materials. Turkey is a prosperous country in terms of boron reserves, and it exports almost 96% of borates’ production. In order to better understand the relation between borate minerals and borate products, a material flow analysis (MFA) study has been carried out within the content of this work in order to update the data about the current status of boron. For this purpose, a system has been established that shows the flow of boron material. The extraction, enrichment, and refining processes of boron products are drawn. The results indicate that about 41% of extracted colemanite ore is converted into refined borate, about 31% of tincal ore is converted to refined borate, and 4% of tincal ore is converted to end-usage products, such as detergent. The correctness of the data and the sensitivity of the processes are all estimated values. The results can help in the development of boron sustainability and boron production strategies. The MFA study on tincal and colemanite ore may be an example of boron studies in different countries.

In the first part of this review, secondary carbon-carbon bond formation by using allylic coupling reactions with aryl and alkenyl borates is presented. Early investigations have revealed the suitability of a nickel catalyst and [RTB(OMe)3]Li (RT: transferable group). Due to their low reactivity, the borates were converted to more reactive congeners possessing an alkanediol ligand, such as 2,3-butanediol and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. Borates with such diol ligands were used to install aryl and alkenyl groups on the monoacetate of 4-cyclopentenyl-1,3-diol. Furthermore, alkenyl borates showed sufficient reactivity toward less reactive allylic alcohol derivatives with bromine atoms at the cis position, producing dieneyl alcohols. In the second part, copper-based and/or copper-catalyzed substitutions of secondary allylic picolinates, propargylic phosphonates, and alkyl (2-pyridine)sulfonates with RMgX are briefly summarized. The application of these reactions to the synthesis of biologically active compounds is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structures of glasses in the lithium–bismuth orthoborate composition range deviate significantly from the short‐range order structure of the two crystalline end‐members. Although binary Li3BO3 and BiBO3 are solely of comprised trigonal orthoborate anions, all glasses formed by their combination contain four‐coordinated borate tetrahedra. We analyze the structure of (75−1.5x)Li2O–xBi2O3–(25+0.5x)B2O3 glasses in increments of x = 5, with 11B magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), and Raman spectroscopy. For the full series, the oxygen‐to‐boron ratio remains constant at O/B = 3:1. NMR quantifies an increase in the fraction of tetrahedral boron with increasing bismuth oxide content. Evolution of the mid‐IR profile suggests multiple types of tetrahedral boron sites. Raman spectroscopy reveals that Bi2O3 tends to cluster within the lithium borate matrix when initially introduced and that this behavior transforms into a bismuthate network with increasing bismuth oxide content. In all cases, mixed Bi–O–B linkages are observed. The dual role of bismuth as network modifier and network former is likewise observed in the far IR. The glass transition temperature continuously increases with bismuth oxide content; however, the glass stability displays a maximum in the multicomponent glass of x = 40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a comprehensive characterization study of borate glasses coded as BBNC given with the chemical composition (65-x)B 2 O 3 +15BaTiO 3 + 20Na 2 O + xCdS (where x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mol%) was experimentally performed. Initially, the amorphous nature of fabricated glasses was confirmed via XRD characterization. The density of the samples was measured and it was found that it increases from 2.743 to 2.912 g/cm3. Optical features of the BBNC glasses were studied using UV–Vis–NIR and it was found that the E g opt decreased for direct and indirect permissible transition, while the Urbach's energies rose from 0.154 to 0.193 eV as the CdS concentration increased. The magnetic moment and saturation magnetization of BBNC glasses were decreased with increasing CdS addition; this is due to increasing in the antiferromagnetic phase. The small coordination of CdO with respect to B 2 O 3 caused a decrease in the elastic modulus of the glasses with increasing CdO addition. Moreover, the attenuation degree of BBNC glasses for gamma radiation was determined by examining some important shielding parameters. The BBNC8 glass was reported to have the largest MACs among manufactured glasses. The HVL values of 10.2, 9.82, 9.44, 9.16, and 8.87 cm were found for BBNC0-8 glasses at 15 MeV, respectively. The BBNC8 glass has the thinnest HVL, lowest EBFs, and EABFs, while its Z eff s are larger than other glasses. These findings show that the addition of CdS to Sodium–Barium-Borate glasses owns positive impacts on the structural, optical, magnetic, and photon shielding competencies of the glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]