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Straipsnyje analizuojami karinių veiksmų atvejai Vakarų Lietuvos ir Latvijos teritorijoje nuo 1915 m. iki 1945 m. Kartu dėmesys skiriamas XX a. 4-ojo dešimtmečio antrosios pusės Lietuvos ir Latvijos karinių pajėgų operacijų planams. Taip, remiantis karo istorijos tyrimais, atskleidžiant alternatyvią gynybinę koncepciją mažoms šalims, kurių gynyba priklauso nuo sąjungininkų ne tik su sausumos pajėgumais, bet ir su jūrine karine galia bei pajėgumais, leidžiančiais vykdyti operacijas ore. Strateginės kryptys, kuriomis veržiasi ir traukiasi kariuomenės Rytų Baltijos regione XX a. pirmojoje pusėje, iš esmės permanentiškai tos pačios. Tik kintančios technologijos, pajėgumų mobilumas ir ugnies galia bei augančios / didėjančios galimybės darė įtaką karinių veiksmų tempui ir geografijai. 1915 m. Rusijos kariuomenė netelkia pajėgų Kurše ir per jį šiauriniame sparne manevrui galimybę pamato Vokietijos kariuomenė. Tai padeda įveikti priešą Ventos–Dubysos upių linijoje ir išnaudojant pasisekimą bei išlaikant iniciatyvą iki rudens užimti visą dabartinę Lietuvos teritoriją ir pasiekti kairįjį Dauguvos krantą. Šios operacijos turėjo įtakos tarpukario Lietuvos ir Latvijos kariniam planavimui. 1941 m. Vokietijos pajėgos veržėsi į rytus tomis pačiomis kryptimis, kaip ir 1915 m., skirtumas tik tas, kad priešui nepavyko jų sulaikyti Žemaitijoje ir Kurše, nors menko stabtelėjimo prie Raseinių ties Dubysa būta. 1944 m. Raudonoji armija (RA) prasiveržia iki Baltijos jūros ties Palanga, t. y. padaro tai, ko jai nepavyko 1919 m., taip susiformuoja Kuršo katilas, arba placdarmas, kuriame Vokietijos pajėgos, jūra palaikydamos ryšį su Vokietija, gynėsi septynis mėnesius (nuo 1944 m. spalio 10 d. iki 1945 m. gegužės 9 d.). Kuršo katilo / placdarmo pajėgos pačios pasiduoda tik po Vokietijos kapituliacijos. Klaipėdą Vokietijos karinės pajėgos gynė pusketvirto mėnesio: nuo 1944 m. spalio 10 d. iki 1945 m. sausio 28 d., kai, kilus grėsmei, jog bus nutrauktas sausumos kelias per Kuršių neriją, apleido miestą ir jau be mūšio užleido raudonarmiečiams. The article analyses the cases of military actions in the territory of Western Lithuania and Latvia from 1915 to 1945. At the same time, attention is paid to the operational plans of the Lithuanian and Latvian military forces in the second half of the 1930s. Using this method of analysis, based on military history research, an alternative defence concept for small countries whose defence depends on allies not only with ground capabilities but also with naval military capabilities and capabilities to conduct air operations, is disclosed. The strategic directions in which armies invade and retreat in the Eastern Baltic region in the first half of the twentieth century are essentially the same. Only changing technologies, capability of mobility and firepower, and growing/increasing opportunities have affected the pace and geography of military action. In 1915, the Russian army did not concentrate its forces in Courland, and through it the German army saw the possibility of manoeuvring in the northern wing. This helped to defeat the enemy on the Venta-Dubysa river line and take advantage of the success and maintain the initiative to occupy the entire territory of Lithuania by the autumn and reach the left bank of the Daugava. These operations influenced the military planning of interwar Lithuania and Latvia. In 1941, the German forces invaded to the east in the same direction as in 1915, the only difference being that the enemy failed to stop them in Samogitia and Courland, although there was some stopping at Raseiniai near Dubysa. In 1944, the Red Army (RA) broke into the Baltic Sea near Palanga – which is what it failed to do in 1919 – forming the Courland pocket, a bridgehead in which German forces, defending the sea with a sea connection to Germany, were cut off for seven months, from 10 October to 9 May 1945. The Curonian Boiler/bridgehead forces surrendered only after the German capitulation. Klaipėda was defended by the German military for more than 3 months: from October 10, 1944 to January 28, 1945, when there was a threat that the land route through the Curonian Spit would be interrupted; they abandoned the city and left it to the Red Army without a battle.

Herein we present the synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted 1,3-bissulfanylbicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes from disulfides and [1.1.1]propellane. Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) recently gained interest as rigid linkers and as bioisosters of para-substituted benzene and alkyne moieties. The most promising precursor for BCPs is [1.1.1]propellane (1). The available methods to synthesize BCPs are quite limited and many groups contribute to the development of novel methods. The insertion of 1 into disulfide bonds is known, but has never been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we show that an UV initiated radical reaction can be used to synthesize symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted BCP sulfides by reaction of [1.1.1]propellane (1) with disulfides. Depending on the ratio of 1 to the disulfide, only the BCP product (with up to 98% yield) or a mixture of BCP and [2]staffane can be obtained. The reaction tolerates functional groups such as halogens, alkyl and methoxy groups. The separation of the corresponding BCP and [2]staffane products is challenging but possible by column chromatography and preparative TLC in most cases. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the rod-like structure of the [2]staffanes that is often required in material applications.

Part 3: Virtualization and Cloud Computing Technologies; International audience; To provide elastic cloud services with QoS guarantee, it is essential for data centers to provision Virtual Machine(VM) instances rapidly. Due to bandwidth bottleneck of centralized model, the P2P-like distribution schemes are recently adopted. However, most of them just focus on the transmission speed, but ignore the impact on network bandwidth, especially for cloud data centers which are connected by Wide Area Network(WAN). In this paper, we propose a bridgehead-employed VM image distribution system(BIDS), which aims to minimize the repetitive data flows of WAN while speeding up the image distribution. In BIDS, we also design a version based image sharing mechanism, which tries to make a balance between efficiency and management complexity. Besides, we implement a Remote Management Console(RMC). The final evaluation shows that BIDS is of high efficient and low overhead.

Strait is trickery, maritim opening and land closing, centrally empty and center. It is both structure and structuring, the axis of symmetry which can stimulate a specific urban dynamic based on a town model, the strait-town, symbol of the regulation forced by physical gradient in the relationships between socio-spatial classes. When that regulation is effective, we can determinate an homogeneous region, product of a factice disjunction, the strait-area., Le détroit est tricherie, ouverture maritime et fermeture terrestre, centralement vide et centre. Il est à la fois structure et structurant, l'axe de symétrie qui peut stimuler une dynamique urbaine spécifique reposant sur une ville-modèle, la ville-détroit, symbole de la régulation provoquée par le gradient physique dans les rapports entre classes socio-spatiales. Lorsque cette régulation est opérée, elle permet de déterminer une région homogène, produit d'une disjonction factice, l'espace-détroit., El estrecho es trampa, abertura marítima y cierre terrestre, centralmente vatio y central. Es a la vez estructura y estructurante, eje de simetría capaz de estimular una dinámica urbana específica basada en una ciudad-modelo, la ciudad-estrecho, símbolo de la regulación provocada por el gradiente físico en las relaciones entre clases socio-espaciales. Al llevarse a cabo, dicha regulación permite determinar una región homogénea, producto de una disyunción facticia, el espacio-estrecho., Serein Marc. L'espace-détroit. In: Mappemonde, 1989/1. pp. 8-11.