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Η συγχώρεση στην εφηβική ηλικία έχει προκαλέσει το αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον των ερευνητών διεθνώς, γεγονός που αναδεικνύει την ανάγκη να κατανοηθεί σε μεγαλύτερο βάθος ο ρόλος της στην ευεξία των νέων. Στην παρούσα έρευνα μελετάται η έννοια της συγχώρεσης σε Έλληνες εφήβους και ειδικότερα ο προβλεπτικός ρόλος βασικών διαστάσεων σε ατομικό και συστημικό επίπεδο. Ειδικότερα, ερευνήθηκε κατά πόσο οι παράγοντες της προσωπικότητας με βάση το μοντέλο των 5 Παραγόντων (ατομικό επίπεδο), καθώς και οι σχέσεις στην οικογένεια και το σχολείο (συστημικό επίπεδο) μπορούν να προβλέψουν την τάση των εφήβων να συγχωρούν. Επίσης, μελετήθηκαν κοινωνικοδημογραφικές μεταβλητές όπως το φύλο, η ηλικία, το κοινωνικοοικονομικό και μορφωτικό επίπεδο των γονέων. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 1.378 έφηβοι που φοιτούσαν σε Γυμνάσια και Λύκεια της Αττικής, τα οποία επιλέχθηκαν τυχαία. Τα ευρήματα έδειξαν ότι η νεότερη ηλικία, τα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα νευρωτισμού, τα υψηλότερα επίπεδα εξωστρέφειας και προσήνειας και η υψηλότερη ποιοτική επικοινωνία με τη μητέρα προέβλεπαν υψηλότερη συγχώρεση του εαυτού. Υψηλότερα επίπεδα δεκτικότητας σε εμπειρίες, προσήνειας, ποιοτικής επικοινωνίας με τον πατέρα, θετικής συμπεριφοράς και θετικής στάσης στο σχολείο και χαμηλά επίπεδα έλλειψης σεβασμού προέβλεπαν μεγαλύτερη συγχώρεση των άλλων. Τέλος, χαμηλότερα επίπεδα νευρωτισμού και υψηλότερα επίπεδα εξωστρέφειας, ευσυνειδησίας, θετικής συμπεριφοράς στο σχολείο προέβλεπαν υψηλότερα επίπεδα συγχώρεσης καταστάσεων. Τα ευρήματα υπογραμμίζουν τον σημαντικό ρόλο των παραγόντων της προσωπικότητας και τονίζουν τη σημασία των παρεμβάσεων πρωτογενούς πρόληψης στη σχολική κοινότητα όσον αφορά στο σχολικό κλίμα, οι οποίες θα μπορούσαν να συμβάλουν γενικότερα στην προαγωγή της συγχώρεσης και της ευεξίας των εφήβων., The mental health benefits of forgiveness are well-established in the literature. The growing research on dispositional forgiveness in adolescence is indicative of the need to better understand its role in youth’s well-being. In order to examine dispositional forgiveness in adolescence, measures regarding Big 5 personality factors (individual level), family relationships, school climate (system level), and sociodemographic variables at an individual and system level were used. Participants were 1,378 adolescents attending junior and senior high schools located in the broader area of Attica, Greece, randomly selected. Younger age, lower levels of neuroticism, and higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness and quality communication with the mother predicted higher forgiveness of self. Higher levels of openness to experience, agreeableness, quality communication with the father, positive behavior, positive attitude, and lower levels of lack of respect in the school predicted higher forgiveness of others. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism, higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and positive behavior in the school predicted higher levels of forgiveness of situations. The findings highlight the important role of personality factors and indicate the significance of primary prevention interventions in the school community regarding school climate that could contribute to the promotion of dispositional forgiveness and well-being of adolescents.

The adaptation of the Forgivingness Questionnaire (FQ) has been performed for different languages and with diverse samples. So far, no psychometric properties were evaluated for a Spanish version of the FQ. The main aim of the current study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FQ in two Spanish samples: adolescents and emerging adults. A total of 1,076 participants: 419 adolescents (56% females; Mage = 13.78 years) and 657 emerging adults (64% females; Mage = 21.06 years) completed the Spanish version of FQ and other measures. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the three-factor model of the FQ, and high reliability for both samples. Convergent validity was supported and multi-group analyses showed the invariance of the factor structure of FQ across gender. These results provide evidence of good psychometric properties of the FQ as a tool to measure dispositional forgiveness among Spanish adolescents and emerging adults.

Being securely attached and willing to forgive your partner tends to promote greater relationship success. Though attachment and partner forgiveness are associated cross-sectionally, research has yet to investigate whether and how these positive relationship factors tend to codevelop over time. The current study examined cross-lagged effects and correlated changes in partner forgivingness and attachment across a 2-year period with two measurement occasions ( n = 514 individuals). Additionally, dyadic analyses were conducted with a subsample of dyads in the study ( n = 149 dyads). Individual level analyses evidenced negative cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between attachment-anxiety and forgivingness. Attachment-avoidance and forgivingness showed significant correlated changes over time. Dyadic level analyses showed that attachment-avoidance predicted partner forgivingness 2 years later but not vice versa. Findings suggest that longitudinal associations between attachment and forgivingness may take different forms at the individual and dyadic level.

Social well-being reflects the perception of one’s social functioning, which plays an important role in physical and psychological health. However, the exact neuroanatomical substrate for social well-being remains unclear. To address the issue, we employed the voxel-based morphometry method to probe the neuroanatomical basis of individual variation in social well-being in young healthy adults (n = 136). The results revealed a significant negative association between social well-being and regional gray matter density (rGMD) in an anatomical cluster that mainly includes the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that has been involved in emotion regulation and social cognition. Furthermore, a balanced 4-fold cross-validation using the machine learning approach revealed that rGMD in the left OFC could be reliably related to social well-being. More importantly, the multiple mediation analysis revealed that neuroticism and dispositional forgiveness independently mediated the association between rGMD in the left OFC and social well-being. In addition, all these results remained stable when subjective socioeconomic status was controlled. Together, our results provide the initial evidence that the OFC is a neuroanatomical substrate for social well-being and demonstrate that the OFC is a crucial neural site linking neuroticism and dispositional forgiveness to social well-being.

Given the scarcity of instruments in Spanish to measure forgiveness, two studies were conducted in this population to obtain validity evidence of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), an instrument that measures dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. In the first study, 203 students (65% women) participated. After ensuring the linguistic adequacy and clarity of the wording of the items, a lack of congruence was found between the factors obtained in the exploratory factor analysis and the original theoretical structure of the HFS. A sample of 512 participants (63.9% women) attended the second study. This study aimed to analyze the construct validity of the HFS using confirmatory factor analysis through structural equation modelling and to explore convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. Of the different factorial configurations tested (including the original), only a scale reduction to eight items, grouped into three factors, showed an appropriate fit. The HFS eight-item version also showed acceptable internal consistency, adequate convergent and discriminant validity, and criterion validity with respect to related variables. These findings suggest that the eight-item version of the HFS may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing forgiveness for self, others, and situations in Spanish adults. post-print 927 KB

Resumo O florescimento no trabalho tem despertado interesse crescente dos estudiosos, no contexto do modelo de Demandas e Recursos do Trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações de um recurso pessoal (perdão disposicional) e de um recurso do trabalho (suporte social emocional) com o florescimento no trabalho de enfermeiros, bem como avaliar o papel mediador do suporte social emocional nessas relações. A amostra foi composta por 515 trabalhadores de enfermagem. Os resultados da modelagem de equações estruturais apontaram que o perdão disposicional e o suporte social emocional relacionaram-se positivamente ao florescimento no trabalho. Ademais, o suporte social emocional mediou parcialmente a relação entre o perdão disposicional e o florescimento no trabalho. A escolaridade também exerceu impacto sobre o florescimento no trabalho. O modelo de mediação parcial apresentou índices de ajuste adequados. Os resultados demonstraram a relevância do suporte social emocional para o florescimento no trabalho, assim como sua relação com o perdão disposicional. O estudo avançou, portanto, na explicação de alguns dos fatores responsáveis pelo florescimento no trabalho de enfermeiros, categoria profissional de grande importância para a sociedade em geral. Abstract The flourishing at work has attracted growing interest from scholars, in the context of the Job Demands and Resources model. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of a personal resource (dispositional forgiveness) and a job resource (emotional social support) with the flourishing at work of nurses, as well as to evaluate the mediating role of emotional social support on those relationships. The sample consisted of 515 nurses. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that dispositional forgiveness and emotional social support were positively related to flourishing at work. In addition, emotional social support mediated partially the relationship between dispositional forgiveness and flourishing at work. Schooling had also an impact on flourishing at work. The partial mediation model presented adequate fit indexes. The results demonstrated the relevance of emotional social support for the flourishing state at work, as well as its relation to dispositional forgiveness. The study has advanced on the explanation of some factors responsible for flourishing at work in nurses, an occupational category of great importance for the society. Resumen El florecimiento en el trabajo ha despertado interés creciente de los estudiosos en el contexto del modelo de Demandas y Recursos del Trabajo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones de un recurso personal (perdón disposicional) y de un recurso de trabajo (soporte social emocional) con el florecimiento en el trabajo de enfermeros, así como evaluar el papel mediador del soporte social emocional en esas relaciones. La muestra fue compuesta por 515 trabajadores de enfermería. Los resultados del modelaje de ecuaciones estructurales señalan que el perdón disposicional y el soporte social emocional se relacionan positivamente al florecimiento en el trabajo. Además, el soporte social emocional medió parcialmente la relación entre el perdón disposicional y el florecimiento en el trabajo. La escolaridad también ha ejercido impacto sobre el florecimiento en el trabajo. El modelo de mediación parcial presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados demostraron la relevancia del soporte social emocional para el florecimiento en el trabajo, así como su relación con el perdón disposicional. El estudio avanzó, por lo tanto, en la explicación de algunos de los factores responsables por el florecimiento en el trabajo de enfermeros, categoría de gran importancia hacia la sociedad en general.

Forgiveness is known as a strategy to cope with interpersonal conflicts. And researches indicate that especially dispositional forgiveness is strongly related to human’s psychological health and well-being. The purpose of this research is to prove the relation of dispositional forgiveness and “fairness”, which is Kohlberg focused on in his theory of moral development of six stages. Nagy’s theory and some researches indicate that fairness is important in human’s psychological health. This research is enforced to university students, and marginal significance was indicated between fairness and dispositional forgiveness in total. However, no significant difference is observed between stages of moral development about dispositional forgiveness.

Disposition to forgive, as well as episodic forgiveness, is the subject of increasing interest by psychologists. Research shows that individuals witha high tendency to forgive are characterized by high self-esteem or empathy. On the other hand, those with low willingness to forgive report higher tendency to rumination and neuroticism. Such research is possible due to the scales measuring different aspects of tendency to forgive (e.g. oneself, others, situations), based on different conceptualizations, including different number of items, and having differentiated structure. The article presents an overview of questionnaires for studying the tendency to forgive – from scales containing situation scenarios, through one-factor-structure short scales to multidimensional scales. Dyspozycja do przebaczenia, podobnie jak przebaczenie epizodyczne, jest przedmiotem coraz częstszego zainteresowania wśród psychologów. Badania wskazują, że osoby z wysoką tendencją do przebaczenia charakteryzują się wysoką samooceną czy empatią, z kolei z niską gotowością do przebaczenia – większą tendencją do ruminacji i neurotycznością. Badania takie są możliwe dzięki skalom mierzącym różne aspekty skłonności do przebaczenia (np. sobie, innym, sytuacjom), opartym na różnych koncepcjach, czy wreszcie posiadających zróżnicowaną liczbę itemów i strukturę. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd narzędzi do pomiaru skłonności do przebaczenia – od skal zawierających scenariusze, poprzez skale krótkie, o jednoczynnikowej strukturze, do skal wielowymiarowych.

The research findings show the role of dispositional forgiveness in overcoming helplessness. The mechanism of psychotherapeutic effect of forgiveness is claimed to be related to its role in restoring the controllability of the situation. Individuals with higher proneness to forgiveness have been found to display engagement coping strategies, internal locus of control, optimism, mental health continuum. Thus forgiveness is claimed to be a personality resource of psychological well-being and self-efficacy.