17 results on '"freestanding membranes"'
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2. Switching Dynamics and Improved Efficiency of Free‐Standing Antiferroelectric Capacitors
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Umair Saeed, David Pesquera, Ying Liu, Ignasi Fina, Saptam Ganguly, José Santiso, Jessica Padilla‐Pantoja, José Manuel Caicedo Roque, Xiaozhou Liao, and Gustau Catalan
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antiferroelectrics ,freestanding membranes ,Kolmogorov‐Avrami‐Ishibashi model ,Rayleigh's coefficient ,Williamson‐Hall plot ,Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks ,TK452-454.4 ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
Abstract The switching dynamics of antiferroelectric lead zirconate (PbZrO3) freestanding capacitors compared to their epitaxial counterparts is reported. Frequency dependence of hysteresis indicates that freestanding capacitors exhibit a lower dispersion of switching fields, lower residual polarization, and faster switching response as compared to epitaxially‐clamped capacitors. As a consequence, freestanding capacitor membranes exhibit better energy storage density and efficiency.
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- 2024
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3. Sustainable Production of Ultrathin Ge Freestanding Membranes.
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Hanuš, Tadeáš, Ilahi, Bouraoui, Cho, Jinyoun, Dessein, Kristof, and Boucherif, Abderraouf
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Germanium (Ge) is a critical material for applications in space solar cells, integrated photonics, infrared imaging, sensing, and photodetectors. However, the corresponding cost and limited availability hinder its potential for widespread applications. However, using Ge freestanding membranes (FSMs) allows for a significant reduction in the material consumption during device fabrication while offering additional advantages such as lightweight and flexible form factor for novel applications. In this work, we present the Ge FSM production process involving sequential porous Ge (PGe) structure formation, Ge membrane epitaxial growth, detachment, substrate cleaning, and subsequent reuse. This process enables the fabrication of multiple high-quality monocrystalline Ge FSMs from the same substrate through efficient substrate reuse at a 100 mm wafer scale by a simple and low-cost chemical cleaning process. A uniform, high-quality PGe layer is produced on the entire recovered substrate. By circumventing the use of conventional high-cost chemical–mechanical polishing or even substantial chemical wet-etching, and by using an optimized PGe structure with reduced thickness, the developed process allows for both cost and an environmental impact reduction in Ge FSMs production, lowering the amount of Ge used per membrane fabrication. Moreover, this process employs large-scale compatible techniques paving the way for the sustainable production of group IV FSMs for next-generation flexible optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Design of a composite wound dressing: Combining an electrospun fleece with a free-standing multilayer film
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Adrian Hautmann, Tobias Hedtke, Sonia Sislema-Muñoz, Juliana Martins-Schalinski, Christian E.H. Schmelzer, and Thomas Groth
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Layer-by-Layer ,Electrospinning ,Wound Dressing ,Free-standing Film ,Freestanding Membranes ,Technology - Abstract
Chronic skin wounds place a heavy burden on patients and healthcare systems. To address this problem, we have developed a novel composite material consisting of an electrospun fleece and a free-standing multilayer film that combines the wound healing benefits of both materials. In detail a combination of spray coating and electrospinning is used to create a layer-by-layer film on top of a gelatin fleece, with a final thickness of about 1 mm. A gelatin fleece is partially crosslinked in formaldehyde vapor and 30 pH-sensitive bonding bilayers of partially oxidized hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan, followed by 120 bilayers of alginate and chitosan are sprayed on top. The resulting composite is crosslinked with genipin. Uncrosslinked and genipin crosslinked composites are compared to the unprocessed fleece and free-standing multilayer film. The spray coating method produces a stable composite, allows a fast growth of the film part und most importantly retains the nano-topography of the fleece side as confirmed by electron microscopy, profilometry, nano-tomography and dynamic mechanical analysis. To test biocompatibility, cell proliferation experiments with human dermal fibroblasts and THP-1 derived macrophages are performed, proliferative assays are accompanied by immunohistochemical staining and a pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine assay. The composite shows no cytotoxicity and is biocompatible in vitro. Furthermore, the electrospun fibers of the fleece act as a scaffold to highly promote cell adhesion and proliferation, while the modular design of the multilayer free-standing film, in combination with genipin crosslinking, allows the tuning of the anti-inflammatory effect by HA. Overall, the composite seems to be a promising starting point for the design of a novel wound dressing.
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- 2024
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5. Dynamic electrostatic assembly of polyelectrolytes and perfluorosurfactants into environmentally Adaptable, freestanding membranes with ultralow surface energy and surface adhesion.
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Cheng, Qianhui and Wang, Dayang
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SURFACE energy , *CONTACT angle , *SURFACE coatings , *STAINLESS steel , *WATER analysis , *POLYMER films , *ENERGY industries , *SURFACE charges - Abstract
[Display omitted] Integration of ultralow surface energy and surface functionality on one surface coatings is highly desirable in chemical and biomedical applications. However, it is a fundamental challenge to reduce surface energy without cost of surface functionality and vice versa. To address this challenge, the present work made use of the rapid and reversible change of surface orientation conformations of weak polyelectrolyte multilayers to create ionic, perfluorinated surfaces. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) chains and the micelles of sodium perfluorooctanoate (SPFO) were layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled into (SPFO/PAH) n multilayer films, which readily exfoliated to freestanding membranes. The static and dynamic surface wetting behaviors of the resulting membranes were studied by sessile drop technique and their surface charge behaviors in water by electrokinetic analysis. As-prepared (SPFO/PAH) n membranes exhibited ultralow surface energy in air; the lowest surface energy is 2.6 ± 0.5 mJ/m2 for PAH-capped surfaces and 7.0 ± 0.9 mJ/m2 for SPFO-capped surfaces. They readily became positively charged in water, which allowed not only effective adsorption of ionic species for further functionalization with subtle change in surface energy, but effective adhesion onto various solid substrates such as glass, stainless steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene to endorse the wide applicability of (SPFO/PAH) n membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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6. Patterned Mussel‐Inspired Freestanding Membranes as Efficient Delivery Device of Therapeutic Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair
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Maria P. Sousa, Catarina T. Passos, Marian Fürsatz, Haeshin Lee, Sónia G. Patrício, João F. Mano, and Sylvia Nürnberger
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adipose-derived stromal cells ,cartilage repair ,freestanding membranes ,layer-by-layer technology ,mussel-inspired chemistry ,surface topography ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Medical technology ,R855-855.5 - Abstract
Articular cartilage injuries are currently one of the world's top health concerns owing to its limited capacity of self‐renewal, thus raising to the economic burden in the healthcare system. Cell implantation strategies resorting to a suitable delivery platform hold a great promising approach to increase cell retention to be further supplied in a sufficient amount to the cartilage defects. So far, macromolecular engineering toolboxes for designing cell‐carrier devices with on‐demand cell delivery efficiency are rarely reported. Herein, anisotropically patterned mussel‐inspired membranes, comprising oppositely charged marine‐origin biopolymers (e.g., chitosan and alginate) combined in a multilayered fashion with catechol‐functionalized hyaluronic acid (DOPA‐HA), through electrostatically driven layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly approach, are developed. The seamless combination of nanotopography and catechol molecular cues in one single platform significantly augments ASC/TERT1 adhesion at the patterned DOPA‐HA membrane surface. These highest cell density membranes are further applied onto human chondral discs ex vivo models to evaluate their capability to act as cell delivery vehicles. Results show the successful cell migration and retention at cartilage surface, wherein they spread to inhabit both superficial empty lacunae and furrows. Therefore, the present study supplies an important strategy for designing cell delivery vehicles to be applied on cell‐based therapies.
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- 2023
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7. Wafer-scale Ge freestanding membranes for lightweight and flexible optoelectronics
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Tadeáš Hanuš, Bouraoui Ilahi, Alexandre Chapotot, Hubert Pelletier, Jinyoun Cho, Kristof Dessein, and Abderraouf Boucherif
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Germanium ,Porous substrate ,Freestanding membranes ,Epitaxial growth ,Layer transfer ,Substrate re-use ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,TA401-492 - Abstract
Semiconductor-based freestanding membranes (FSM) have recently emerged as a highly promising area of advanced materials research. Their unique properties, such as lightweight and flexibility, make them attractive for a wide range of disruptive device applications. However, the production of high-quality, single-crystalline FSM, especially from elemental materials such as germanium (Ge), remains a significant challenge. In this work, we report on the formation of easily detachable wafer-scale Ge FSM on porous Ge (PGe) substrate. The proposed method relies on low-temperature Ge epitaxy, allowing to preserve the porous structure's integrity during the FSM formation, and an easy substrate preparation for multiple reuses. Analysis of the surface morphology as a function of the deposited Ge thickness reveals that the FSM formation occurs in two distinct regimes. During the initial epitaxial regime, the Ge growth is governed by 3D nucleation on the PGe top surface. The nanoscale islands size increase, and consequent coalescence are found to increase the surface roughness up to a critical thickness, allowing full coalescence of islands into a 2D epilayer. The analysis of the membrane's surface morphology for various thicknesses shows continuous improvement, achieving sub nanometer surface roughness. Moreover, we demonstrate that the FSM formation process is applicable regardless the PGe porosity and thickness, while offering facile and sustainable substrate reconditioning for multiple FSM generation from the same substrate. Our findings open new opportunities to produce lightweight and flexible, high-performance optoelectronics based on Ge FSM, while ensuring reduction of both cost and critical materials consumption.
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- 2023
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8. Unveiling moiré-induced topological polar structures in freestanding ferroelectric membranes
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Santolino Gabriel Sanchez, Rouco Victor, Puebla Sergio, Aramberri Hugo, Zamora Victor, Cuellar Fabian, Munuera Carmen, Monpean Federico, García-Hernandez Mar, Castellanos-Gomez Andrés, Íñiguez Jorge, León Carlos, and Santamaría Jacobo
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ferroelectric ,freestanding membranes ,topological structures ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 ,Physiology ,QP1-981 ,Zoology ,QL1-991 - Published
- 2024
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9. Substrate engineering and advanced epitaxial growth for the production of group IV semiconductor freestanding membranes
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Boucherif, Abderraouf, Diallo, Thierno Mamoudou, Hanuš, Tadeáš, Boucherif, Abderraouf, Diallo, Thierno Mamoudou, and Hanuš, Tadeáš
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Semiconductor-based freestanding membranes (FSMs) have recently become central to the rapidly expanding frontiers of nanoscience and technology, and a highly promising area of advanced materials research. FSMs offer an extra degree of freedom for implementations that cannot be obtained by conventional methods such as heteroepitaxy, which often involves significant lattice mismatch in crystalline structures. Fabrication of FSMs from various materials allows for layer-by-layer stacking, enabling an easy coupling of the physical properties of dissimilar materials. Additionally, FSM structures offer unprecedented lightweight, and flexibility compared to conventional substrates. This demonstrates their high potential for the fabrication of novel applications, such as stretchable on-skin electronics or vertically stacked devices, flexible optoelectronics, etc., as well as a straightforward path for heterointegration. Furthermore, the use of FSMs provides significant cost savings in device production, especially for materials with orders of magnitude higher prices than that of silicon, as only a fraction of the material is being used when compared to conventional wafers. In this context, group IV materials FSM attract a lot of attention for their applications in high-performance optoelectronics and high-speed telecommunication, as well as for their biocompatibility and nontoxicity compared to III-V counterparts. However, the fabrication of high-quality group IV FSMs is still a challenging task. In this thesis, we demonstrate two promising paths for production of group IV FSMs using substrate engineering and advanced epitaxial growth. The first part of this work focuses on 2D-assisted epitaxy. We introduce the Anchor Point Nucleation approach enabling the growth of high-quality FSMs over a graphene-covered surface. Through plasma treatment defects, such as dangling bonds and nanoholes, are introduced in the graphene layer, acting as preferential nucleation sites., Les membranes autoportantes à base de semi-conducteurs (FSMs) sont récemment devenues cruciales pour l’expansion rapide de la nanoscience et de la technologie, représentant un domaine très prometteur de recherche avancée sur les matériaux. Les FSMs offrent un degré de liberté supplémentaire pour des mises en œuvre impossibles à obtenir par des méthodes conventionnelles telles que l’hétéroépitaxie de matériaux avec un désaccord de mailles cristallines très important. La fabrication de FSMs à partir de divers matériaux permet un empilement couche par couche, facilitant un couplage des propriétés physiques de matériaux différents. De plus, les structures FSMs offrent une légèreté et une flexibilité sans précédent par rapport aux substrats conventionnels. Cela démontre leur fort potentiel pour la fabrication de nouveaux dispositifs, notamment l’électronique sur la peau, les dispositifs empilés verticalement, l’optoélectronique flexible, etc., ainsi qu’une voie direct pour l’hétéro-intégration. De plus, l’utilisation de FSMs permet des économies significatives de coûts dans la production de dispositifs, en particulier pour des matériaux dont les prix sont plusieurs ordres de grandeur supérieurs à ceux du silicium, car seule une fraction du matériau est utilisée par rapport aux substrats conventionnels. Dans ce contexte, les FSMs de matériaux du groupe IV attirent beaucoup d’attention pour leurs applications dans l’optoélectronique haute performance et les dispositifs de télécommunication à haute vitesse tels que les guides d’ondes, les transmissions THz, les photodétecteurs et les lasers, ainsi que pour leur biocompatibilité et leur non-toxicité par rapport aux contreparties en matériaux III-V. Cependant, la fabrication de FSMs de haute qualité à partir des matériaux de groupe IV reste une tâche difficile. Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons deux voies prometteuses pour produire des FSMs du groupe IV en développant les méthodes de l’ingénierie des substrats et de la croiss
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- 2024
10. Self‐assembly of strongly amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles into freestanding membranes
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Mihali, Voichita, Honciuc, Andrei, Mihali, Voichita, and Honciuc, Andrei
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Amphiphilic nanoparticles can adsorb at interfaces between immiscible phases and form membranes. The ability to handle nanoparticle monolayers/bilayers as freestanding membranes independently from the interfaces on which they form can be of significant practical interest. Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) could generate membranes that have tunable pore size and are amphiphilic. Here it is shown how freestanding membranes from JNPs can be generated. First, strongly amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles that generate foams in surfactant-free conditions are synthesized. Upon drying the foam lamellae remain as freestanding membranes consisting of perfectly oriented bilayers or monolayers of JNPs, thus providing direct evidence of structural organization of amphiphiles in foam lamellae. The wet foam lamellae can be picked up on grids and upon drying generate freestanding membranes. Sturdy freestanding membranes by transferring monolayers of JNPs from the air–water interfaces onto grids with fine openings are also prepared.
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- 2023
11. Freestanding covalent organic framework membranes with enhanced proton perm-selectivity for flow batteries.
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Wu, Jun, Wang, Yixing, Wu, Yulin, Xu, Weiyi, Wang, Jiaqi, Li, Siyao, and Xu, Zhi
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FLOW batteries , *PROTON conductivity , *PROTONS , *STERIC hindrance , *HIGH voltages , *ENERGY storage - Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are attractive for energy storage applications, benefiting from the high safety and low cost. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with uniformly arranged rigid nanochannels are suitable for fabricating membranes implemented into AORFBs. However, most freestanding COF membranes are challenging to apply directly to flow batteries due to their insufficient mechanical strength. This work proposes a mechanochemistry-based method for fabricating freestanding COF membranes and a corresponding macromolecular suturing strategy to prepare membranes with excellent mechanical properties and enhanced proton conductivity. Through the steric hindrance effect of the introduced sulfonic acid group (-SO 3 H) functionalized chains, the ability of the membrane to block the crossover of redox couples is strengthened. Meanwhile, the –SO 3 H groups provide additional active sites, constructing a more continuous proton pathway. The optimized membrane exhibits a high voltage efficiency of 79.06% at 40 mA cm−2 and retains nearly 100% of its discharge capacity even after 100 cycles at 80 mA cm−2, outperforming the TpAzo membrane. This work offers a novel strategy to promote the utilization of COF membranes in flow battery applications. [Display omitted] • Freestanding covalent organic framework (COF) membranes modulated by sulfonated Polyetheretherketone were constructed. • The macromolecular suturing strategy was proposed to improve the membrane's mechanical properties and proton conductivity. • Efficient nanochannels of COF and introduced sites for proton conduction affect the ion transmembrane process. • The membrane achieved high efficiency in an acidic aqueous quinone-based redox flow battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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12. Gold recovery from E-waste using freestanding nanopapers of cellulose and ionic covalent organic frameworks.
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Xu, Qinqin, Du, Xing-Hao, Luo, Dan, Strømme, Maria, Zhang, Qian-Feng, and Xu, Chao
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ELECTRONIC waste , *CELLULOSE fibers , *PRECIOUS metals , *GOLD , *CELLULOSE , *ADSORPTION kinetics , *ION-permeable membranes , *ADSORPTION capacity - Abstract
[Display omitted] • The ionic COF had an high gold capture capacity from diluted aqueous solutions. • The gold capture process on the COF was extremely fast and highly selectively. • Freestanding nanopapers consisting of cellulose fibers and COF were prepared. • The nanopapers enabled efficient gold recovery from E-waste leaching solution. • The CF-COF nanopapers can be prepared with a relatively low cost. The ever-increasing production of electronic devices generates a huge amount of electronic waste (E-waste). Therefore, there is an urgent need for advanced recycling technology for E-waste that provides both economic and environmental benefits. Herein, we describe the preparation of flexible, freestanding CF-COF nanopapers consisting of cellulose fibers (CFs) and guanidinium-based ionic covalent organic framework (COF) that can be used for recovering gold from E-waste leaching solutions via a membrane separation technique. Due to the synergetic effects of physical adsorption, ion exchange and chemical reduction, the COF has an extremely high capture capacity (up to 1,794 mg of Au per gram of COF), is highly selective and has fast kinetics for adsorbing trace amounts of [AuCl 4 ]− in aqueous solution. The high COF loadings (∼50 wt%) and hierarchical porosity of the CF-COF nanopapers resulted in excellent performance when capturing gold species from the E-waste leaching solution. This study provides new possibilities for developing sustainable membrane materials, and highly efficient and cost-effective techniques for the recovery of precious metals from E-waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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13. Self-Formed, Conducting LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Micro-Membranes
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Sambri, Alessia, Scuderi, Mario, Guarino, Anita, Gennaro, Emiliano Di, Erlandsen, Ricci, Dahm, Rasmus T., Bjørlig, Anders V., Christensen, Dennis Valbjørn, Capua, Roberto Di, Ventura, Bartolomeo Della, Uccio, Umberto Scotti di, Mirabella, Salvatore, Nicotra, Giuseppe, Spinella, Corrado, Jespersen, Thomas S., Granozio, Fabio Miletto, Sambri, Alessia, Scuderi, Mario, Guarino, Anita, Gennaro, Emiliano Di, Erlandsen, Ricci, Dahm, Rasmus T., Bjørlig, Anders V., Christensen, Dennis Valbjørn, Capua, Roberto Di, Ventura, Bartolomeo Della, Uccio, Umberto Scotti di, Mirabella, Salvatore, Nicotra, Giuseppe, Spinella, Corrado, Jespersen, Thomas S., and Granozio, Fabio Miletto
- Abstract
The discovery of 2D conductivity at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface has been linking, for over a decade, two of the major current research fields in materials science: correlated transition-metal-oxide systems and low-dimensional systems. Notably, despite the 2D nature of the interfacial electron gas, the samples are 3D objects with thickness in the mm range. This prevented researchers so far from adopting strategies that are only viable for fully 2D materials, or from effectively exploiting degrees of freedom related to strain, strain gradient and curvature. Here a method based on pure strain engineering for obtaining freestanding LaAlO3/SrTiO3 membranes with micrometer lateral dimensions is demonstrated. Detailed transmission electron microscopy investigations show that the membranes are fully epitaxial and that their curvature results in a huge strain gradient, each layer showing a mixed compressive/tensile strain state. Electronic devices are fabricated by realizing ad hoc circuits for individual micro-membranes transferred on silicon chips. The samples exhibit metallic conductivity and electrostatic field effect like 2D-electron systems in bulk heterostructures. The results open a new path for adding oxide functionalities into semiconductor electronics, potentially allowing for ultra-low voltage gating of a superconducting transistors, micromechanical control of the 2D electron gas mediated by ferroelectricity and flexoelectricity, and on-chip straintronics.
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- 2020
14. Estratégias biomiméticas usando a técnica camada-a-camada para aplicações biomédicas e engenharia de tecidos
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Sousa, Maria José Peixoto de and Mano, João
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Polyssacharides ,Adhesiveness ,Wound healing ,Stimuli-responsive ,Extracellular matrix ,Layer-by-layer ,Articular cartilage ,Cellular differentiation ,Elastin-like polypeptides ,Biomedical applications ,Patterned topography ,Multilayer coatings ,Cellular allignment ,Tissue engineering ,Shape-memory ,Freestanding membranes - Abstract
The development of a suitable coating or material, which physico-chemical, mechanical or biological properties, that can be tailored according the features of the target tissue, has been gaining increased importance in biomedical and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) fields. Biomimetic strategies have contributed significantly for the progress of biomedical field during the last years. This is possible to be achieved at different levels: imitating Nature form or function and mimicking natural processes and systems are the most used biomimetic approaches. In this thesis, Layer-by-Layer (LbL) methodology was used as a hierarchical biomimetic tool to modify surfaces and to produce freestanding membranes based on polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). The possibility to functionalize or engineer biomaterials combined with the ability to incorporate a wide range of building blocks, makes LbL a powerful processing technique in the biomedical field. Synthetic polymers have been used to construct PEMs for biomedical and TERM applications; however, they lack often on adhesive cues for cell attachment and tissue growth. To overcome such issue, biomimetic synthetic polymers have been developed. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are a class of nature-inspired polymers, nonimmunogenic, genetically encodable and biocompatible. These materials are based on the repetition of short peptides considered to be building blocks in natural elastin and can include specific bioactive sequences, as the tripeptide Arginine-Glycine-Aspartame (RGD) known by promoting cell adhesion. For the first work of this thesis, ELPs were functionalized with azide and alkyne groups to introduce the reactivity required to carry out the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition under mild biocompatible conditions, with no toxic by-products and in short reaction times. This reaction was done by means of a LbL assembly, driven by covalent interactions instead of being driven by electrostatic interactions, obtaining a bioactive and biomimetic multilayer coating. Moreover, these polymers are characterized by a critical temperature, known as the transition temperature in aqueous solution (Tt), which is related with a conformational reorganization. Thus, below Tt the polymer chains were soluble in water and above Tt they formed nano- and micro-aggregates becoming insoluble in a reversible process, making these coatings stimuli-responsive. In the following chapters, several polysaccharides as chitosan (CHT), alginate (ALG), hyaluronic acid (HA) or chondroitin sulfate (CS) were used to produce freestanding structured membranes through LbL processes, mainly driven by electrostatic interactions. The use of PEMs containing biopolymers are particularly appealing to coat and develop multilayered structures with biochemical functionalities, biocompatibility, and to mimic the interactions observed in native extracellular matrix (ECM). CHI/CS multilayers were used throughout the thesis, revealing some unique properties, when compared with other polysaccharide-based multilayers, such as their elasticity and degradation rate. However, natural origin polymer-based multilayers present low stiffness and higher hydration rates, which hinder cell adhesion. To overcome this, the CHT/CS multilayers were crosslinked with genipin. This is also a natural product, that is extracted from gardenia fruits and presents the ability to improve the mechanical properties, while preserves the biocompatibility and even enhances the cell adhesive properties. The ability to tailor the multilayers properties can be applied during their assembly or postassembly. Upon adjusting cross-linking parameters (e.g., cross-linker concentration and reaction time) the morphology, thickness, water uptake, rate of biodegradation, mechanical properties and cell adhesive properties can be tuned. Studies of shape-memory of these multilayered films, presented promising results regarding their use in biomedical applications. The mechanical properties of the multilayers can be further improved combining covalent and ionic crosslinking, which gives rise to a full interpenetrating polymer network. More interesting, it was possible to create a well-organized patterned topography at the surface of the freestanding multilayered membrane, just by using a different underlying substrate. This strategy envisaged to mimic the topography of the ECM of some tissues, as bone, skin or nerves, creating grooves on the material’s surface at nanoscale. Using this approach, it was possible to control some cellular functions and behavior as alignment and differentiation. Further in this thesis and inspired by the composition of the adhesive proteins in mussels, freestanding multilayered membranes containing dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-DN) were produced. The presence of DN along with the thickness of the membranes presented better lap-shear adhesion strength than the control membranes (hyaluronic acid and alginate films – two polysaccharides often regarded as good natural adhesives – were assembled together). Moreover, in vitro tests showed an enhanced cell adhesion for the membranes containing HA-DN and ability to use such kind of membranes for different biomedical and TERM applications, particularly for bone regeneration and skin wound healing. Combining different biomimetic concepts, it was also possible to recreate the complex environment of osteoarthritic articular cartilage by preparing human circular discs of superficially damaged articular cartilage from human samples. Herein, the adhesive freestanding multilayered membranes were used as a vehicle to deliver human adipose stem cells (hASCs) to help to repair the damaged cartilage. hASCs temporarily adhered to the adhesive LbL-based membranes, and were transported to the cartilage discs, creating a bridge of cells between the membranes and the surface of the cartilage. The cells started to migrate into the defects of the cartilage, proliferating and secreting factors capable of repairing the cartilage. Overall, the developed work in this thesis shows that LbL is a very versatile technique that provides the means to develop a wide range of solutions to be useful in biomedical and TERM applications. O desenvolvimento de um revestimento ou material cujas propriedades físicoquímica, mecânicas ou biológicas podem ser modificadas de acordo com as propriedades do tecido alvo, tem ganho cada vez mais importância, nomeadamente para fins biomédicos e de engenharia de tecidos e medicina regenerativa. Durante os últimos anos, diferentes estratégias biomiméticas têm contribuído significativamente para o progresso destas áreas. Estas são possíveis de implementar a diferentes níveis: imitar formas e funções existentes na natureza ou mimetizar processos e sistemas naturais. Na presente tese, a técnica camada-a-camada (LbL) foi usada como uma ferramenta biomimética para modificar superfícies ou produzir membranas com base em múltiplas camadas de polieletrólitos. A crescente utilização desta técnica, concretamente na área biomédica, prende-se com a possibilidade de funcionalizar ou produzir biomateriais aliada à capacidade de incorporar uma gama alargada de blocos de construção. Aqui, diferentes polímeros sintéticos e naturais têm sido usados para construir estruturas multicamada; no entanto, a generalidade dos polímeros sintéticos não apresenta naturalmente locais de ligação e adesão celular. Para contornar este obstáculo, algumas modificações químicas aos polímeros sintéticos têm sido sugeridas e novos compostos têm sido desenvolvidos, inspirados na composição de sistemas naturais. Por exemplo, polipéptidos tipo-elastina (ELPs) são uma classe de polímeros inspirados na natureza, que apresentam propriedades não-imunogénicas e biocompatíveis, podendo ser geneticamente programados conforme desejado. A sua composição baseia-se na repetição de pequenos péptidos também presentes na elastina humana, com a possibilidade também de incorporar outras sequências bioativas especificas, como o tripéptido Arginina-GlicinaÁcido Aspártico (RGD), reconhecido por promover a adesão celular. Para esta tese foram produzidos ELPs, que mais tarde foram funcionalizados com grupos azida e alquino para introduzir a reatividade necessária para uma reação 1,3-dipolar de ciclo-adição se realizar em condições biocompatíveis, sem produtos tóxicos resultantes e em curtos tempos de reação. Esta reação foi realizada sob a técnica LbL, mas conduzida por interações covalentes ao invés de electroestáticas, para atuar como revestimento biomédico. Estes polímeros são ainda reconhecidos pela sua temperatura de transição (Tt) em solução aquosa, relacionada com uma reorganização conformacional da cadeia polimérica. Abaixo da Tt as suas cadeias poliméricas são solúveis, mas acima de Tt formam-se micro-agregados; este é um processo reversível que confere propriedades responsivas aos revestimentos. Nos seguintes capítulos, diferentes polissacarídeos como quitosano (CHT), alginato (ALG), sulfato de condroitina (CS) ou ácido hialurónico (HA), foram usados para produzir membranas multicamadas conduzidas maioritariamente via interações electroestáticas. Esta abordagem tem ganho cada vez mais importância para desenvolver materiais com funcionalidade bioquímica, biocompatibilidade e para mimetizar algumas interações observadas na matriz extracelular (ECM). Ao longo desta tese foram usadas membranas multicamada de CHT/CS; estes materiais revelaram algumas propriedades muito particulares, quando comparadas com outros sistemas de multicamada, como a sua elasticidade e taxas de degradação mais rápidas. No entanto, a baixa rigidez e maiores taxas de hidratação, que muitas vezes impedem a adesão celular, surgem frequentemente associados a sistemas multicamada compostos somente por polissacarídeos. Para contornar este obstáculo, as membranas multicamada de CHT/CS foram reticuladas com genipina. De notar que este composto é de origem natural, sendo extraído da fruta da gardénia; a pós-modificação das membranas com genipina resultou na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas e biocompatibilidade, e ainda, no aumentando das propriedades bio-adesivas. Na realidade, a possibilidade de modular as propriedades destes sistemas multicamada por reticulação química pode ser conseguida logo durante a adsorção de cada camada ou no fim do processo. Características dos biomateriais como a morfologia, espessura, taxas de adsorção de água ou biodegradação, propriedades mecânicas e biológicas podem ser moduladas ajustando certos parâmetros de reticulação (por exemplo, agente de reticulação, concentração ou tempo de reação). Para além do mais, estudos de memória de forma destas membranas multicamada mostraram resultados promissores, considerando o seu uso para fins biomédicos. As propriedades mecânicas destes sistemas foram melhoradas combinando as ligações electroestáticas já existentes com ligações covalentes conferidas pela reticulação química, dando origem a uma rede polimérica multicamada, mas interpenetrada. Na continuação deste trabalho foi possível criar uma topografia com padrão bem organizado na superfície das membranas, alterando somente o material onde efetuamos a deposição das multicamadas. Esta estratégia visou mimetizar a topografia da ECM de diferentes tecidos, como o osso, a pele ou os nervos, criando canais alinhados na superfície do material. Usando este tipo de materiais multicamada padronizados foi possível modular funções e comportamentos celulares como o alinhamento ou a diferenciação. Em seguida, inspirados pela composição das proteínas que conferem adesividade aos mexilhões, foram produzidas membranas multicamada contendo HA modificado com dopamina (DN). A presença de DN ao longo da espessura das membranas multicamada parece ter contribuído para uma melhor e maior força de adesão, quando comparadas com as membranas controlo (membranas multicamada CHT/HA e CHT/ALG). Para além do mais, os testes in vitro resultaram em uma significante melhoria da adesão celular às membranas contendo DN. Esta estratégia mostrou ser promissora para diferentes aplicações biomédicas e de engenharia de tecidos, particularmente para a regeneração de tecido ósseo e a cicatrização de feridas da pele. Combinando diferentes estratégias e conceitos biomiméticos, foi também possível recriar um sistema complexo associado à cartilagem articular e concretamente a doenças como a osteoartrite. Assim sendo, na última parte desta tese, estas membranas multicamada com propriedades adesivas foram utilizadas como veículo para transportar células estaminais humanas do tecido adiposo (hASCs) para o local onde a cartilagem se encontra danificada. A presença deste tipo de células tem sido utilizada como tratamento para cartilagem danificada. Aqui, hASCs aderiram temporariamente às membranas multicamada, e foram assim transportadas diretamente para discos de cartilagem humana danificada, permitindo a criação de uma ponte celular entre as membranas e a superfície da cartilagem. Desta forma, estas células começaram a proliferar na superfície da cartilagem começando a migrar para os defeitos (em profundidade), segregando fatores capazes de ajudar na reparação da cartilagem. No geral, o trabalho desenvolvido para a presente tese mostra a grande versatilidade da técnica LbL, que proporciona os meios necessários para desenvolver uma gama alargada de materiais, estratégias e soluções muito necessárias e promissoras para aplicações biomédicas e de engenharia de tecidos e medicina regenerativa. Programa Doutoral em Química
- Published
- 2019
15. Self‐Formed, Conducting LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 Micro‐Membranes
- Author
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Giuseppe Nicotra, Salvatore Mirabella, A. Sambri, Emiliano Di Gennaro, Mario Scuderi, Umberto Scotti di Uccio, Rasmus T. Dahm, Anders V. Bjørlig, Anita Guarino, Corrado Spinella, Fabio Miletto Granozio, Ricci Erlandsen, Dennis Christensen, Roberto Di Capua, Bartolomeo Della Ventura, Thomas S. Jespersen, Sambri, A., Scuderi, M., Guarino, A., Di Gennaro, E., Erlandsen, R., Dahm, R. T., Bjorlig, A. V., Christensen, D. V., Di Capua, R., Ventura, B. D., Scotti di Uccio, U., Mirabella, S., Nicotra, G., Spinella, C., Jespersen, T. S., and Miletto Granozio, F.
- Subjects
Materials science ,Silicon ,Flexoelectricity ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,LaAlO ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biomaterials ,Micrometre ,freestanding membranes ,Strain engineering ,freestanding membrane ,Electrochemistry ,oxide heterostructure ,oxides on silicon ,SrTiO ,business.industry ,Heterojunction ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Ferroelectricity ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Membrane ,Semiconductor ,chemistry ,strain engineering ,strain gradient ,Optoelectronics ,LaAlO /SrTiO ,oxide heterostructures ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The discovery of 2D conductivity at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface has been linking, for over a decade, two of the major current research fields in materials science: correlated transition-metal-oxide systems and low-dimensional systems. Notably, despite the 2D nature of the interfacial electron gas, the samples are 3D objects with thickness in the mm range. This prevented researchers so far from adopting strategies that are only viable for fully 2D materials, or from effectively exploiting degrees of freedom related to strain, strain gradient and curvature. Here a method based on pure strain engineering for obtaining freestanding LaAlO3/SrTiO3 membranes with micrometer lateral dimensions is demonstrated. Detailed transmission electron microscopy investigations show that the membranes are fully epitaxial and that their curvature results in a huge strain gradient, each layer showing a mixed compressive/tensile strain state. Electronic devices are fabricated by realizing ad hoc circuits for individual micro-membranes transferred on silicon chips. The samples exhibit metallic conductivity and electrostatic field effect like 2D-electron systems in bulk heterostructures. The results open a new path for adding oxide functionalities into semiconductor electronics, potentially allowing for ultra-low voltage gating of a superconducting transistors, micromechanical control of the 2D electron gas mediated by ferroelectricity and flexoelectricity, and on-chip straintronics.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Rolled-up tubes and cantilevers by releasing SrRuO₃-Pr₀̣₇Ca₀̣₃MnO₃ nanomembranes
- Author
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Deneke, C., Wild, E., Boldyreva, K., Baunack, S., Cendula, P., Mönch, I., Simon, M., Malachias, A., Dörr, K., and Schmidt, O.G.
- Subjects
ferroic oxides ,freestanding membranes ,Chemistry & allied sciences ,ddc:540 ,strain engineering ,rolled-up nanotubes and microtubes - Abstract
Three-dimensional micro-objects are fabricated by the controlled release of inherently strained SrRuO3/ Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 nanometer-sized trilayers from SrTiO3(001) substrates. Freestanding cantilevers and rolled-up microtubes with a diameter of 6 to 8 μm are demonstrated. The etching behavior of the SrRuO3 film is investigated, and a selectivity of 1:9,100 with respect to the SrTiO3 substrate is found. The initial and final strain states of the rolled-up oxide layers are studied by X-ray diffraction on an ensemble of tubes. Relaxation of the sandwiched Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 layer towards its bulk lattice parameter is observed as the major driving force for the roll-up of the trilayers. Finally, μ-diffraction experiments reveal that a single object can represent the ensemble proving a good homogeneity of the rolled-up tubes. PACS: 81.07.-b; 68.60.-p; 68.37.Lp; 81.16.Dn.
- Published
- 2011
17. Rolled-up tubes and cantilevers by releasing SrRuO3-Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 nanomembranes
- Author
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Christoph Deneke, Ksenia Boldyreva, Peter Cendula, Kathrin Dörr, M. Simon, Stefan Baunack, Angelo Malachias, Elisabeth Wild, Ingolf Mönch, and Oliver G. Schmidt
- Subjects
Diffraction ,ferroic oxides ,Materials science ,Cantilever ,Nano Express ,Oxide ,Nanochemistry ,Nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,rolled-up nanotubes and microtubes ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,freestanding membranes ,Strain engineering ,Lattice constant ,chemistry ,Materials Science(all) ,Homogeneity (physics) ,strain engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Selectivity - Abstract
Three-dimensional micro-objects are fabricated by the controlled release of inherently strained SrRuO3/Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3/SrRuO3 nanometer-sized trilayers from SrTiO3(001) substrates. Freestanding cantilevers and rolled-up microtubes with a diameter of 6 to 8 μm are demonstrated. The etching behavior of the SrRuO3 film is investigated, and a selectivity of 1:9,100 with respect to the SrTiO3 substrate is found. The initial and final strain states of the rolled-up oxide layers are studied by X-ray diffraction on an ensemble of tubes. Relaxation of the sandwiched Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 layer towards its bulk lattice parameter is observed as the major driving force for the roll-up of the trilayers. Finally, μ-diffraction experiments reveal that a single object can represent the ensemble proving a good homogeneity of the rolled-up tubes. PACS: 81.07.-b; 68.60.-p; 68.37.Lp; 81.16.Dn.
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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