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The article aims at studying the results of and prospects for the further implementation of the European Green Deal, a roadmap for sustainable nature management. The research results prove the expediency of implementing the European Green Deal aimed at providing balanced nature management amidst decentralization processes. Taking into consideration the content of the "European Green Deal" communiqu? provisions presented by the European Commission, the key areas for its implementation are presented. In particular, such areas are as follows: modernization and transformation of the economy in order to improve the climate; production of clean, affordable and safe energy; mobilization of industry towards a circular economy; intensification of the transiting to sustainable and intelligent mobility; development of a fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system for the population. It is substantiated that the effective implementation of the Green Deal ideas requires national public authorities to form a holistic vision of the stages of its multilevel implementation, with respect to the economic, social and environmental peculiarities of modern Ukraine. Such an implementation requires an urgent and extensive public discussion of its key points. It has been proved that at the level of legislation and rule-making it is necessary to take a whole range of measures to update the current legal provisions concerning the environment, as well as to adopt a number of qualitatively new ones that would fully comply with the EU policy. In fact, a new paradigm for the development of the Ukrainian state and society in the coming years should center on the standardization and environmentalization of economic, political and legal institutional foundations of their functioning

Od kilku lat liczba straży gminnych zmniejsza się. W ostatnich pięciu latach rozwiązano ponad sto jednostek, czyli jedną szóstą ich ogólnej liczby. Z jednej strony, nie brakuje opinii, że dotychczasowa formuła straży się wyczerpała, a w przestrzeni publicznej ponownie zaistniały postulaty likwidacji instytucji. Z drugiej, podnoszony jest postulat poszerzenia katalogu jej zadań i utworzenia policji municypalnych. W cieniu tych skrajnych stanowisk projektowana jest najważniejsza od lat reforma straży, która ma zapobiec dalszemu zmniejszaniu się ich liczby. W artykule przedstawiono wieloaspektową problematykę funkcjonowania straży, wskazując na najważniejsze stojące przed nią problemy i wyzwania. Przeprowadzona analiza wskazuje, że zachodzące na poziomie lokalnym zmiany społeczno-kulturowe potwierdzają funkcjonalność straży. For several years, the number of municipal guards has been decreasing. Over one hundred units have been disbanded in the last five years, which is one-sixth of their total number. On the one hand, there are many opinions that the existing formula has been exhausted, with some calling for the liquidation of the institution. On the other, it is argued that the guards should perform a broader range of tasks and that municipal polices should be created. Against the backdrop of these extreme positions, the guards’ most important reform in years has been designed, aiming to prevent further reduction of their number. The article presents a multi-faceted issue of the functioning of the force, specifying the most important problems and challenges it is currently facing. The analysis indicates that socio-cultural changes at the local level confirm the functionality of the guards.

Zagrożenia społeczne wpływają w sposób istotny na styl życia i bezpieczeństwo jednostek oraz całych grup społecznych, również na poziomie lokalnym. Rozwiązania tego typu problemów mogą polegać na kreowaniu możliwości rozwojowych i efektywnym rozwiązywaniu problemów społecznych, zwłaszcza w wymiarze socjalnym, poprzez właściwe wkomponowanie w sferze bezpieczeństwa powszechnego przedsięwzięć z zakresu wsparcia socjalnego i społecznego oraz przeciwdziałania patologiom społecznym. Przy realizacji tego typu przedsięwzięć wykorzystuje się podejście projektowe. Celem artykułu jest ocena praktycznego wykorzystania koncepcji dojrzałości projektowej organizacji w procesie zarządzania projektami na rzecz bezpieczeństwa lokalnego w instytucjach publicznych. Metodą badawczą wykorzystywaną w niniejszym opracowaniu jest krytyczny przegląd koncepcji i poglądów występujących we współczesnej literaturze przedmiotu. Wskazano na propozycje rozwiązań, m.in. traktowanie podejścia procesowego jako procesu oraz stosowanie modeli dojrzałości projektowej do oceny zdolności i wiarygodności jako warunków dostępu do środków publicznych. Social threats significantly affect the lifestyle and safety of individuals as well as whole social groups, also at the local level. Solutions to this type of problems may consist in creating opportunities for development and effective solving of social problems, especially in the social dimension through proper incorporation of undertakings which ensure social and community support in the sphere of public safety, and through counteracting social pathologies. During the implementation of such undertakings the project approach is used. The aim of the paper is to assess the practical use of the concept of project maturity of an organisation in the process of managing local security projects in public institutions. The research method used in this paper is a critical review of concepts and views found in contemporary literature on the subject. Suggestions for solutions are indicated, including treating the process approach as a process and using project maturity models to assess capability and reliability as conditions for access to public funds. Soziale Risiken haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Lebensweise und die Sicherheit von Einzelpersonen und ganzen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, auch auf lokaler Ebene. Lösungen für solche Probleme können in der Schaffung von Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten und der wirksamen Lösung sozialer Probleme, insbesondere in der sozialen Dimension, durch eine angemessene Ein-beziehung von Unternehmen im Bereich der sozialen und gesellschaftlichen Unterstützung und der Bekämpfung sozialer Pathologien. Bei der Umsetzung solcher Projekte wird ein projektbezo-gener Ansatz verwendet. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die praktische Anwendung des Konzepts der organisatorischen Projekt-reife im Prozess des Projektmanagements für lokale Sicherheit in öffentlichen Einrichtungen zu bewerten. Die, in dieser Studie angewandte Forschungsmethode ist eine kritische Überprüfung von Konzepten und Ansichten, die in der Gegenwartsliteratur zu diesem Thema zu finden sind. Es wurden Lösungsvorschläge unterbreitet, darunter die Behandlung des Prozessansatzes als Pro-zess und die Verwendung von Projektreife-Modellen zur Bewertung von Kapazität und Zuverläs-sigkeit als Voraussetzung für den Zugang zu öffentlichen Mitteln. Социальные угрозы существенным образом влияют на образ жизни и безопасность отдельных лиц и целых социальных групп, в том числе на местном уровне. Решение такого рода задач может заключаться в создании возможностей для развития и эф- фективного решения социальных проблем, путем надлежащего внедрения в сферу безопасности мероприятий в области социальной поддержки и развития, а также противодействия социальным патологиям в сфере общественной безопасности. При реализации таких проектов используется проектный подход. Целью статьи яв- ляется оценка практического использования концепции проектной зрелости орга- низации в процессе управления проектами по обеспечению безопасности в госу- дарственных учреждениях на местном уровне. Метод исследования, используемый в данной статье, представляет собой критический обзор концепций и взглядов, встречающихся в современной научной литературе по данному вопросу. В статье указаны также предложения разных решений, в том числе рассмотрение процесс- ного подхода как процесса, а также использование моделей зрелости управления проектами для оценки факторов способности и надежности – условий доступа к го- сударственным средствам.

Local communities in many countries are working hard to improve the level of sustainable development. It is important to pursue an appropriate development policy at the local level, including security policy in order to eliminate social, economic, political and environmental threats. Considering the above, it can be concluded that the main objective of the article is to analyze the relationship between the effectiveness of the local security policy, reflected in the high sense of security of the inhabitants of rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province (territorial unit in Poland), and the level of achieving sustainable development goals by the districts inhabited by them. As a research method, we used a survey and conducted it in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province. From all the empirical material, only records concerning rural areas were selected. Then a synthetic measure was constructed from the total of the obtained results. It has shown that the analyzed districts represent an integrated measure of development significantly in the analysis. This means that within one administrative unit (province), the area of areas significantly varies with proving ground development. The analysis of the statistical correlation proves the lack of a statistically significant correlation between the effectiveness of the local security policy and the level of sustainable local development in the rural areas of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province. So far, no research has been carried out on the effectiveness of local security policy and the sustainable development of rural areas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province. The conducted research is an analysis based on a wide range of towels influencing the sustainable development of the region., {"references":["Gierszewski, J., Siemiątkowski, P. and Urbanek, A. (2020) 'Local Security in the Idea of Sustainable Development', European Research Studies Journal, XXIII(2), pp. 405–420. doi: 10.35808/ersj/1600.","Siemiątkowski, P. (2017) 'External Financial Security of the European Union Member States outside the Eurozone', Journal of International Studies, 1(10), pp. 84–95. doi: 10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-4/6.","Siemiątkowski, P. et al. (2019) 'ASSESSMENT OF BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE SECURITY SYSTEM OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES', Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, pp. 617–635. doi: 10.9770/jssi.2019.9.2(20).","Siemiątkowski, P. et al. (2020) 'The Assessment of the Local Security Policy Efficiency', European Research Studies Journal, 23(3), pp. 217–237. doi: https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1634.","Siemiątkowski, P. and Marszałek-Kawa, J. (2020) 'The implementation of the sustainable development goals at the local level. The case of the districts of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province', Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 6(2), pp. 1–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-2-1-8.","Siemiątkowski, P. and Tomaszewski, P. (2020) Lokalny wymiar polityki bezpieczeństwa. Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK."]}

Güney Avrupa’da yer alan Akdeniz’e kıyı ülkelerden biri olan İtalya, Avrupa Birliği’nin önemli ülkelerden biridir. Avrupa Birliği’nin temelleri Roma’da imzalanan Demir-Çelik Birliği Antlaşması ile atılmıştır. AB giriş sürecinde olan Türkiye birçok alanda reform yaparak Birlik standartlarını ülkeye uyarlamaya başlamıştır. Bu alanlardan biri de kolluk alanında yapılan reformlardır. Bu kapsamda illerde ve yerel idareler ile görev yapan kolluk güçlerinin yönetimle ilişkileri bağlamında projeler yapılmış ve örnek ülkelere çalışma ziyaretleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece haklın ve sivil toplumun yönetime katılımını sağlamanın yanında kolluk üzerinde sivil yönetimin etkin hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kısaca; İçişleri Bakanlığının uyguladığı İç Güvenlik Sektörünün Sivil Gözetiminin Geliştirilmesi/Güçlendirilmesi Projesi kapsamında yapılan çalışma ziyareti ile İtalya’daki güvenlik teşkilatının yapısı ve Valilik teşkilatına örnek olmak üzere Roma Valiliği’nin yapısı ve fonksiyonları, burada uygulanan yerel yönetim ve güvenlik uygulamaları incelenmiştir. The one of the most important members of EU Italy, located on the sout of Europe Continent and on shore of Mediterranean Sea. The foundation EU started by the Agreement of Iron and Steel in 1955 in The Rome. With the accession of The EU Process, Turkey has been made various reforms in many fields. One of these field is law enforcement area. There have been made multi projects on that field. One of the most impotrant project is Turkey Ministry of Interior’s Developement/Empowerment of Civil Oversight on The Internal Security Sector Project. In this context with the runing project it has been visited some European countries, suc as Italy, UK, Portigal. Furthermore, it’s been learned the functions of instutions of local administrations and internal security forces. Hence, that also been relaized the relationship between local autorities and law enforcement in Italy. Moreover by visiting The Governorate of The Rome it was rivaving the sistem of local functions and proceses. To summarize, in this text all the explananations been wrote before, it is hopped that unvail the local sistem of Italy and its local administation sistem with its running local security system.

El Municipio de Castilla La Nueva es uno de los lugares líderes en el sector petrolero en el departamento del Meta, cuya problemática principal eran los altos índices en temas como la delincuencia común, hurtos a entidades públicas, viviendas privadas y la incansable perdida frecuentes de motocicletas. Esta situación llevó a las autoridades a replantear una nueva estrategia de seguridad, apoyado en la ciudadanía y en los demás entes que realizan un trabajo constante para el fortalecimiento de la seguridad en el municipio. Los resultados observados con una cultura ciudadana con base a la seguridad son altamente satisfactorios, contando siempre con un trabajo mancomunado de 3 pilares. (Autoridad local- ciudadanía – Sectores privados). The Municipality of Castilla La Nueva is one of the leading places in the oil sector in the department of Meta, whose main problem was the high rates on issues such as common crime, thefts to public entities, private homes and the tireless frequent loss of motorcycles . This situation led the authorities to rethink a new security strategy, supported by citizens and other entities that work constantly to strengthen security in the municipality. The results observed with a citizen culture based on security are highly satisfactory, always counting on a joint work of 3 pillars. (Local authority - citizenship - Private sectors).

This thesis seeks to determine how the United States should facilitate and advise the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) regarding local Afghan security forces. Through in-depth analysis of relevant case studies (Afghan Local Police, Indian Territorial Army, Peruvian Rondas Campesinas, Afghan Arbakai), this thesis gleans critical lessons, positive and negative, to inform the development of an appropriate local security program for modern-day Afghan society. Given Afghanistan’s tribal nature, challenging geography, and the inability of GIRoA to secure its population with national forces, there is a need for effective local security elements that can protect their communities without challenging the survival of the central government. When developing local security elements, GIRoA should incorporate traditional governance, establish an appropriate link between local security elements and the military, and adapt force structures to judiciously selected areas. Additionally, GIRoA should create training and employment regimens for local security elements that preserve their intended use as small, defensive forces and impose minimal disruption to community life. http://archive.org/details/localsecurityina1094561233 Major, United States Army Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Varnost v sodobnem svetu predstavlja pomembno vrednoto našega življenja. Živeti v varnem okolju je dandanes velikega pomena in nam ponuja svobodno in umirjeno življenje. Varnost se opredeli in zaključi pri posamezniku, pri katerem je bistveno, da se v družbi in kraju bivanja počuti varno. Lokalna skupnost je temelj varnostnega sistema, saj je varnost v njej posledično pomembna vrednota za varnost na državnem nivoju. Naravne nesreče in kriminaliteta so danes glavni problemi, s katerimi se ukvarjajo odgovorni za varnost, in prav varnost je tista, ki ji je treba dajati večji poudarek. V lokalni skupnosti za varnost skrbijo različni varnostni subjekti, policiji kot glavnemu sledijo še občinsko redarstvo in druge službe odgovorne za zagotavljanje varnosti. Živimo v času, ko se tehnologija razvija in sorazmerno hitro prihaja do novih groženj. V diplomski nalogi je predstavljena varnost Občine Vrhnika, ki spada med srednje velike občine in leži na obrobju Ljubljane. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da kriminaliteta na Vrhniki upada in se iz leta v leto manjša število kaznivih dejanj. Povečujejo pa se naravne in prometne nesreče, ki jim bo treba posvetiti več pozornosti. Pomembno je seznanjenje občanov z različnimi podatki okoli njihove varnosti. Kljub temu da obstaja veliko podatkov o dogajanju na območju Občine Vrhnika, smo lahko priča tveganju in ogrožanju varnosti ljudi. Kljub osveščanju o dogajanju na območju prihaja do različnega tveganja in s tem ogrožanja varnosti. Poleg vsega je zelo pomembno, da so ljudje seznanjeni z delom policije, predvsem v svojem okraju, saj je le-to ključno za varnost. In the modern world, security represents an important value in our lives. Living in a safe environment is of great importance, as it awards us with a life full of freedom and peace of mind. The term security is defined and delineated by an individual who wishes to feel safe both in the society he lives in as well as in his place of residence. The local community is the foundation of the security system, as community itself is key for the security at the state level as well. Today, natural disasters and crime are the main problems with which those responsible for security deal with, and crime is the issue that needs to be given more emphasis. In the local community, various security entities take care of its safety the police is aided by municipal security and other services responsible. We live in a time when the development of technology is skyrocketing, and thus, new threats are becoming apparent every single day. This diploma thesis presents the security of the municipality of Vrhnika which belongs in the category of medium-sized municipalities and lies on the outskirts of Ljubljana. It was found that crime in Vrhnika is decreasing and that the number of criminal offenses decreases each year. However, natural and traffic accidents are on the rise, and greater attention to these issues is required. It is important to familiarize citizens with various information about their safety. In spite of the fact that there is a lot of information about the events in the Vrhnika area, we were able to witness the risk and endangerment of people's safety. Despite raising awareness of the situation, various hazards are still present which are a threat to security. In addition, it is very important that people become familiar with the work of the police, especially in their own district, as this is the key to security.

Using surveys and administrative data from post-war Liberia, the hypothesis that peacekeeping deployments build peace "from the bottom up" through contributions to local security and local economic and social vitality was tested. The hypothesis reflects official thinking about how peacekeeping works via "peacebuilding." A quasi-experiment was created by applying coarsened exact matching to administrative data used in mission planning, identifying sets of communities that were similarly likely to receive peacekeeping bases. The analysis finds nothing to support claims that deployments increase local security and finds only modest effects on economic or social vitality. Nongovernmental organizations tend to work in areas where deployments are not present, contrary to the hypothesis. Thus, it is less likely that peacekeepers build peace from the bottom up, leaving mechanisms such as signaling and deterrence at the level of leaders as worthy of more attention. For policy, peacekeeping missions should reevaluate their methods for providing local security.

The aim of the study is to present the results of a quantitative research study entitled“Security in Cracow”, which investigated the fear of crime among the city’s citizensin the years 2014–2016. Under the Agreement for Security concluded between the Cityof Cracow and the Jagiellonian University in 2014, the survey is held two times each year.Both the Agreement and the concept of the presented research arose from the moralpanic that was visible in Cracow in the second half of 2013, following several casesof serious offences committed by football hooligans and a widely publicised homicideof a young student in September 2013.Empirical analysis of the fear of crime faces numerous theoretical and methodolo -gical problems. For the purpose of the present research, an operational definition of fearof crime was adopted, according to which fear of crime is similar to the psychologicalconstruct of attitude, comprised of three components: cognitive, affective and be -havioural. The research was additionally intended to verify the selected hypotheseson the causes of fear of crime, that is the victimisation hypothesis, the vulnerabilityhypothesis and the reduction of social control hypothesis.The research was conducted via telephone interviews (CATI, Computer AssistedTelephone Interviews) six times – in March and September 2014 (N = 1815 andN = 1770), June and September 2015 (N = 1808 and N = 1811), April and September2016 (N = 1820 and N = 1803). The sample was representative for the gender, ageand the district of the city’s residents. The questionnaire included 33 items: 13 itemson the demographic and social participants’ characteristics, and 20 concerning:a) prob lems and threats encountered in Cracow, b) the respondents’ sense of safetyin Cracow, their district of residence and the nearest surroundings, c) victimisation,the likelihood of becoming a victim to a crime, the means adopted to prevent crime,and d) the attitudes towards the services responsible for security and public order.To measure the fear of crime, an index was constructed based on the questionnaireitems referring to its three components. In the light of the results of the past six roundsof the study, the level of the citizens’ fear can be estimated as low. However, a moderatelysized group of citizens was identified whose fear of crime was at a considerable leveland who – in future research – ought to be addressed in a more qualitative manner toexplore the underlying causes of their fear.Evidence was found to support the victimisation hypothesis, according to whichfear of crime is correlated with the experience of being an actual victim of a crime.Additionally, the vulnerability hypothesis that claims fear of crime results fromperceiving oneself as a potential target of criminal activity was partially corroboratedin the light of the obtained results. Evidence was found to support the fear of crimeparadox with reference to gender, though not to age differences. Finally, the reductionof the social control hypothesis states that fear of crime is related to the condition andstrength of the local communities. The obtained results suggest that the respondents’fear of crime is correlated with the perceived disorder in the nearest surroundings, butno evidence has been found that it is related to the disintegration of neighbourhoodties.Fear of crime remains an important social issue which influences the quality ofcitizens’ lives on the individual (personal) level, the level of local communities and onthe macrosocial one. To maximise citizens’ security, it is essential to undertake actionsaddressed to the objective (minimisation of threats and/or dangers) and subjective(focus on citizens’ sense of safety) understanding of safety.The research in question is unique on both the national and the internationallevel. Periodical analyses of this sort based on the same research questionnaire providea rare opportunity to investigate temporal and spatial dynamics of the phenomenonin question. The authors believe that the presented research will contribute to scientificdiscussion concerning the methods of measuring fear of crime and will allow the safety stakeholders to recognise the need for research-based community crime prevention programmes.

Na problem postawiony w tytule można spojrzeć z różnych punktów widzenia. Można rekomendacje dla Policji formułować z perspektywy oczekiwań polskiego społeczeństwa (społeczności lokalnych), wyników badań empirycznych nad lokalną koordynacją działań na rzecz bezpieczeństwa, doświadczeń innych krajów lub z perspektywy strategii i filozofii community-oriented policing . Lokalne działania na rzecz bezpieczeństwa rozumiane będą szeroko, z uwzględnieniem prewencji pierwszego, drugiego i trzeciego stopnia. Należy zastrzec, że część sformułowanych niżej postulatów można zrealizować wyłącznie przy zmianie powszechnie obowiązującego prawa. W takiej sytuacji Policja może wyłącznie lobbować za określonym rozwiązaniem. Punkt wyjścia w rekomendacjach stanowi przyjęcie, że na poziomie powiatów/ miast na prawach powiatu koordynacją powinny się zajmować powiatowe komisje bezpieczeństwa i porządku, choć w praktyce komisje realizują swe funkcje w sposób niedostateczny i są wtedy zastępowane przez inne instytucje. Faktycznie na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce wspólne działania koordynują samorządy lokalne, Policja, straże miejskie, organizacje pozarządowe, szkoły. Zdarza się również, że nie podejmuje starań w tym względzie, a każda instytucja zajmuje się wyłącznie realizacją własnych zadań. Problem posed in the title can be viewed from different points of view. Recommendations for the police can be formed from the perspective of Polish society’s expectations, the results of empirical studies of the efforts of local coordination for security, the experiences of other countries or from the perspective of strategy and philosophy of community-oriented police. Local safety actions are widely understood here, including the prevention of the first, second and third degree. It should be stipulated that part of the following demands can be fulfilled only by changing current laws. In this situation, police can only lobby for a specific solution. The starting point in recommendations was that at the level of districts / cities with district rights, coordination should be performed by district committees of safety and order, though in practice those committees carry out their functions in an insufficient manner and are often replaced by other institutions. In fact, at a local level in Poland, joint actions are coordinated by local governments, police, local police, NGOs, schools. There are also some occurrences when they do not take the effort in this regard and each institution is only exercising its respective responsibilities.

Niniejsza książka jest wynikiem projektu realizowanego w latach 2010 – 2014 przez zespół badawczy w Katedrze Socjologii Prawa Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Głównym celem projektu było zbadanie procesu koordynacji lokalnych działań na rzecz bezpieczeństwa, zwracając szczególną uwagę na zapobieganie przestępczości, by określić czynniki wpływające na ten proces, jak również identyfikując dobre europejskie praktyki, które mogą zostać użyte w celu jego poprawy. W tym kontekście główny problem odnosi się do roli prawa i instytucji utworzonych na podstawie przepisów prawnych w celu zapewnienia skutecznej koordynacji. W związku z rozwiązaniami prawnymi obowiązującymi w Polsce, skupiono się głównie na ocenie regulaminów powiatowych komisji bezpieczeństwa i porządku i powiatowych programów zapobiegania przestępczości, bezpieczeństwa publicznego i bezpieczeństwa obywateli, jak i ich funkcjonowania. Badanie zostało zaplanowane zgodnie z paradygmatem „nowego realizmu prawnego”, który obejmują następującą triadę: teoria prawna – badania empiryczne – polityka prawa. Dlatego też badanie miało charakter interdyscyplinarny, gdyż obejmuje analizę z punktu widzenia doktryny prawa, socjologii prawa i kryminologii. W celu opracowania wyników badań empirycznych zostały wykorzystane obie metody ilościowe i jakościowe. Projekt składał się z następujących etapów: - krytyczna analiza obowiązujących przepisów prawnych i literatury prawniczej odnoszącej się do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa w dzielnicach; - analiza zawartości raportów o funkcjonowaniu powiatowych komisji bezpieczeństwa i porządku i powiatowych programów; - kwestionariusz wysłany pocztą do starostów i prezydentów miast na prawach powiatu w celu poznania lokalnych praktyk i opinii dotyczących koordynacji działań lokalnych i obowiązujących przepisów prawa; - badania terenowe przeprowadzone w 52 powiatach, z czego 20 została celowo wybrana ze względu na wyjątkową skuteczność koordynacji działań na rzecz bezpieczeństwa, podczas gdy pozostałe 32 zostały wybrane losowo (2 powiaty z każdego województwa). Pogłębione wywiady były prowadzone w każdym powiecie z kluczowymi podmiotami, których zadaniem jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa. Ta grupa zawsze składała się z przedstawiciela samorządu, administracji i policji, podczas gdy inni respondenci zostali wybrani na podstawie lokalnych warunków, na przykład przedstawiciel organizacji pozarządowej, straży miejskiej, lub ośrodka pomocy społecznej. Jeśli chodzi o europejskie badania porównawcze, to kraje zostały wybrane ze względu na osiągnięcia w dziedzinie zapobiegania przestępczości na poziomie lokalnym i różnorodności metod stosowanych w celu koordynacji tych działań. This book is a result of a project implemented between 2010 and 2014 by a research team at the Chair of the Sociology of Law of the Faculty of Law and Administration at the Jagiellonian University (http://www.koordynacja.confer.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/start-en). The main objective of the project was to explore the process of coordinating local actions aiming at ensuring safety in Poland, while paying particular attention to crime prevention, to determine factors influencing this process, as well as to identify the methods that could be used to improve this process using European good practices. The major issue in this respect relates to the role of law and institutions established on the basis of legal rules in ensuring efficient coordination. Due to legal solutions being in force in Poland, a focus was mainly set on assessing the rules governing district safety and order committees and district crime prevention (hereinafter referred to as the “DSOC”), public order and citizen safety programmes, as well as on their functioning. Districts are second-level local government units comprising of municipalities and forming parts of larger units, i.e. provinces. There were 379 districts or cities with district rights (county boroughs) in Poland at the time of the research. The research was planned in accordance with the “new legal realism” paradigm that comprises the following triad: legal theory – empirical research – politics of law. Therefore, the research was of interdisciplinary nature, as it included an analysis in terms of legal doctrine, sociology of law and criminology. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in order to develop the results of empirical research. The project consisted of the following stages: – critical analysis of legal provisions in force and legal literature relating to ensuring safety in the districts; – content analysis of reports on the functioning of all district safety and order committees and all district programmes; – a questionnaire sent by mail to the district governors and mayors of cities with district rights in order to learn about local practices and opinions on the coordination of local actions and the applicable law; – field research conducted in 52 districts, out of which 20 were selected purposely due to outstanding and particularly efficient coordination of actions in the field of safety, while the remaining 32 were selected randomly (2 districts from each province). In-depth interviews were conducted in each district with key entities tasked with ensuring safety. This group always included a representative of the local government, administration and Police forces, while other respondents were selected on the basis of local circumstances, e.g. a representative of non-governmental organisation, municipal police or social welfare centre. – European comparative research. Situation in the selected European countries was characterised in accordance with the common guidelines. These countries were selected with regard to accomplishments in the field of crime prevention at the local level and variety of methods used to coordinate these actions. – making recommendations on the basis of research conducted in Poland and foreign solutions as regards amending legal provisions and adopting new organisational solutions for coordinating local actions for safety, with a particular focus on crime prevention at the district level.

Research conducted using the content analysis method shows that reports prepared by the committees vary to a large degree and that it is hard to use them for reconstructing actual actions taken by committees and for assessing their coordination capacities. The district governors rarely enlarge the composition of committees. However, their meetings are quite often attended by other entities responsible for safety. Therefore, the committees have - as regards the subjective scope - some coordination potential that is nevertheless seldom used. Moreover, the committees rarely use other measures promoting coordination, e.g. they rarely cooperate with other entities responsible for safety or with the experts. The committees very rarely take any actions connected with prevention programmes or urgent needs or send requests relating to safety and order to other entities. As a matter of fact, no extra activity shall be expected, as it follows from the reports that even with respect to statutory obligations the committees are engaged to a very small degree. It seems that statutory tasks are fulfilled to a very small degree. In general, the committees shall be referred to as passive rather than consultative bodies, as their activity with respect to consultation is mostly reduced to expressing opinions on the district budget. These conclusions drawn during the first stage of research were then verified at subsequent stages of empirical analysis (a questionnaire sent by mail and indepth interviews). Taking account of the culture of a particular committee, the following types of committees may be distinguished: (1) sham committees, (2) crisis committees, (3) the "necessary minimum" committees, (4) passive and consultative committees, (5) coordinating committees. Types (1), (2) and (3) occur most often in practice, whereas coordinating committees are a rarity. While it is true that respondents generally expressed positive opinions on provisions governing the committees, it must be assumed that this does not necessarily mean that they are enthusiastic about the committees themselves. Those respondents who made some demands on the legislator requested that the committee's functions connected with exercising authority be expanded and that the term of the committee be equal to that of the district council. However, completely different suggestions were also made. Four basic options with respect to assessing the coordination capacities of the committees arise out of the research: (a) the committees do not have any competences relating to exercising authority, thus they do not have any coordination capacities, therefore their role is marginal or they do not play any role at all, (b) the committees do not have any competences relating to exercising authority, thus they do not have any coordination capacities, yet they are important advisory bodies to the district governor and they turn out to be great as such bodies, (c) the committees do not have huge decision-making powers, yet they promote coordination by ensuring information flows, integrating actions and planning, (d) the committees not only promote coordination, but may also influence the implementation of assumed obligations, provided that their position will be high. Respondents were very rarely able to specify what they understand as coordination. While it is true that 40% of those surveyed recognise that committees have positive impact on the functioning of entities responsible for public safety and order, more than 30% of them are of the opinion that actions taken by committees did not change anything in this respect. Moreover, nearly 1/3 of respondents agree with the opinion that the committees are "yet another administrative creations that no one wants and that everyone ignores", adding that they are useless, that they unnecessarily do the same tasks as other entities and that they do not have any considerable influence on what is going on in the district. In general it may be assumed, on the basis of results obtained through surveys and field research, that the hypothesis about insignificant role of the committees with respect to coordinating local activities aiming at ensuring safety (the hypothesis was proposed after the reports prepared by the committees had been analysed) has been confirmed. Committees that are more active and that actually take some coordinating measures are very rare. It is worrying that many respondents underline the key role of the so-called "human factor" with respect to the quality of actions aiming at ensuring safety. Despite the fact that the research suggests that the committees are viewed very differently, it is to be noted that many respondents noticed positive effects connected with these institutions (in particular with respect to improving information flows and cooperation quality). It also appears that committees, despite their often limited activity, are sometimes quite deeply rooted in the structure of local entities in charge of safety; therefore suggestions that they should be abolished, which are offered by some respondents, seem incorrect. With a view to the future law, it is to be considered whether the committees should not be appointed optionally. This would save the local governments coordinating actions in other way the trouble of pretending that the committees are actually active.

Tomando en consideración la perspectiva evolutiva del concepto de seguridad, realizamos un breve y sucinto recorrido sobre las ideas que han propiciado un planteamiento global e integrador en la elaboración de las Estrategias de Seguridad adoptadas en nuestro entorno geopolítico. En todos los ámbitos se hace referencia a la necesidad de integrar los diferentes elementos y actores que forman parte de las estructuras de seguridad, pero se echa en falta una apuesta decidida en este sentido. El planteamiento objeto de este artículo pretende llamar la atención sobre la esfera local, la cual, a través de sus propias estructuras, juega un papel importante y de primer nivel, en todo lo concerniente a la seguridad. Integrar la perspectiva local en el tratamiento de la seguridad establecido desde las Estrategias adoptadas para hacer frente a los nuevos retos y amenazas, se justifica por sí mismo, tanto desde una perspectiva conceptual como estructural, teniendo en cuenta que es, precisamente en las ciudades, donde más se perciben las dinámicas asociadas a la seguridad. Considering the evolutionary nature of security, this work presents a brief and succinct walk throughout the ideas that have led to a global and integrating approach in the build-up of the security strategies embraced by the geopolitical environment we live in. All areas of study stress the need for the integration of all the different elements and actors security structures consist of, but a firm commitment therein has yet to be made. The approach presented in this work aims at drawing attention to the local level, which, throughout its own structures, plays an instrumental role in all what has to do with security. Integrate the local outlook into the strategies adopted to face the new security challenges and threats seems evident, both from a conceptual standpoint as well as from a more structural angle, since it is precise in the cities, that the security dynamics are best perceived.

Today, several international organisms understand that its commitment with the security of the planet must go beyond the intention to develop public policies directed to reduce the terrorist threat. The international community is demanding of those organisms, a more aggressive roll because after the ColdWar, the world has new challenges like the terrorism, that need a joint effort the governments to face it and to defeat it. The United Nations see with preoccupation that its task is to recover the credibility of the countries in order to that these feel respect by their recommendations when they are welcomed by the governments to stop the war by the war. Los diversos organismos internacionales interpretan hoy que su compromiso con la seguridad del planeta debe ir más allá de la intención para desarrollar políticas públicas encaminadas a reducir la amenaza terrorista. La comunidad internacional está demandando de esos organismos, un papel más agresivo pues después de la Guerra Fría, el mundo tiene nuevos desafíos como el terrorismo, que precisan un esfuerzo mancomunado de los gobiernos para enfrentarlo y derrotarlo. Las Naciones Unidas ven con preocupación que su tarea es recobrar la credibilidad de los pueblos y que estos sientan respeto por sus recomendaciones al advertir que son acogidas por los gobiernos para detener la guerra por la guerra.

During a meeting of experts in crime prevention, an Italian speaker describes a programme to fight truancy that was cited in his country as a "good practice". The British representative enthusiastically exclaims, "Oh yes indeed, it will surely work!". The French expert then speaks up "Practically speaking, without a doubt, but will it work in theory?" This little story delights English-speaking audiences, while the French manage only a forced smile. What works? Is this question defin...