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Contaminants, such as heavy metals (HMs), accumulate in the Arctic environment and the food web. The diet of the Indigenous Peoples of North Greenland includes locally sourced foods that are central to their nutritional, cultural, and societal health but these foods also contain high concentrations of heavy metals. While bacteria play an essential role in the metabolism of xenobiotics, there are limited studies on the impact of heavy metals on the human gut microbiome, and it is so far unknown if and how Arctic environmental contaminants impact the gut microbes of humans living in and off the Arctic environment. Using a multiomics approach including amplicon, metagenome, and metatranscriptome sequencing, we identified and assembled a near-complete (NC) genome of a mercury-resistant bacterial strain from the human gut microbiome, which expressed genes known to reduce mercury toxicity. At the overall ecological level studied through α- and β-diversity, there was no significant effect of heavy metals on the gut microbiota. Through the assembly of a high number of NC metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of human gut microbes, we observed an almost complete overlap between heavy metal-resistant strains and antibiotic-resistant strains in which resistance genes were all located on the same genetic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory disturbances and central nervous system symptoms are important in patients with Minamata disease. In the peripheral nervous system of these patients, motor nerves are not strongly injured, whereas sensory nerves are predominantly affected. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the sensory-predominant impairment of the peripheral nervous system caused by methylmercury. We found that the types of cell death in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons caused by methylmercury included apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis. Methylmercury induced apoptosis in cultured rat DRG neurons but not in anterior horn neurons or Schwann cells. Additionally, methylmercury activated both caspase 8 and caspase 3 in DRG neurons. It increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 and the phosphorylation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). The expression of TNF-α was increased in macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells by methylmercury. The increase was suggested to be mediated by the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, methylmercury induced neurological symptoms, evaluated by a hindlimb extension response, were significantly less severe in TNF-α knockout mice. Based on these results and our previous studies, we propose the following hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of sensory nerve-predominant damage by methylmercury: First, methylmercury accumulates within sensory nerve neurons and initiates cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis, on a small scale. Second, cell death triggers the infiltration of macrophages into the sensory fibers. Third, the macrophages are stimulated by methylmercury and secrete TNF-α through the NF-κB pathway. Fourth, TNF-α induces cell death mechanisms, including necrosis, apoptosis through the caspase 8/3 pathway, and necroptosis through the TNFR1-RIP1-RIP3-MLKL pathway, activated by methylmercury in sensory neurons. Consequently, methylmercury exhibits potent cytotoxicity specific to the DRG/sensory nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system. This chain of events caused by methylmercury may contribute to sensory disturbances in patients with Minamata disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test the protective effect of Withania somnifera (WS) against the harmful effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2)‐induced kidney failure at the histological, biochemical, and immune levels in Wistar rats. The study assessed the biochemical and immunological changes in five groups (n = 6): Group 1 (G1) was the negative control, and the other rats received a single subcutaneous dose of HgCl2 (2.5 mg/kg in 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution) and randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 2 (G2) was the positive control and left without treatment. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (G3, G4, and G5) were treated with different doses of WS root powder for 30 days. The HgCl2‐positive group showed significant signs of renal toxicity as reflected by increased levels of kidney function parameters (blood urea nitrogen, urea, and creatinine), inflammatory biomarkers, immunological indices (SDF‐1, IL‐6, NGAL, and KIM‐1), and oxidative stress (SOD, TAC, CAT, GSH, and MDA). The positive group rats also showed drastic pathological changes in renal tissues. Different doses of WS treatment significantly reduced the levels of all biochemical markers and decreased pathological damage to the kidney tissues. The antioxidant, phenolic, and flavonoid constituents of WS root powder helped protect rats' kidneys against HgCl2‐induced kidney toxicity in male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Recent awareness highlights the significant impact of contaminants on the Mediterranean marine ecosystem and fishery resources. Monitoring these pollutants is crucial due to their accumulation in marine organisms and the health risks they pose through consumption. This study examines the levels of total mercury and PAHs in the muscle tissue of European hake from an important fishing ground in the Adriatic Sea. Seasonal and gender patterns as well as correlations with somatic indexes were explored to provide cost-effective bioindicators for pollution monitoring and mitigation. This research investigates the dynamics of contaminant exposure in European hake (Merluccius merluccius, L. 1758) from the Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) by examining the levels of total mercury (THg) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the muscle fish tissues. The study explores the correlations between these pollutants and somatic indexes to identify the early warning signals of pollution and ecological effects. The levels of pollutants are influenced by season and sex. Lipids appear to have a minimal effect on the PAH levels, whereas they exhibit a positive correlation with mercury levels in the muscle. No significant relationships between the pollutants and condition indexes were observed, except for a positive correlation between THg and the gonadosomatic index, indicating a potential impact on the reproductive health of fish. In contrast, PAHs showed no meaningful correlation with condition indexes. Differences in contaminant accumulations and lipid levels between sexes reflect variations in metabolic activity, reproductive costs, and adaptive strategies to seasonal changes and energy demands. This study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring to improve pollution management, environmental conservation, and the protection of marine organisms' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inflammatory skin condition called psoriasis results from immune system interactions that are out of balance. Reactive oxygen species are produced as a general mechanism of mercury toxicity. This study aimed to determine whether there was an association between blood total mercury and psoriasis in US adults. Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 and 2013–2014. NHANES is a national research survey program every two years to assess the population's nutritional and physical health. The relationship between blood total mercury and psoriasis was studied using multivariable logistic regression models and smooth curve fitting. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were used to investigate if this association was stable across populations. After adjusting for several factors, we found a positive association between blood total mercury and psoriasis in 6086 participants. According to the fully adjusted model, each 1-unit increase in blood total mercury was associated with an 8% increase in the prevalence of psoriasis [1.08 (1.03, 1.14)]. The favorable association seems to be more pronounced in non-diabetes. Our research shows a positive association between psoriasis and blood total mercury in US adults. The results of this study need to be supported by additional prospective research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mercury is one of the most common pollutants in agricultural and industrial areas; therefore, its study has become increasingly important. This element is often quantified using biomonitors, whose gradual response is representative of the entire community. This is especially important in areas where pollution is known or suspected, like the Mezquital Valley in central Mexico. Here, we aimed to determine the total mercury concentration in three species of small wild mammals that differ in diet to identify possible exposure threats in their habitat. We took hair and liver samples from two bat species and one wild mouse species over the course of a year. We found no difference in mercury concentration among species, but liver mercury was significantly lower during the dry season. This supports previous studies that pointed to wastewater as the main source of mercury exposure in this location. This is the first study to use small wild mammals as biomonitors in the Mezquital Valley, which is a critically contaminated site, as well as the first record of toxic metals in the protected bat species Leptonycteris yerbabuenae. Mercury (Hg) has been extensively studied due to its impact on the environment and health, but its effects on wild mammal populations are still poorly known. Therefore, the use of biomonitors has gained importance. Our objective was to report and compare, for the first time, the amount of mercury in small mammals belonging to three trophic guilds and to provide an initial toxicology perspective in the Mezquital Valley, a critically polluted area of Central Mexico. We quantified total Hg from the hair and liver of a nectarivorous bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae), an insectivorous bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) and a granivorous mouse (Peromyscus melanophrys) using atomic absorption spectrometry during the dry and rainy seasons. We compared the mercury concentrations between seasons, species and matrices. In all species, the average mercury content was higher in hair than liver, and there was no correlation between matrices. There was no difference in mercury content among species. Hg concentrations in the livers of P. melanophrys and C. townsendii were lower during the dry season than the rainy season, suggesting a seasonal decline in mercury availability. All of the values detected were below the neurotoxicity threshold reported in small mammals (10 ppm); however, we propose constant monitoring of Hg in their environment and confirm the utility of these species as biomonitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minamata disease, caused by ingesting seafood contaminated with methylmercury dumped by corporations, was discovered in 1956; however, there has been no continued investigation to determine the full extent of the damage. Since 2004, it has been discovered that affected patients can be found in areas further away from Minamata than previously known. In the present study, we investigated various symptoms and somatosensory disturbances in western Miyanokawachi District, northern Himedo District, southwestern Nagashima District, and the uncontaminated Amami district and calculated the proportion of patients with sensory disturbances as a percentage of the population in each area. Both touch and pain sensations, with a predominance of the peripheral extremities, were observed in 58.6% of patients in Miyanokawachi, 53.9% in Himedo, 37.8% in Nagashima, and 1.4% in Amami. The lowest estimates of attributable fractions of the exposed group for four-limb-predominant sensory disturbance in the population of the contaminated districts were 94.1% in Miyanokawachi, 94.6% in Himedo, and 91.4% in Nagashima, and general and perioral sensory disturbances were also high. This suggests that the presence or absence of these sensory disturbances is useful in the diagnosis of Minamata disease, even in more distant parts of the Yatsushiro Sea area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury, particularly in its methylated form, poses a significant environmental and health risk in aquatic ecosystems. While the toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercury are well documented, there remains a critical gap in our understanding of the mechanisms governing mercury methylation and demethylation in aquatic environments. This review systematically examines the complex interplay of chemical, biological, and physical factors that influence mercury speciation and transformation in natural water systems. We provide a comprehensive analysis of methylation and demethylation processes, specifically focusing on the dominant role of methanogenic bacteria. Our study highlights the crucial function of hgcAB genes in facilitating mercury methylation by anaerobic microorganisms, an area that represents a frontier in current research. By synthesizing the existing knowledge and identifying key research priorities, this review offers novel insights into the intricate dynamics of mercury cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Our findings provide a theoretical framework to inform future studies and guide pollution management strategies for mercury and its compounds in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and timely response to the impacts of mercury chloride, which is indispensable to the chemical industry, on aquatic organisms is of great significance. Here, we investigated whether the YOLOX (improvements to the YOLO series, forming a new high-performance detector) observation system can be used for the rapid detection of the response of Daphnia magna targets to mercury chloride stress. Thus, we used this system for the real-time tracking and observation of the multidimensional motional behavior of D. magna. The results obtained showed that the average velocity ( v ¯ ), average acceleration ( a ¯ ), and cumulative travel (L) values of D. magna exposed to mercury chloride stress changed significantly under different exposure times and concentrations. Further, we observed that v ¯ , a ¯ and L values of D. magna could be used as indexes of toxicity response. Analysis also showed evident D. magna inhibition at exposure concentrations of 0.08 and 0.02 mg/L after exposure for 10 and 25 min, respectively. However, under 0.06 and 0.04 mg/L toxic stress, v ¯ and L showed faster toxic response than a ¯ , and overall, v ¯ was identified as the most sensitive index for the rapid detection of D. magna response to toxicity stress. Therefore, we provide a strategy for tracking the motile behavior of D. magna in response to toxic stress and lay the foundations for the comprehensive screening of toxicity in water based on motile behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) to sodium dimercaptosulphonate (DMPS) mercury removal treatment have been reported in occupational mercury poisoning. In recent years, the number of cases of mercury poisoning due to mercury-containing cosmetics has been increasing, and ADRs to the use of DMPS are common in clinical practice.ObjectiveTo investigate the occurrence of ADRs and the influencing factors in patients with chronic mercury poisoning and mercury exposure treated with DMPS for mercury removal.MethodsPatients treated with DMPS due to mercury poisoning at the Occupational Disease Department of Nanjing Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases from June 2017 to December 2023 were included in the study. Information on demographics, baseline characteristics, and treatment regimens was collected at admission. Information on secondhand smoke, place of residence, and blood groups not collected at admission was collected in follow-up. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether ADRs occurred after the use of DMPS and were compared for clinical characteristics, and the influencing factors related to the occurrence of ADRs after DMPS treatment were analyzed by binary logistic regression.ResultsA total of 72 patients were enrolled in the study, of which 26 reported ADRs during mercury removal. A total of 29 ADRs occurred, mainly rash in 11 cases (37.9%), fever in 5 cases (17.2%), and nausea in 4 cases (13.8%). Most ADRs occurred in the second course (7 cases, 26.9%) and the third course (9 cases, 34.6%). Of the 22 non-menopausal women who experienced ADRs, 13 (59.1%) used DMPS in the week prior to menstruation. The logistic regression analysis showed that smoking (OR=27.911, 95%CI: 2.835, 725.809) and blood type O (OR=6.885, 95%CI: 2.014, 26.896) were associated with elevated occurrence of ADRs after DMPS treatment.ConclusionsThe probability of ADRs after DMPS treatment is not low, but mild presentations are predominant and resolved with immediate treatment, with a favourable prognosis. The O blood group, smoking individuals, and female patients using DMPS one week before menstruation may be more prone to ADRs.

This article explores the health challenges faced by sled dogs in the Canadian Arctic during the 19th century. As outsiders began to explore the region, they discovered the importance of using dog teams and wearing furs for warmth. However, diseases like distemper and rabies posed a threat to the dogs, with accounts of dogs exhibiting symptoms of hydrophobia (rabies) being recorded. Firsthand accounts from expeditions led by Dr. Elisha Kane and Dr. Isaac Israel Hayes describe the symptoms and deaths of their dogs, although the cause of these health issues remains unclear. The article also discusses the experiences of explorers Charles Francis Hall and Sir George S. Nares, who faced challenges with their dogs, including a mysterious disease that caused seizures and death. The explorers attempted various treatments, some of which may have contributed to the deaths of the dogs. The author emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the fate of these animals and acknowledges the limitations of medical knowledge during that time period. [Extracted from the article]

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant and a bioaccumulative toxin that seriously affects the environment. Though increasing information has been obtained on the mechanisms involved in mercury toxicity, there is still a knowledge gap between the adverse effects and action mechanisms, especially at the molecular level. In the current study, we screened a diploid library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae single-gene deletion mutants to identify the nonessential genes associated with increased sensitivity to mercury ions. By genome-scale screening, we identified 64 yeast single-gene deletion mutants. These genes are involved in metabolism, transcription, antioxidant activity, cellular transport, transport facilitation, transport routes, and the cell cycle, as well as in protein synthesis, folding, modification, and protein destination. The concentration of mercury ions was different in the cells of yeast deletion mutants. Moreover, the disruption of antioxidant systems may play a key role in the mercurial toxic effects. The related functions of sensitive genes and signal pathways were further analyzed using bioinformatics-related technologies. Among 64 sensitive genes, 37 genes have human homologous analogs. Our results may provide a meaningful reference for understanding the action mode, cellular detoxification, and molecular regulation mechanisms of mercury toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury is one of the main components of fluorescent lamps. Considering the adverse effects of mercury on human health and the environment, recovery of mercury-containing fluorescent lamps is very important in developed countries. The glass parts of used fluorescent lamps are among the dangerous wastes whose mercury content should be reduced to the lowest possible level according to international standards. The aim of this research is to achieve a systematic approach to minimize the amount of mercury present in fluorescent lamp glass residues according to the European Commission EC95/2002 regulations. In order to extract mercury from glasses, glass pieces were washed with deionized water, using stirring to increase washing efficiency. In order to achieve the maximum amount of extraction, parameters such as ratio of glass to deionized water (S/L), stirring time, temperature and pH were changed. The results showed that, the highest mercury extraction rate is about 98% and in the conditions S/L = 0.1, stirring time of 12 h, temperature of 60 °C and pH 1, which is using a combination of HCl and H3PO4 acid 5% with a ratio of 1:4 has been obtained. The success of this method not only increases environmental sustainability, but also classifies the resulting glass waste as non-hazardous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals exist in the ecosystem both naturally and due to anthropogenic activities and as recalcitrant pollutants; they are non-biodegradable and cause acute and chronic diseases to human beings and many lifeforms. A statistical experimental approach was applied in this current study to optimize the detoxification of mercury [Hg(II)] from mono-component biosorption system by a novel hybrid granular activated carbon (biosorbent) prepared from maize plant residues. The analysis of variance by the application of central composite design shows that all the studied independent factors greatly influence Hg(II) removal efficiency and uptake capacity. The optimum experimental condition of 30 min contact time, 0.5 g/L biosorbent dosage, and 15 mg/L initial Hg(II) concentration were achieved after seeking 20 optimization solutions at 0.903 desirability. The optimum percentage removal and uptake capacity of Hg(II) at the optimal experimental setup was 96.7% and 10.8 mg/g, respectively. To confirm the quadratic models developed for the prediction of the responses as a function of the independent factors, confirmatory laboratory experiments were performed at the optimum condition. The results show that at the established best experimental condition, the optimum Hg(II) removal efficiency of 98.3% and uptake capacity of 11.2 mg/g were attained, which were within the prediction intervals indicating the suitability of the quadratic models in predicting future cases. The TEM and XRD analyses show that the Hg(II) ions were adsorbed by the biosorbent successfully and this suggests the potential and applicability of this novel biosorbent in treating water contaminants, especially heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mercury is a persistent and toxic metal that can affect marine life. Bottlenose dolphins are particularly vulnerable to mercury accumulation and toxicity because they are top predators and often inhabit near-shore environments with elevated mercury concentrations. This research assessed mercury accumulation in the tissues of bottlenose dolphins that were stranded during two time periods, 2013–2015 (dolphins that were stranded at an unusually high rate; heavily infected with morbillivirus) and 2016–2021 (dolphins that were stranded at a normal rate). We hypothesized that the immunosuppressed individuals would have higher mercury concentrations. Tissue selenium accumulation was also measured, as selenium has been shown to reduce mercury toxicity. Differences in tissue mercury concentrations were not observed between the two time periods; however, the tissue mercury concentrations were higher in adults than juveniles. The selenium distribution in the bottlenose dolphins was significantly different between the two time periods. These results suggest that selenium may not have been as protective against mercury toxicity in the bottlenose dolphins that were stranded during the UME. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are long-lived marine mammals, upper-level predators, and they inhabit near-shore environments, which increases their exposure to pollution. Mercury is a ubiquitous and persistent metal pollutant that can bioaccumulate and biomagnify up the food chain. Dolphins are known to accumulate mercury, and limited research has shown that mercury exposure can weaken the immune system of dolphins. The objectives of this study were to assess the mercury concentrations in the tissues (muscle, small intestine, liver) of stranded bottlenose dolphins and to compare the tissue mercury levels in dolphins that were stranded during the 2013–2015 morbillivirus Unusual Mortality Event (UME; immunosuppressed individuals) with the levels of those that were stranded at a normal rate (2016–2021). Selenium has been shown to reduce mercury toxicity in many animals; therefore, tissue selenium concentration and the molar ratio of selenium to mercury were also assessed. The tissue mercury (muscle, liver) and selenium (liver) concentrations increased with the age of the dolphins, with the liver accumulating the highest concentrations. No sex differences were observed in the mercury and selenium concentrations. While differences in tissue mercury concentrations were not observed due to the UME, the selenium accumulation profiles were significantly different between the two time periods. These results suggest that selenium may not have been as protective against mercury toxicity in the bottlenose dolphins that were stranded during the UME, possibly due to infection with morbillivirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador, illegal gold mining has led to significant environmental impacts, with the release of harmful elements such as mercury (Hg) into the environment. Mercury, due to its physical–chemical characteristics and the transport elements involved between different environmental matrices, can easily percolate through the soil and reach groundwater. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mercury concentration levels in the Andean region in order to perform a human health risk assessment. For this purpose, 175 water samples were analyzed, of which 9.71% exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established for drinking water in accordance with Ecuadorian regulations. The risk analysis was conducted by applying two approaches: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic approach involves a specific analysis based on the calculation of the risk quotient (HQ) and risk index (HI) for both receptors (adults and children) and scenarios (residential and recreational) considered; the probabilistic approach is based on the use of stochastic simulation techniques. The results obtained from the two approaches show a discrepancy, with the deterministic analysis providing more conservative results; however, they coincide in showing higher risk for the child population; decision-makers could use these results to identify areas to be monitored and plan more detailed investigation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The use of artificial intelligence in the field of health sciences is becoming widespread. It is known that patients benefit from artificial intelligence applications on various health issues, especially after the pandemic period. One of the most important issues in this regard is the accuracy of the information provided by artificial intelligence applications. Objective The purpose of this study was to the frequently asked questions about dental amalgam, as determined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is one of these information resources, to Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer version 4 (ChatGPT-4) and to compare the content of the answers given by the application with the answers of the FDA. Methods The questions were directed to ChatGPT-4 on May 8th and May 16th, 2023, and the responses were recorded and compared at the word and meaning levels using ChatGPT. The answers from the FDA webpage were also recorded. The responses were compared for content similarity in “Main Idea”, “Quality Analysis”, “Common Ideas”, and “Inconsistent Ideas” between ChatGPT-4’s responses and FDA’s responses. Results ChatGPT-4 provided similar responses at one-week intervals. In comparison with FDA guidance, it provided answers with similar information content to frequently asked questions. However, although there were some similarities in the general aspects of the recommendation regarding amalgam removal in the question, the two texts are not the same, and they offered different perspectives on the replacement of fillings. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that ChatGPT-4, an artificial intelligence based application, encompasses current and accurate information regarding dental amalgam and its removal, providing it to individuals seeking access to such information. Nevertheless, we believe that numerous studies are required to assess the validity and reliability of ChatGPT-4 across diverse subjects.

Background: The use of artificial intelligence in the field of health sciences is becoming widespread. It is known that patients benefit from artificial intelligence applications on various health issues, especially after the pandemic period. One of the most important issues in this regard is the accuracy of the information provided by artificial intelligence applications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to the frequently asked questions about dental amalgam, as determined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is one of these information resources, to Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer version 4 (ChatGPT-4) and to compare the content of the answers given by the application with the answers of the FDA. Methods: The questions were directed to ChatGPT-4 on May 8th and May 16th, 2023, and the responses were recorded and compared at the word and meaning levels using ChatGPT. The answers from the FDA webpage were also recorded. The responses were compared for content similarity in "Main Idea", "Quality Analysis", "Common Ideas", and "Inconsistent Ideas" between ChatGPT-4's responses and FDA's responses. Results: ChatGPT-4 provided similar responses at one-week intervals. In comparison with FDA guidance, it provided answers with similar information content to frequently asked questions. However, although there were some similarities in the general aspects of the recommendation regarding amalgam removal in the question, the two texts are not the same, and they offered different perspectives on the replacement of fillings. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that ChatGPT-4, an artificial intelligence based application, encompasses current and accurate information regarding dental amalgam and its removal, providing it to individuals seeking access to such information. Nevertheless, we believe that numerous studies are required to assess the validity and reliability of ChatGPT-4 across diverse subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) inhabit bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSEs) throughout the southeast region of the U.S.A. and are sentinel species for human and ecosystem-level health. Dolphins are vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of contaminants through the coastal food chain because they are high-level predators. Currently, there is limited information on the spatial dynamics of mercury accumulation in these dolphins. Total mercury (THg) was measured in dolphin skin from multiple populations across the U.S. Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, and the influence of geographic origin, sex, and age class was investigated. Mercury varied significantly among sampling sites and was greatest in dolphins in St. Joseph Bay, Florida Everglades, and Choctawhatchee Bay (14,193 ng/g ± 2196 ng/g, 10,916 ng/g ± 1532 ng/g, and 7333 ng/g ± 1405 ng/g wet mass (wm), respectively) and lowest in dolphins in Charleston and Skidaway River Estuary (509 ng/g ± 32.1 ng/g and 530 ng/g ± 58.4 ng/g wm, respectively). Spatial mercury patterns were consistent regardless of sex or age class. Bottlenose dolphin mercury exposure can effectively represent regional trends and reflect large-scale atmospheric mercury input and local biogeochemical processes. As a sentinel species, the bottlenose dolphin data presented here can direct future studies to evaluate mercury exposure to human residents in St. Joseph Bay, Choctawhatchee Bay, and Florida Coastal Everglades, as well as additional sites with similar geographical, oceanographic, or anthropogenic parameters. These data may also inform state and federal authorities that establish fish consumption advisories to determine if residents in these locales are at heightened risk for mercury toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like all life forms, plants suffer from high levels of mercury (Hg), known as one of the most harmful heavy metals in soil. The present study was performed to explore the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on Hg toxicity in maize (Zea mays L., cv. Arifiye-2) seedlings. Plants were grown in a hydroponic system containing 1/2 diluted Hoagland at 16 h day length, 25/20 °C (day/night) and 60% relative humidity. Eight day-old maize seedlings were first treated with NO (as 0.1 µM sodium nitroprusside) and then they were exposed to Hg toxicity (as 100 µM HgCl2) after 24 h. The toxic Hg decreased seedling growth, chlorophyll content, proline content, calcium and manganese contents, nonenzymatic antioxidant contents, cell membrane viscosity, and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases, and glutathione reductase) while it increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and super oxide anion (O2.-), and lipid peroxidation (as malondialdehyde, MDA) content and the amount of sodium ion (Na+) in the seedlings. However, NO treatment markedly enhanced the growth parameters (dry and fresh weight, and plant height) and manganese and potassium contents as well as contents of antioxidants and chlorophyll thus alleviating the negative effects caused by the Hg stress. Also, it decreased the generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation level by activating the antioxidant enzymes. These results show that NO in maize seedlings under Hg toxicity may improve stress response and mitigate oxidative stress by stimulating the antioxidant system and modulating ion homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their beneficial properties, natural products, especially medicinal plants, are becoming increasingly popular worldwide and play a significant role in research. This study was aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of sinapic acid against mercuric chloride-induced renal toxicity in mice. The mice were allocated to four groups named a normal group (G1), model group (G2; received HgCl2, 1 mg/kg bw), treatments groups (G3 and G4: received 50 and 100 mg/kg bw of sinapic acid together with HgCl2). Mice received HgCl2 remarkably showed alteration in all examined biochemical biomarkers (urea, creatinine, and bilirubin), and induced alteration in blood cell picture and anemia. HgCl2 intoxication decreased both systemic and renal antioxidant activity and induced over all oxidative stress as indicated by alteration in inflammation and oxidative stress associated markers. HgCl2 affected renal histology with leukocytic and inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis and tubular necrosis. Administration of sinapic acid (50 and 100 mg/kg bw) markedly restored the HgCl2−induced oxidative stress (serum and renal: MDA, GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC), proinflammatory cytokines (serum and renal: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2) and restored the changes on biochemical markers, and hematological parameters (hemoglobin, erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes). Taken together, the results of the present study disclose that sinapic acid has the potential to attenuate HgCl2-induced renal toxicity and may be an ideal choice against mercury poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the design and analysis of a new chemical chemosensor for detecting mercury(II) ions. The chemosensor is a hydrazone made from 4-methylthiazole-5-carbaldehyde and fluorescein hydrazide. The structure of the chemosensor was confirmed using various methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transformation, mass spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations. The sensor's ability in the highly selective and sensitive discovery of Hg2+ ions in water was demonstrated. The detection limit for mercury(II) ions was determined to be 0.23 µM. The new chemosensor was also used to detect Hg2+ ions in real samples and living cells using fluorescence spectroscopy. Chemosensor 1 and its complex with Hg2+ demonstrate a significant tendency to enter and accumulate in cells even at very low concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global public health concern because of its adverse effects on the environment and health. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Hg levels and outcomes. The aim of this review was to describe the research and discuss the evidence on the genetic susceptibility of Hg-exposed individuals to the development of neurocognitive disorders. A systematic review was performed to identify the genes/SNPs associated with Hg toxicokinetics and that, therefore, affect neurological function in exposed populations. Observational and experimental studies were identified by screening three databases. Thirteen articles were included (quality score 82–100%) and 8124 individuals were evaluated. Hg exposure was mainly fish consumption (77%) and, in 31% of the studies, the Hg levels exceeded the reference limits. Genetic susceptibility to higher Hg levels and neurotoxicity risk in Hg poisoning were associated with eight (ALAD rs1800435, CYP3A4 rs2740574, CYP3A5 rs776746, CYP3A7 rs2257401, GSTP1 rs1695, MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270836, and MT4 rs11643815) and three (MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270837, and MT2A rs10636) SNPs, respectively, and rs8052394 was associated with both outcomes. The MT1A rs8052394 SNP may be used as a susceptibility biomarker to identify individuals at greater risk for higher Hg levels and the development of neurocognitive disorders in metal-exposed populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread contamination of the Amazon basin with mercury has been reported to occur since at least the mid-80s due to heavy gold mining activity. Although initial studies have indicated that this may lead to deleterious neurological consequences to the indigenous populations living in the region, further research is needed to better characterize the neurological burden of such long-term exposure. With this aim, a cross-sectional exploratory study has been conducted with the Yanomami indigenous population residing in a northern Amazon region. All participants underwent a structured interview; detailed neurological examination, including assessment for cognitive, motor, coordination, and sensory functions; and laboratorial testing for serum hemoglobin, blood glucose, and methylmercury levels in hair samples. This study enrolled 154 individuals of 30.9 ± 16.8 years of age, of which 56.1% were female. Mean methylmercury levels in hair were 3.9 ± 1.7 µg/g. Methylmercury levels in hair > 6.0 µg/g were found in 10.3%. Among participants with hair methylmercury levels ≥ 6.0 μg/g, the prevalences of peripheral neuropathy and reduced cognitive performance were, respectively, 78.8% (95%CI 15–177%, p = 0.010) and 95.9% (95%CI 16–230.8%, p = 0.012) higher than those of individuals with lower levels. These results suggest that chronic mercury exposure may lead to significant and potentially irreversible neurotoxicity to Yanomami population living in the northern Amazon basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the introduction of amalgam for tooth fillings, there have been concerns that mercury toxicity could pose unacceptable health risks. Rasa shastra is an ancient medical discipline that focuses on the utilization of metals and minerals for the treatment of diseases. Nevertheless, these minerals cannot be directly administered to the human body in their natural state due to their potential adverse effects. Hence, for medicinal purposes, these metals and minerals need to undergo purification (Shodhana) to eliminate impurities and modify their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Methodology: Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were exposed to commercially available mercury (CAHg) and ayurvedically purified mercury (AP-Hg) at concentrations of 6.25 μM, 12.5 μM, 25 μM and 50 μM. The unexposed HGF cultured in basal media was considered a control. All the samples were cultured for 24 hours and 48 hours, and the cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay. Results: Cell viability between the control and experimental groups varied at 24 hours, however, the results were not statistically significant (p>0.05). At 48 hours, cell viability was higher in the AP-Hg group as compared to the CA-Hg group at the concentration of 6.25 μM, and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The cell proliferation assay results demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the mean optical density values (p<0.05) between CA-Hg and AP-Hg at 12.50 μM, 25 μM, and 50, μM concentrations observed at 24 hours. At 48 hours, a statistically significant difference in the mean OD values (p<0.05) between CA-Hg and AP-Hg at all four concentrations was observed. Conclusion: AP-Hg at a concentration of 6.25 μM demonstrated higher cell viability at 48 hours. Further, the cell proliferation rate was also higher for AP-Hg at all concentrations at 24 and 48 hours. These results indicated a less cytotoxic effect of AP-Hg than CA-Hg in HGF and hence could be employed for dental amalgam preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several types of pollutants have acute adverse effects on living bodies, and the effective removal of these pollutants remains a challenge. Safranin O (a biological dye) and merbromin (a topical mercury-containing antiseptic) are considered organic pollutants, and there are only a few reports on their removal. Synthesized and well-characterized (through PXRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDS analysis) MOF-5 was used for the first time in the removal of safranin O and merbromin from simulated wastewater and real wastewater. In both cases, MOF-5 effectively removed contaminants. We found that in simulated wastewater, the highest efficiency of removal of safranin O was 53.27% (for 15 mg/L) at pH 10, and for merbromin, it was 41.49% (for 25 mg/L) at pH 6. In the case of real wastewater containing natural ions (Na+, K+, F−, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and other molecules, the removal efficiencies of these two dyes decreased (34.00% and 26.28% for safranin O and merbromin, respectively) because of the presence of other ions and molecules. A plausible mechanism for the removal of these pollutants using MOF-5 was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The consequences of exposure to mercury and its compounds on the reproductive potential and health of offspring are a pressing problem for the global scientific community. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mercury chloride toxicity in the parent rats on the postnatal development, behavior, and neuromuscular conductivity of their adult offspring. Methods: The experiments were conducted in parental Wistar rats of both sexes, which were subcutaneously injected daily with mercury chloride solution (HgCl2) at a rate of 0.5 mg/kg before mating for 6 weeks. We assessed the postnatal mortality, body weight, surface righting reflex and motor activity of the newborn offspring. The examination of the adult offspring included open field, resident-intruder and rotarod tests, development of the food-procuring reflex, and electroneuromyography examinations. Results: The study results showed that exposure to HgCl2 in parental rats of both sexes before mating resulted in low motor activities and failure of impulse conduction in the neuromuscular apparatus of the hind limbs in the offspring. In addition, maternal exposure to HgCl2 before mating led to failure of the cognitive abilities in the adult offspring while the paternal exposure led to a decline in the offspring's aggressiveness. Conclusion: The study results supported the need for further investigation on the long-term effects of mercury toxicity on the rats' generations, and the mechanism of transmission of the "chemical load" from generation to generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mercury poisoning is a condition with multiple-organ dysfunction that has effects on the central nervous system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, skin, lungs, and kidneys. It can be fatal or may result in sequelae such as neurological disturbances, if treated late or left untreated. The endocrinological effects of mercury exposure are not well-known. We aimed to evaluate patients with mercury poisoning. Materials and Methods: A total of 6 cases of mercury poisoning from 3 families were included in the study. Clinical, laboratory, and follow-up data were recorded. Results: Thyroid dysfunction was presented as high thyroid hormones and normal thyrotropin level (unsuppressed) in 5 cases (83.3%). On the other hand, pheochromocytoma-like syndrome was detected in 5 cases (83.3%) with hypertension. The 4 cases were the first to use methimazole for mercury poisoning due to tachycardia and hypertension despite antihypertensive treatment due to catecholamine excess and thyroid dysfunction. Hyponatremia was detected in 3 cases (50%). Conclusion: Mercury poisoning is difficult to diagnose because it is rare and presents with nonspecific physical and laboratory findings. Early diagnosis and providing appropriate treatment are essential in order to prevent sequelae. Mercury poisoning should be considered in patients with unexplained hypertension and tachycardia suggesting the involvement of thyroid hormones and catecholamines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury poisoning is most frequently associated with multiorgan toxicity involving the brain, lungs, and kidneys. Cardiotoxic effects of mercury are rare and often overlooked. We demonstrate mercury poisoning–induced cardiotoxicity through a case study and then provide a review of the incidence, pathophysiology, and associated management plans. This case illustrates the importance of thorough history-taking to promote early recognition of toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triops longicaudatus is a crustacean typically inhabiting temporary freshwater bodies in regions with a Mediterranean climate. These crustaceans are easily maintained in the laboratory and show a set of biological features that make them good candidates for diagnosing environmental quality and health. However, information about their responses to environmental contamination is scarce. This study characterised the locomotor responses of juvenile and adult/mature T. longicaudatus to low concentrations of five model toxicants upon a very short 1.5 h exposure: tributyltin, mercury, lindane, sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde. A video-tracking system was used to record the locomotor behaviour. The data were analysed with an artificial neural network to identify distinct behaviours, followed by Chi-square and Correspondence analysis to characterise the response to each toxicant. The results showed that T. longicaudatus is sensitive to aquatic contamination, particularly sodium hypochlorite. Six behaviour types were defined, which allowed for the characterisation and discrimination of the test toxicants. The results support the need for more investigation into this species and its behaviour types as an alternative to animal testing and the more apical and often invasive endpoints commonly recommended in standard guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper extensively covers the phenomenon of bioaccumulation, focusing on its impact in freshwater ecosystems, particularly on fish. It details how heavy metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic, originating from industrial pollution, agricultural runoff, and atmospheric deposition, accumulate in fish tissues over time. The abstract highlights the adverse effects of such bioaccumulation on fish health, including reproduction issues, growth abnormalities, and organ damage. It also underscores the consequent risks to human health when these contaminated fish are consumed. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems through effective waste management, reduction of industrial discharges, sustainable agricultural practices, and regular monitoring of fish populations. This approach is crucial to manage and mitigate the risks of heavy metal bioaccumulation in freshwater fish, thereby protecting both aquatic life and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores a case of chronic mercury poisoning that resulted in symptoms such as nephrotic syndrome, abdominal pain, and neuropsychiatric issues. Chronic exposure to inorganic mercury can lead to toxicity in various parts of the body, including the nervous system, kidneys, and gastrointestinal system. The diagnosis of mercury poisoning can be challenging due to its subtle symptoms and lack of recognition in traditional medical examinations. The patient in this case was successfully treated with chelation therapy, which reduced mercury levels and improved symptoms. The article emphasizes the importance of considering mercury poisoning as a potential cause of certain health issues, conducting toxicological tests, and raising public awareness about the risks and treatment of chronic mercury poisoning. [Extracted from the article]

Many toxic metals are involved in the initiation and progression of DNA damage that can result in the activation of DNA damage response machinery at double- and single-stranded DNA; this response can result in global and gene-specific DNA alteration. The toxicological profiles from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and several other studies have demonstrated the influence of metal exposure-induced genotoxic endpoints and epigenetic modifications. Our review systematically summarizes accumulating evidence from ATSDR toxicological profiles and the available literature that demonstrate a possible induction of various genotoxic endpoints and metal exposures. We include in this article studies on chromium, arsenic, nickel, lead, mercury, and zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human intoxication to mercury is a worldwide health problem. In addition to the type and length of exposure, the genetic background plays an important role in mercury poisoning. However, reviews on the genetic influence in mercury toxicity are scarce and not systematic. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically overview the most recent evidence on the genetic influence (using single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) on human mercury poisoning. Three different databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched, and 380 studies were found that were published from 2015 to 2022. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 29 studies were selected and data on characteristics (year, country, profile of participants) and results (mercury biomarkers and quantitation, SNPs, main findings) were extracted and analyzed. The largest number of studies was performed in Brazil, mainly involving traditional populations of the Tapajós River basin. Most studies evaluated the influence of the SNPs related to genes of the glutathione system (GST, GPx, etc.), the ATP-binding cassette transporters and the metallothionein proteins. The recent findings regarding other SNPs, such as those of apolipoprotein E and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes, are also highlighted. The importance of the exposure level is discussed considering the possible biphasic behavior of the genetic modulation phenomena that could explain some SNP associations. Overall, recommendations are provided for future studies based on the analysis obtained in this scoping review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The African Niger Delta is among the world's most important wetlands in which the ecological effects of intensive oil exploitation and global change are not well documented. We characterized the seasonal dynamics and pollution with total-petroleum-hydrocarbons (TPHs), heavy-metals (HMs) and nutrient-loads in relation to climate-driven variables. High TPH concentrations up to 889 mg/L and HMs up to 13.119 mg/L were found in water samples, with pronounced spatio-temporal variation throughout the year. HM pollution index and contamination factor indicate serious ecological and human health hazards, especially for Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni. Significant differences in TPHs/HMs were observed between sites and seasons, with correlations between TPHs-HMs, and climate-variables and TPHs-HMs. Nutrient levels, turbidity, salinity, temperature, and SO42- were high and interlinked with the variability of TPHs/HMs being greatest during wet season. These findings suggest an urgent need for improved pollution control in the Niger Delta taking into account the observed spatio-temporal variation and the exacerbation of effects in light of climate change. Given the high levels of contamination, further assessments of exposure effects and bioaccumulation in biota should include future climate change scenarios and effects on humans who intensively depend on the system for drinking water, food supply and livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early life exposure to lead, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybromide diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), and phthalates have been associated with lowered IQ in children. In some studies, these neurotoxicants impact males and females differently. We aimed to examine the sex-specific effects of exposure to developmental neurotoxicants on intelligence (IQ) in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: We screened abstracts published in PsychINFO and PubMed before December 31st, 2021, for empirical studies of six neurotoxicants (lead, mercury, PCBs, PBDEs, OPPs, and phthalates) that (1) used an individualized biomarker; (2) measured exposure during the prenatal period or before age six; and (3) provided effect estimates on general, nonverbal, and/or verbal IQ by sex. We assessed each study for risk of bias and evaluated the certainty of the evidence using Navigation Guide. We performed separate random effect meta-analyses by sex and timing of exposure with subgroup analyses by neurotoxicant. Results: Fifty-one studies were included in the systematic review and 20 in the meta-analysis. Prenatal exposure to developmental neurotoxicants was associated with decreased general and nonverbal IQ in males, especially for lead. No significant effects were found for verbal IQ, or postnatal lead exposure and general IQ. Due to the limited number of studies, we were unable to analyze postnatal effects of any of the other neurotoxicants. Conclusion: During fetal development, males may be more vulnerable than females to general and nonverbal intellectual deficits from neurotoxic exposures, especially from lead. More research is needed to examine the nuanced sex-specific effects found for postnatal exposure to toxic chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Exomphalos is a congenital anomaly found in 1/4500 newborns. Choice of non‐operative management of exomphalos major unamenable to primary repair is controversial. This study aims at reviewing conservative management modalities and compare outcomes and complications. Methods: A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines of all English publications in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Search words were exomphalos OR omphalocoele AND conservative OR non‐operative AND management. Studies were scrutinised for patient demographics, co‐morbidities, mode of treatment, time to full feeds, time to full epithelialisation, length of stay, complications and mortality. Studies not specifically describing mode of management and/or describing primary or staged surgical repairs were excluded. Results: Initial search resulted in 1243 studies. Forty‐two studies were deemed suitable offering 822 patients for analysis after excluding duplicates and non‐eligible studies. Management methods varied including painting with Alcohol, Mercurochrome, silver products, Povidone Iodine, honey and other materials. Mortality was mostly due to associated anomalies. There was mixed reporting of alcohol, silver, Povidone Iodine and mercury toxicity as well as infection during the course of treatment. Conclusion: This report has recognised the variations in topical substances employed for conservative management with no clear consensus. Reports on safety of different methods remain unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury (Hg) emissions into the air can in some cases be a critical problem for public health and environmental protection. Hence, it is crucial to find cost-effective solutions to tackle this issue. An innovative solution is presented in this study using two case studies, diminishing drastically the emissions through covering high Hg-contaminated debris with industrial subproducts (fly-ashes and blast furnace slags). This solution is compared with other two conventional alternatives: (1) removal of the debris to an authorized landfill and (2) in situ encapsulation. The analysis is carried out by comparing costs, carbon footprint and the Environmental–Social–Governance (ESG) impact. It has been noted that the solution proposed has some advantages with respect to conventional alternatives, from both economic and environmental points of view, presenting lower costs and a lower carbon footprint. The worst solution is to remove the debris for ex situ treatment, while the encapsulation represents a middle solution with advantages and disadvantages. The findings of the study can be a step forward in the usage of industrial subproducts, that are currently placed in waste disposal, to solve the problem of sites contaminated by mercury and eliminate its emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identified the levels of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in 15 species of commonly consumed fish in Thailand (7 freshwater species, 8 marine species), as well as the risk of these toxic elements for consumers. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS-MS) was used to identify toxic elements, while an exposure assessment was conducted by applying consumption amounts from the national food consumption survey to the toxic element contents in the fish samples. The results showed that the fish contained arsenic ranging from less than the limit of detection (LOD) to 8.51 mg/kg fresh weight (FW), cadmium ranging from the LOD to 0.04 mg/kg FW, and mercury ranging from the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 0.38 mg/kg FW. Lead was found in small amounts (

Lu et al. [[1]] studied the degradation effect of heat/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) on atrazine (ATZ). Zhang et al. [[11]] indicate that Cu and Co have shown a superior catalytic performance to those of other transition elements, and that layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have presented advantages over other heterogeneous Fenton catalysts. The combination of Au nano-particle catalysts and other species that activate H SB 2 sb O SB 2 sb served as an aerobic oxidation catalyst applicable to various substrates, including alkenes and alkanes. Govindan et al. [[3]] examined the relationship between the intrinsic structure of a carbocatalyst and the catalytic activity of peroxomonosulfate (PMS) activation in acetaminophen degradation. [Extracted from the article]

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant transmitted mainly through the atmosphere, posing a serious threat to biological survival and human health. Porous materials, with high specific surface area, high porosity, and high adsorption, are particularly suitable for the purification of atmospheric Hg mixtures. However, plant porous materials are rarely directly used for atmospheric Hg purification. In this study, the properties and mechanism of maize whisker in removing atmospheric Hg were analyzed. The results show that the Hg content in the whiskers increases significantly as the initial Hg concentration increases, and 79.38% Hg can be removed by 0.2 g maize whiskers after 1 h exposure when the initial Hg concentration is 0.1 μg m−3, indicating that maize whiskers can accumulate atmospheric Hg rapidly and effectively. The hole diameter of the maize whisker is between 0.83 and 3.06 μm, which is suitable for the adsorption of small substances. Correlation analysis shows that maize whiskers have a significant correlation between atmospheric Hg retention and its specific surface area, pore size, medium pore ratio, and micropore ratio, suggesting that the maize whisker hole feature has a significant influence on its ability to retain atmospheric Hg. Compared with the energy profiles before and after Hg treatment, the peak of Mg decreased after Hg adsorption. Fourier infrared spectrometer analysis suggests that functional groups such as -OH, -COOH, and -O- are involved in the adsorption process. The change in pH value shows an obvious effect on the overall change in zeta potential in the adsorption process. Therefore, a variety of mechanisms, including physical adsorption, electrostatic adsorption, complexation, chelation, and ion exchange, are involved in Hg retention with the maize whisker. This study reveals the important potential value of agricultural waste maize whiskers in the purification of atmospheric heavy metal Hg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two siblings aged 5 and 15 years from Connecticut were hospitalized with petechial rash, oral mucositis, and severe thrombocytopenia approximately 10 days after they played with a jar of elemental mercury they found in their home. Before the mercury exposure was disclosed, the siblings were treated with platelet transfusions, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) for possible immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and antibiotics for possible infectious causes. When their conditions did not improve after 6 days, poison control facilitated further questioning about toxic exposures including mercury, testing for mercury, and chelation with dimercaptosuccinic acid. The older sibling soon recovered, but the younger child required a prolonged hospitalization for severe thrombocytopenia, ultimately receiving repeated doses of IVIG, steroids, and romiplostim, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Close collaboration among multiple agencies was required to identify the extent of mercury contamination, evaluate and treat the other family members, and decontaminate the home. These cases demonstrate the importance of ongoing public health outreach to promote early detection of elemental mercury toxicity, and the need to evaluate for environmental exposures when multiple close contacts experience similar signs and symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several cultures, black cumin, also known as Nigella sativa, has long been used medicinally. Recent research has revealed that this plant has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, making it a possible treatment for several medical conditions. Additionally, because of its capacity to detoxify the liver and protect it from harm, Nigella sativa has demonstrated positive results as an antidote for poisoning. Consumption of hazardous substances by accident or planned poisoning are two prevalent causes of poisoning. The liver is the primary organ in detoxification. According to studies, Nigella sativa can help the liver operate better and defend it from toxins' harmful effects. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that Nigella sativa protects against heavy metal toxicity. Thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone, the plant's active components, have been demonstrated to bond with heavy metals and stop the body from absorbing them. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa as an antidote for poisoning cases. Nigella sativa presents an interesting natural alternative for treating poisoning cases, potentially complementing traditional medical approaches. The main goal of this review is to explore the potential application of Nigella sativa as an antidote for poisoning cases. The article discusses the plant's strong ability to detoxify and protect the liver. The review highlights preclinical studies that have shown promising results but also emphasizes the need for further clinical trials to determine the efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa as a natural alternative for treating poisoning cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental toxicants are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In reviewing the literature on heavy metals known to be toxicants, we noted several recent studies on mercury suggesting a possible role in the etiology of some cases of this disease. We therefore undertook a review of this association, focusing especially on peer-reviewed articles to avoid the bias inherent in much of the literature regarding mercury. For most people, our contemporary exposure to mercury comes from dental amalgam tooth restorations and from eating fish contaminated with mercury. In both cases, mercury is known to get into the brain in utero and at all ages. It remains in the brain for many years and is known to produce permanent neuropsychological deficits. Mercury toxicity can produce tremors and other Parkinsonian clinical symptoms. It can also produce neurochemical and neuropathological changes similar to those found in Parkinson's disease, including the loss of dopamine neurons, degeneration of tubulin and axons, dysfunction of mitochondria, and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein. Relatively few studies have assessed mercury in parkinsonian patients, but almost all reported a statistically significant association. Published studies suggest some promising leads in the relationship between mercury exposure and Parkinson's disease. However, studies of patients are relatively few, and the need for research is clear. A search of Parkinsonian research studies currently funded by the US National Institutes of Health, Parkinson's Foundation, and the Michael J Fox Foundation yielded no studies on mercury. We believe such studies should be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread contamination of the Amazon basin with mercury has been reported to occur since at least the mid-80s due to heavy gold mining activity. Although initial studies have indicated that this may lead to deleterious neurological consequences to the indigenous populations living in the region, further research is needed to better characterize the neurological burden of such long-term exposure. With this aim, a cross-sectional exploratory study has been conducted with the Yanomami indigenous population residing in a northern Amazon region. All participants underwent a structured interview; detailed neurological examination, including assessment for cognitive, motor, coordination, and sensory functions; and laboratorial testing for serum hemoglobin, blood glucose, and methylmercury levels in hair samples. This study enrolled 154 individuals of 30.9 ± 16.8 years of age, of which 56.1% were female. Mean methylmercury levels in hair were 3.9 ± 1.7 µg/g. Methylmercury levels in hair > 6.0 µg/g were found in 10.3%. Among participants with hair methylmercury levels ≥ 6.0 μg/g, the prevalences of peripheral neuropathy and reduced cognitive performance were, respectively, 78.8% (95%CI 15–177%, p = 0.010) and 95.9% (95%CI 16–230.8%, p = 0.012) higher than those of individuals with lower levels. These results suggest that chronic mercury exposure may lead to significant and potentially irreversible neurotoxicity to Yanomami population living in the northern Amazon basin.

Mercury (Hg) pollution is a global public health concern because of its adverse effects on the environment and health. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Hg levels and outcomes. The aim of this review was to describe the research and discuss the evidence on the genetic susceptibility of Hg-exposed individuals to the development of neurocognitive disorders. A systematic review was performed to identify the genes/SNPs associated with Hg toxicokinetics and that, therefore, affect neurological function in exposed populations. Observational and experimental studies were identified by screening three databases. Thirteen articles were included (quality score 82–100%) and 8124 individuals were evaluated. Hg exposure was mainly fish consumption (77%) and, in 31% of the studies, the Hg levels exceeded the reference limits. Genetic susceptibility to higher Hg levels and neurotoxicity risk in Hg poisoning were associated with eight (ALAD rs1800435, CYP3A4 rs2740574, CYP3A5 rs776746, CYP3A7 rs2257401, GSTP1 rs1695, MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270836, and MT4 rs11643815) and three (MT1A rs8052394, MT1M rs2270837, and MT2A rs10636) SNPs, respectively, and rs8052394 was associated with both outcomes. The MT1A rs8052394 SNP may be used as a susceptibility biomarker to identify individuals at greater risk for higher Hg levels and the development of neurocognitive disorders in metal-exposed populations.

Leachate, consisting of organic acids such as acetic acid (AA) and oxalic acid (OA), commonly is released into groundwater from municipal solid waste dumps and uncontrolled landfills. Slurry trench cutoff walls commonly are used to contain such contaminated groundwater, thereby protect the surrounding public and the environment. However, no studies have assessed comprehensively the effects of organic acid–laden groundwater exposure on the hydraulic conductivity and microscopic characteristics of sand–bentonite (SB) backfill in the cutoff walls. Several series of free swell, liquid limit, and flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted to quantify the effects of AA and OA exposure on the free swell index of bentonite and hydraulic conductivity and liquid limit of SB backfill. Results showed that the free swell index of bentonite and the liquid limit of SB backfill decreased with increasing concentrations of AA and OA. Exposure to AA yielded a lower free swell index of bentonite and liquid limit of SB backfill than those of OA with the same concentration. Increasing concentrations of AA and OA resulted in an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of SB backfills. Exposure to AA yielded higher hydraulic conductivity of SB backfill than OA with the same concentration. Mechanisms for increased hydraulic conductivity under organic acid exposure were ascertained based on the microstructure and compositional changes quantified by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), cation exchange capacity (CEC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Neural tube defects (NTDs) affect >300,000 pregnancies worldwide annually. Few nongenetic factors, other than folate deficiency, have been identified that may provide intervenable solutions to reduce the burden of NTDs. Prenatal exposure to toxic metals [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb)] may increase the risk of NTDs. Although a growing epidemiologic literature has examined associations, to our knowledge no systematic review has been conducted to date. OBJECTIVE: Through adaptation of the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology, we aimed to answer the question “does exposure to As, Cd, Hg, Mn, or Pb during gestation increase the risk of NTDs?” and to assess challenges to evaluating this question given the current evidence. METHODS: We selected available evidence on prenatal As, Cd, Hg, Mn, or Pb exposure and risk of specific NTDs (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly) or all NTDs via a comprehensive search across MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and TOXLINE databases and applied inclusion/exclusion criteria. We rated the quality and strength of the evidence for each metal. We applied a customized risk of bias protocol and evaluated the sufficiency of evidence of an effect of each metal on NTDs. RESULTS: We identified 30 studies that met our criteria. Risk of bias for confounding and selection was high in most studies, but low for missing data. We determined that, although the evidence was limited, the literature supported an association between prenatal exposure to Hg or Mn and increased risk of NTDs. For the remaining metals, the evidence was inadequate to establish or rule out an effect. CONCLUSION: The role of gestational As, Cd, or Pb exposure in the etiology of NTDs remains unclear and warrants further investigation in high-quality studies, with a particular focus on controlling confounding, mitigating selection bias, and improving exposure assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granule cell-selective toxicity of methylmercury in the cerebellum is one of the main unresolved issues in the pathogenesis of Minamata disease. Rats were orally administered methylmercury chloride (10 mg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days, and their brains were harvested on days 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 after the last administration for histological examination of the cerebellum. It was found that methylmercury caused a marked degenerative change to the granule cell layers but not to the Purkinje cell layers. The generative change of the granule cell layer was due to cell death, including apoptosis, which occurred at day 21 and beyond after the methylmercury administration. Meanwhile, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages had infiltrated the granule cell layer. Additionally, granule cells are shown to be a cell type susceptible to TNF-α. Taken together, these results suggest that methylmercury causes small-scale damage to granule cells, triggering the infiltration of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages into the granule cell layer, which secrete tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) to induce apoptosis in granule cells. This chain is established based on the susceptibility of granule cells to methylmercury, the ability of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and macrophages to synthesize and secrete TNF-α, and the sensitivity of granule cells to TNF-α and methylmercury. We propose to call the pathology of methylmercury-induced cerebellar damage the "inflammation hypothesis". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]