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The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, also known as food stamps) offers tens of millions of American beneficiaries a crucial lifeline. This welfare benefit has been associated with better nutritional outcomes and has been linked to an efficient tool to fight hunger, improve labour market outcomes for the beneficiaries, achieve higher birth weight for children born to the beneficiary mothers, improve height and health outcomes for the beneficiaries. SNAP has been found to be an essential tool to ensure the availability of vital resources during times of need, etc. Despite the program's numerous advantages, serious doubts exist about its viability and stability of the program especially, given the steep rise in program costs over the years. Over the past 50 years, SNAP has experienced tremendous growth both in terms of the number of beneficiaries and amount of spending. From over $1.82 billion in 1969 to over $113 billion in 2022, the total cost of the SNAP initiative has increased over 62 times in 53 years. This research uses data from the US Department of Agriculture to investigate the time series properties in the rise in the total expenditure devoted to the SNAP between 1969 and 2022. With and without trends, Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests are run with carefully chosen lag lengths. The existence of a unit root cannot be rejected in all specifications pointing to the possibility that the program might have grown in an unstable manner over time. An overwhelming amount of evidence points to an unstable and unstable growth in the overall amount spent on SNAP recipients. This unchecked growth may present substantial difficulties for policymakers especially since the program competes with other welfare programs in an environment of rapidly rising national debt and persistent budget deficits. The report does not attempt to estimate program fraud or abuse which may partially contribute to higher expenditures.

This mathematical model is based on a system of two non-linear delay differential equations representing GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth and national debt respectively. Growth of GDP is directly proportional to national debt. In the absence of national debt, there could be no or very slow GDP growth. The national debt is heavily dependent on external loans and external investments. These investments act as a catalyst for accelerating the rate of GDP. It is assumed that the external debt is never paid off fully. The availability of external investments is not immediate as per demand but takes some time for the maturation of the deal. The time delay in actual arrival of the foreign investment and its effect on GDP-National debt dynamics is the main focus of this study. This effect is studied using a delay parameter τ. The non-zero equilibrium of the system is calculated, and the stability analysis is performed on it. Hopf bifurcation is observed for a critical value of the delay parameter. Numerical simulation is performed using MATLAB code.

This mathematical model is based on a system of two non-linear delay differential equations representing GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth and national debt respectively. Growth of GDP is directly proportional to national debt. In the absence of national debt, there could be no or very slow GDP growth. The national debt is heavily dependent on external loans and external investments. These investments act as a catalyst for accelerating the rate of GDP. It is assumed that the external debt is never paid off fully. The availability of external investments is not immediate as per demand but takes some time for the maturation of the deal. The time delay in actual arrival of the foreign investment and its effect on GDP-National debt dynamics is the main focus of this study. This effect is studied using a delay parameter τ. The non-zero equilibrium of the system is calculated, and the stability analysis is performed on it. Hopf bifurcation is observed for a critical value of the delay parameter. Numerical simulation is performed using MATLAB code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the impact of national debt on gross domestic product growth, which plays an essential role in economic development when the debt-to-GDP ratio achieves the optimal public debt ratio. The goal of this study is to comprehend the relationship between government debt and GDP growth, which becomes increasingly essential for economic development as the debt-to-GDP ratio approaches the optimal threshold of public debt. The study applied regression threshold models, unit roots, and Pearson correlation tests to the data collected in Vietnam from 2000 to 2020 to determine the optimum national debt-to-GDP threshold. The results show that the correlation between national debt-to-GDP and GDP growth was 85.2%. All the variables are stationary at the first difference and lag after one year, and the 38% threshold is the best level of national debt for GDP growth. This study contributes to the theoretical enhancement of the current knowledge of the factors that offer the Vietnamese government a point of reference for policy recommendations to control national debt successfully.

Based on the analysis of national and foreign scientific literature, the paper determines the main parameters of financial stability at the macro level, taking into account the characteristics of the economy of the Republic of Belarus. These parameters include the level of inflation, exchange rates, the level of dollarization of the economy, interest rate, the balance of external trade, the state of the economic entities' finances, as well as financial soundness indicators developed by the International Monetary Fund. The quantitative assessment of the inter-linkages between these parameters was carried out: a correlation matrix and regression models are constructed. The study used official statistical information published by the National Bank and the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis for 2000-2019.

The U.S. national debt reached the astounding figure of 22 trillion dollars in 2018 (Gomes & Sinclair, 2019). It splashed onto the headlines of newspapers and became a topic of interest for Nobel laureate economists, dividing opinions on the potential impacts and the necessity of corrective measures. Krugman (2019) advocates that the national debt is trivial for a large economy like the U.S.; whereas, economists, such as Summers (2019), assume a more cautious position in recommending clear restrictions on the never-ending rise in the national debt. Some intriguing questions persist: should measures to restrain or reduce the debt be taken? If so, what is the ideal time to put them into effect? The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons for the increasing U.S. national debt and to raise a discussion on the ideas of these reputed economists to address these questions. Additionally, the fundamental principles of risk management have been explained to evaluate the national debt from a different perspective (Homan, 2013). The findings of this research show that there are similarities between the theory of risk management and the risk concerns involved in the U.S. national debt. The social impact of this research includes the potential for the risk management tools identified to be used in analyzing the sovereign national debt.

Policy decisions, and public preferences about them, often entail judgements about costs people should be willing to pay for the benefit of future generations. Economic analyses discount policies’ future benefits based on expectations about increasing standards of living, while empirical studies in psychology have found future-oriented people are more motivated to protect the environment. In this article, using original surveys and survey experiments in four countries—Sweden, Spain, South Korea, and China—we show that support for future-oriented policies also strongly reflects people’s political trust. Focusing on policies for reducing either global warming or public debt, we find political trust operates on attitudes by shaping people’s (a) confidence in policies’ effectiveness and (b) willingness to sacrifice for others. The influence of political trust outweighs that of subjective concern, while discounting has so little impact that people who expect future generations to be richer are more, not less, willing to sacrifice.

National debt managing is a complicated system task of top-priority, which becomes upmost important in conditions of crisis facing Russian economy today. A key condition of successful solving the task is the availability of effective system of state finance control. The article deals with theoretical and methodological issues of organizing state finance control connected with assessing national borrowings on home and foreign markets of securities. The author investigates principles and key methodological approaches on the basis of which the system of assessing the efficiency of national debt can be designed. Indicators for assessing the efficiency of national borrowing management connected in topical blocks can be used as a methodological solution.

In this paper, scientific and methodological approaches as for interpreting the notion “national debt of the country” as a whole are systematized, the essence of “internal national debt” and “external national debt” in particular is clarified. Critical analysis of the state and dynamics of the national debt of Ukraine during 2006-2015 was performed. Dynamics of the extent of internal and external national debt of the country was studied and their comparative analysis was performed. Detailed structure of both internal part of the debt and its external part is presented. With the help of correlation analysis, strength of correlation and directions of influence of different types of debts on the national budget of Ukraine in 2006-2015 was determined.

The subject of research is the theoretical and practical issues of the national debt of Ukraine. The article purpose is to estimate the current state of national debt of Ukraine and to research the directions of increasing the management efficiency of the debt. Research methods. Methodological and theoretical basis of the research consists of the works of foreign and national scholars. It is used a number of scientific methods in the study, including methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of generalization and comparison. Results of the work. The state of national external and domestic debt, state guaranteed debt is analyzed in the article, share of debt in GDP and debt burden per one person. The study found the main trends of public debt management, found the main factors of public debt growth in Ukraine, methods of debt management. The main reasons that led to the critical state of public debt in Ukraine are considered in the article. It is shown, that the main factors that caused the increasing the debt burden is devaluation of the hryvnia, real GDP, lower domestic consumer demand as a result of inflation and unemployment, the negative impact of the real interest rate of NBU on the debt sphere and limitations of functioning of borrowed capital market and so on. The Poland experience of escape of the debt trap and approaches to debt management in European countries is considered. The current debt policy of Ukraine and possible directions of improvement and development of the debt policy are analyzed in the article. Scope of results. Budgetary policy. National debt management. The results might be used for management of national debt and analysis of debt policy in Ukraine. Conclusions. In 2017 Ukraine has excessive debt burden mainly through external borrowing, a critical measure of debt relative to GDP and uptrend of external debt, reducing possibilities of its service. All these indicating the urgent necessity for measures to improve debt policy, minimize debt and strengthen the economy of Ukraine. Government should create an effective system of debt management that would ensure financial stability at the same time. Important measures of improving debt policy is to develop a medium-term debt strategy, use of loans for development and diagnostics of debt structure, focus on the domestic market and stimulate business activity and so on. It is important to form an integrated system of legislative regulation of providing servicing costs and redemption of debt, to pay much attention to the development and permanent improvement of risk management, of the state ability to fulfill its debt obligations.

During 1912 and 1913 the Kingdom of Serbia led two wars, and from the end of 1915 its entire territory was occupied. Therefore, Serbia had to use foreign funds and external loans to finance military expenditure, as it started to be much greater, and budget revenues were no longer enough for the state budget.

The article defines the concept of public debt, consider its characteristics, the analysis of the level of public debt in developed and developing countries, considered the change of the OECD countries, the structure of government debt by instrument, an analysis of the measures taken by the governments of developed countries to prevent its further growth. It is necessary to identify the relationship of the budget deficit and public debt: the growth of the budget deficit leads to an increase in public debt. However, the absolute value of the ratio of the budget deficit and, consequently, public debt, there is little informative for economic analysis. It is necessary to identify the processes affecting the maintenance of the budget deficit. It is also necessary to find the tools for measuring changes in public debt relative to GDP dynamics.In the context of the existing market relations is difficult to achieve fiscal balance. The conditions of a deficit or surplus. It is shown that to cover the state budget deficit uses various types of financial loans, which constitute public debt, consisting of internal and external debt.

In the article is grounded necessity of realization of the state crediting for coverage of deficit of the state budget on the modern stage, the modern state of national debt of Ukraine is investigated and the analysis of basic indicators of promissory safety of Ukraine comes true. During the last years a tendency is traced to the increase of national debt of Ukraine, that it is related to the high currency risks of external debt, by an unstable situation with refunding of debts of previous years, and also pressure of promissory payments on public finances. Without regard to that the level of national debt of Ukraine as yet remains within the limits of maximum value, the analysis of promissory situation testifies to the threatening tendency of decline of promissory strength of Ukraine security as a result of the protracted borrowed financing of economy, increase of national debt in relation to GDP, sharp increase of the promissory loading on the state budget and realization of the new borrowing related to the difficult political, economic and military situation.

The article summarizes the causes of the financial crisis and reveales a set of measures to overcome the consequences of the financial crisis and stabilize the financial systems of the EU member states

The paper considers the development trend of national debt and its status in the United States and the European Union. The measures taken by governments and heads of state for the optimization of national debt were analyzed, their impact on further development of the economy was considered. The basic ways to achieve the stabilization of national debt level were outlined.

This paper examines existing methods of public debt management, features of their application, the problem of high levels of public debt and the efficiency of public debt management in Ukraine. Priorities debt policy of Ukraine in the context of the main methods are proposed for public debt management.

This article analyzes U.S. federal budget surpluses and deficits to better understand the USA current fiscal position and problems in an historical perspective. A long-run perspective on U.S. federal budget deficits is also helpful in understanding the deficit/debt problem. The history of US federal budget management divided into three epochs in this study. The study shows that budget deficit and debt problem especially began since the late 1970’s-third epoch- when the federal government has operated chronic and huge deficits in which usually without economic rationale.