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When we trace back to the past on the issue of women, the earliest evidence that archaeology encountered are the Venus figurines from the Upper Paleolithic Period. These artifacts, which have been discovered in a wide area from Europe to Siberian context, are generally depictions of women with exaggerated female organs. The most famous one of them is the Willendorf Venus that was made of limestone. There are also samples of Venus figurines with hair and facial details, as well as the ones which generally do not have any hair and facial details. The existence of these figurines raised the question of why the interest of prehistoric people focused so much on certain points of the female or female body. There is no consensus on the social, economic or cultural functions of these artifacts among the researchers, so different suggestions have been offered up to the present day. The figurines are associated with femininity, motherhood, fertility, fruitfulness, survival, rebirth, magic and shamanism, as well as a simple toy or sign object. Female figurines were engraved on clay, bone, stone and marble not only in the Paleolithic period, but also throughout the entire Mining ages. The fact that these figurines were treated in the same category as a single type, without considering the cultural / economic / ecological diversity, has been one of the factors that make it difficult to understand the historical roles of women and the process of change imposed upon them. Another factor is the lack of philological evidence to support archaeological ones in Anatolia, especially until the Bronze Age. The cuneiform tablets discovered by archaeological studies in Anatolia in the Bronze Age, a period that its history could be traced in writing, were able to provide more detailed information on the place and importance of women in political, social and economic life, compared to previous periods.

Tema ovoga rada koncepti su majčinstva u hrvatskoj književnosti od 16. do 19. stoljeća. Rad se temelji na različitim definicijama idealnoga majčinstva i općenito onoga kakve bi majke trebale biti, ali se osvrćemo i na model lošega majčinstva što povezujemo s prijezirom prema ženskome tijelu u 17. stoljeću. Također, rad analizira problematiku patrijarhalnoga sistema koji je uvelike utjecao na submisivnost majki u obitelji. The topic of this work is the concepts of motherhood in Croatian literature from the 16th to the 19th century. The work is based on different definitions of ideal motherhood and what mothers should be like in general, but we also look back at the model of bad motherhood, which was contained with contempt for the female body in the 17th century. Also, the paper analyzes the issue of the patriarchal system, which greatly influenced the submissiveness of the mother in the family.

El trabajo busca reconocer el sentido que adquiere la maternidad en las experiencias de vida de mujeres jóvenes que viven en contextos de vulnerabilidad estructural. El análisis se centra en el relato de cinco mujeres-jóvenes-madres que residen en barrios ubicados en la periferia sudoeste de Rosario, las cuales tienen en común haber sido madres entre los 14 y los 18 años. Los interrogantes versan sobre: ¿cuál es el sentido que adquiere la maternidad para las jóvenes? y ¿cómo se configura subjetivamente dicho sentido, teniendo en cuenta los condicionamientos estructurales que enmarcan a sus experiencias? El análisis vincula las desigualdades de género y de clase que atraviesan sus trayectorias de vida junto a las voces y significaciones de las propias jóvenes. Entre los hallazgos, puede afirmarse que el límite entre el mandato y el deseo se torna difuso, teniendo la maternidad un sentido oscilante, en tanto las jóvenes llegan a sus embarazos sin que medie su voluntad y permanecen reproduciendo roles típicamente patriarcales que fueron naturalizados desde pequeñas; y a su vez, porque dicho sentido da carnadura a un eje sobre el cual vertebran su existencia, brindándoles un lugar de pertenencia y un ancla emocional que las impulsa a sostenerse en la vida. The paper seeks to recognize the meaning of motherhood in the experiences of young women who live in contexts of structural vulnerability. The analysis focuses on the life story of five young womenmothers who live in neighborhoods located in the south-western periphery of Rosario. These young women have in common having been mothers between 14 and 18 years old. The questionnaire comprises two questions: what is the meaning of motherhood for those girls? And how is this sense subjectively configured, taking into account the structural conditioning that frames its experiences? The analysis links the gender and class inequalities that go through their life trajectories together with the voices and meanings of the young people themselves. Thus, it can be said that the meaning of motherhood varies between the fact that they arrive at their pregnancies without their will and they continue reproducing typically patriarchal roles that were naturalized since they were small; and in turn, this sense it’s internalized as the way they structure their lives, giving them a place of belonging and an emotional anchor that drives them to sustain themselves in life. Fil: Cena, Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales. Escuela de Trabajo Social; Argentina.

1980s are the period that women’s movement in Turkey gained momentum relative to the previous years. Although the women’s movement and its institutionalization period were a near-perfect though in theory, it still has an importance to review the historical background of the women’s movement in Turkey for the contemporary and future studies. The reason for this is that most of the studies can remain in the descriptive study dimension due to the fact that they do not refer to the previous period of women’s movement and that they do not have the knowledge of their roots. The purpose of this review work in this context is to put forth the historical roots of the institutionalization of the women's movement in Turkey in order to shed light on the contemporary studies by using the historical background and to develop new strategies for contemporary policy with the help of the past experiences. In explaining the development of feminism in Turkey, different periodization studies were used. Some of them are: According to Sirman (1989); (a) The Ottoman Period (b) The first periods of the Republic (c) 1980s are 3 periods. According to Tekeli (1986); (a) Before Tanzimat (b) Tanzimat Period (c) The first years of the Republic and the period of one-party regime (d) From 1950 to the present four periods. According to Nizam (1993); (a) Before the War of Independence (b) After the War of Independence (c) After 1980. In this study, the development of the feminist movement in Turkey has been differentiated according to the position of women in society. In this context, five chapters have been formed from the pre-Islamic period, which is conceptualized as a very controversial milestone. The Position of Women in the Pre-Islamic Society The Position of Women after Islam and in Ottoman Empire The Position of Women in Society in the Republican Period The Position of Women in the 1980s and 1990s Women's Movement in Turkey in 2000s ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet 1980'ler Türkiye'deki kadın hareketinin önceki yıllara göre ivme kazandığı dönemdir. Her ne kadar kadın hareketi ve kurumsallaşma süresi teoride mükemmele yakın olsa da çağdaş ve gelecekteki çalışmalar için Türkiye'deki kadın hareketinin tarihsel arka planını gözden geçirmek hala önemlidir. Bunun nedeni, çalışmaların çoğunun, kadın hareketinin önceki dönemine değinmedikleri ve kökleri hakkında bilgi sahibi olmadıkları için tanımlayıcı çalışma boyutunda kalabilmeleridir. Bu bağlamda yapılan bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, tarihsel arka planı kullanarak çağdaş çalışmalara ışık tutmak ve çağdaş politika için yeni stratejiler geliştirmek amacıyla Türkiye'deki kadın hareketinin kurumsallaşmasının tarihsel kökenlerini ortaya koymaktır. Türkiye'de feminizmin gelişimini açıklarken farklı dönemselleştirme çalışmaları kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan bazıları: Sirman'a göre (1989); (a) Osmanlı Dönemi (b) Cumhuriyet'in ilk dönemleri (c) 1980'ler 3 dönemdir. Tekeli'ye (1986) göre; (a) Tanzimat Öncesi (b) Tanzimat Dönemi (c) Cumhuriyet'in ilk yılları ve tek parti rejimi dönemi (d) 1950'den günümüze kadar olan dört dönem. Nizam'a (1993) göre; (a) Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan önce (b) Kurtuluş Savaşı'ndan sonra (c) 1980'den sonra. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'deki feminist hareketin gelişimi kadınların toplumdaki konumuna göre farklılaşmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çok tartışmalı bir dönüm noktası olarak kavramsallaştırılan beş bölüm oluşturulmuştur: Kadınların İslam Öncesi Toplumdaki Konumu Kadınların İslam Sonrası ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Konumu Cumhuriyet Döneminde Kadınların Toplumdaki Yeri 1980’ler ve 1990’larda Kadınların Konumu 2000’li Yıllarda Türkiye’de Kadın Hareketi

Ovaj završni rad bavi se feminizmom u romanu Kamen na cesti Marije Jurić Zagorke. Najprije je predstavljen književno-povijesni kontekst Zagorkina stvaralaštva te društveno-povijesni kontekst vremena u kojem je roman nastao. Prikazana je usporedba života Marije Jurić i protagonistkinje Kamena na cesti Mirjane Grgić te se postavlja pitanje može li se o tome romanu govoriti kao o svojevrsnoj autobiografiji. Uz razmatanje što je to feminizam te kako se reflektira u književnosti i književnoj teoriji, analiziraju se postavke patrijarhalnog sustava koji ograničava slobodu žena, s naglaskom na gušenje Mirjanine slobode kroz nekoliko aspekata, koje je izdvojio Stanko Lasić: patologiju ljubomore, patologiju škrtosti i patologiju muške prevlasti. Time su eksplicirani feministički elementi unutar romana. na kraju se Zagorkina protagonistkinja analizira i s obzirom na problematiku spola i roda te transvetizma.

تعدّ مسألة النقد الحضاري من أبرز وأهم القضايا الفكرية التي عالجها المفكر هشام شرابي طوال عقود من حياته الفكرية والأكاديمية، متناولا أساسا في هذا النوع من النقد معضلات وأسباب تخلف المجتمع العربي، منتهجا منهجا مميزا مستعملا فيه مقولات الإيديولوجية الماركسية ومفاهيم المدرسة التحليلية لفرويد ومؤسسا على ضوء هذا مقاربة فريدة تدعى المقاربة الفرويدية / الماركسية، ومستنتجا من خلال هذا النهج أو الرؤية أن النظام الأبوي (البطركي) المتغلغل داخل منظومات المجتمع العربي الاجتماعية والثقافية والاقتصادية والسياسية هو المكرس لقيم التخلف والعجز فيها. ومنه فإن السبيل لتغيير هذا الواقع-حسبه -هو خلخلة وإعادة بناء هذا المفهوم.

Various norms and values favouring sons over daughters are an important part of the traditional social system in Korea, particularly the kinship institution and related normative culture. Despite rapid socioeconomic changes, many of these characteristics still exist as institutionalized values.In the second half of the 1980s and the early 1990s, to accommodate both the strong son preference and low fertility, the sex ratio at birth and among young children increased continuously. The main objective of this study is to provide explanations as to why and how the sex ratio at birth increased during that period. The pattern of changing trends and regional differentials in sex ratios from 1960 to 2001 is analysed. Attention is given to the causal mechanisms and implications of son-selective reproductive behaviour.The author also emphasizes the slow downward trend in sex ratio at birth observed in all regions of Korea from the mid-1990s, and investigates its causes by considering such factors as recent changes in behaviours among young generations and the government’s efforts to implement policies promoting the status of women. Les normes et les valeurs donnant la préférence aux fils, par rapport aux filles, sont une composante essentielle de l’organisation sociale coréenne traditionnelle, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la famille. En dépit des changements socio-économiques récents, la plupart de ces caractéristiques perdurent.Dans la seconde moitié de la décennie 1980 et dans les années 1990, la forte baisse de la fécondité dans ce contexte de préférence pour les fils a conduit à une élévation continue du rapport de masculinité à la naissance et aux jeunes âges naissances. Les tendances récentes et les différentiels régionaux sont analysés par l’auteur. Une attention particulière est accordée aux mécanismes et aux implications des comportements de reproduction favorisant les garçons.L’auteur souligne en outre le retournement de tendance observé depuis le milieu des années 1990, avec une lente diminution du rapport de masculinité des naissances dans les différentes régions de Corée. Il explique cette nouvelle situation par les changements intervenus dans les comportements des jeunes couples de même que par les efforts du gouvernement visant à promouvoir le statut de la femme.

In Pakistan as well as in many other countries in Asia, there is a strong son preference. Using data from the 1998 population census and sample surveys conducted during the past decade, this paper examines: evidence of sex preference in Pakistan; sex ratios at birth; sex ratios among children under five; sex differentials in mortality in infancy and early childhood; and, whether preferential treatment is given to male (over female) children.Since Pakistan has not reached yet a stage of low fertility, sex-selective abortion to the purpose of having a son is rarely practised. Instead, couples who desire to have male children do so by having successive female children until they achieve their goal. Consequently, the sex ratio at birth in Pakistan is currently consistent with the accepted biological norm. Thus, it appears that although there is a strong desire for sons, daughters are not unwanted or grossly neglected after birth. However, a more rapid decline in infant mortality is observed among males than among females. Au Pakistan comme dans de nombreux autres pays en Asie, il existe traditionnellement une forte préférence pour les fils. En utilisant les données du recensement de 1998 et d’enquêtes conduites au cours des dix dernières années, l’auteur étudie les tendances récentes du rapport de masculinité à la naissance et chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans, de même que les différentiels de mortalité infantile et juvénile selon le sexe. Il examine également la possibilité de traitements préférentiels selon le sexe, pouvant favoriser les garçons.Etant donné que la fécondité est encore élevée au Pakistan, les avortements sélectifs selon le sexe sont encore très peu pratiqués. Les couples ne renoncent pas pour autant à un fils, mais acceptent de faire plusieurs tentatives, c’est à dire d’avoir plusieurs filles, avant d’y parvenir. Par conséquent, le rapport de masculinité à la naissance au Pakistan est conforme à la norme biologique. L’auteur démontre également que, en dépit d’une forte préférence pour les fils, les naissances de filles ne sont pas malvenues, et que les filles ne sont pas particulièrement discriminées après leur naissance. Il constate cependant que, ces dernières années, la mortalité infantile des garçons a diminué plus vite que celle des filles.

In Haryana and Punjab, the last census shows a sharp increase in the masculinity of the juvenile population, with the child sex ratio level exceeding 120 males for 100 females in 2001. Despite their impressive economic achievement, Haryana and Punjab seem to revert back to some ancient forms of female discrimination, which is, in some way, paradoxical. The tradition of female infanticide, which has virtually disappeared, is being progressively replaced by female foeticide, indicating a trend towards transfer of gender discrimination from the post-to the prenatal stage. In specific areas of the two states, this type of sex selective discrimination is leading to child sex ratios as high as 133 boys for 100 girls.This paradoxical increase in gender bias, in a context of overall improvement of the standard of living, can be explained by the desire among couples to limit their family size, in an environment of continued son preference. Technical progress also plays a role, giving couples an easy way to structure and shape their families in terms of intended size and sex. Economic development may also increase the cost of the girl child, because of the expected amount of dowry. Le dernier recensement indien a montré, pour l’Haryana et le Punjab, un accroissement rapide du rapport de masculinité chez les enfants, celui-ci dépassant 120 garçons pour 100 filles en 2001. En dépit de progrès économiques importants, l’Haryana et le Punjab semblent renouer avec des pratiques anciennes de discrimination des filles, ce qui paraît paradoxal. La tradition de l’infanticide des filles, qui a presque entièrement disparu dans ces états, est remplacée par un fœticide féminin, indiquant un transfert des discriminations de la phase post-natale vers la phase prénatale. Dans certaines régions de ces deux états, cette pratique a pour conséquence une forte élévation du rapport de masculinité juvénile, aujourd’hui de 133 garçons pour 100 filles.Cette accentuation du déséquilibre des sexes alors que le niveau de vie global s’améliore s’explique par un désir des couples de limiter leur descendance dans un contexte de forte préférence pour les fils. Les progrès technologiques jouent également un rôle, en ce sens qu’ils donnent aux couples un moyen facile de choisir la composition de leur descendance. Par ailleurs, le développement économique s’accompagne d’une augmentation rapide du montant de la dot, ce qui accroît le coût d’une fille.

Subsequent to the demographic transition, Asian countries have been experiencing deep-rooted changes in family structures. In this context, the question of gender relations within the family, and more generally within society, is crucial, in view of the increase in discriminatory practices toward women, beginning at foetal conception and continuing through all stages of life. Asia is the “black continent” for women. Estimates place the deficit in the number of women in the world at between 60...

In a country like China, where son preference is principally the product of an ingrained social prejudice that “man is superior to woman”, girls and women still occupy a marginal position in society, whereas a male heir offers countless advantages. Because the family planning policy imposes a prior authorization for each birth, and inflicts administrative, financial, and occupational penalties on non-compliant couples, girls become unwanted simply because they deny their parents the possibility of a son. This has led to growing daughter discrimination that is materialized in different ways: infanticide, sex-selective abortions, under-reporting of births, excess female infant mortality.Following the 1990 and 2000 population censuses, this study describes the recent trends in sex ratio at birth nationwide and on the provincial level, and investigates the excess mortality of girls as one of the discriminatory practices. The author then undertakes to estimate the female birth deficit in recent years and examines its causes. Dans un pays comme la Chine où la préférence pour les fils résulte de la conception traditionnelle selon laquelle « la femme est inférieure à l’homme », les filles et les femmes sont toujours socialement marginalisées, tandis que les fils offrent de nombreux avantages. Etant donné que, dans le cadre de la politique de limitation des naissances, chaque naissance nécessite une autorisation préalable, et que des sanctions administratives, professionnelles ou financières sont infligées aux couples non respectueux de ces mesures, les filles deviennent indésirables simplement parce qu’elles privent leurs parents de la possibilité d’un fils. Cet état de fait conduit à des discriminations croissantes envers les filles, qui se manifestent notamment par l’infanticide, les avortements sélectifs, la sous-déclaration des naissances de filles, la surmortalité infantile féminine.En utilisant les résultats des derniers recensements de population de 1990 et 2000, cette recherche décrit les tendances récentes du rapport de masculinité des naissances au niveau national mais aussi à l’échelle des provinces, et étudie la surmortalité infantile des filles comme l’une de ces pratiques discriminatoires. Ensuite, l’auteur tente d’estimer l’ampleur du déficit de filles, et en énonce les causes.

Sex ratio imbalances in favour of men are very pronounced in several Asian countries such China, Korea or India. Apart from the impact of sex-specific migrations or adult mortality, these imbalances originate from higher sex ratios at birth and better survival rates among boys. The analysis of the child sex ratio (CSR) is a very useful tool in assessing the extent and the nature of sex discrimination in countries where men predominate.In this paper, the author examines spatial variations and their regional contexts simultaneously in China and India using a similar methodology. While sex discrimination in Asia shares a common historical origin related to both traditional patriarchal institutions and recent fertility decline, the comparative analysis highlights some of the main similarities and discrepancies between the two nations. The author first discusses the comparability of the data, proceeds to map recent figures for the lowest geographical units and then examines the major correlates (or presumed determinants) of variations in the CSR. Further spatial analysis based on geo-statistical modelling will show the CSR to follow rather different spatial patterns in China and India at both macro-and micro-levels, allowing of a preliminary conclusion based on these findings. Le déséquilibre du rapport de masculinité en faveur des hommes est très marqué dans plusieurs pays d’Asie, dont la Chine, la Corée du sud et l’Inde. Outre l’effet des migrations différentielles selon le sexe, ce déséquilibre résulte du niveau anormalement élevé du rapport de masculinité des naissances et, bien souvent, de meilleurs taux de survie chez les garçons. L’analyse du rapport de masculinité juvénile est un outil extrêmement utile pour déterminer l’ampleur et la nature de la discrimination des filles et des femmes dans les pays dans lesquels les hommes sont majoritaires.Dans cette étude, l’auteur analyse les variations spatiales et leur contexte régional simultanément en Chine et en Inde en utilisant une méthodologie identique. Alors que la discrimination des filles en Asie a une origine commune, liée à la fois aux institutions patriarcales traditionnelles et à la baisse récente de la fécondité, l’analyse comparative met en évidence les principales similitudes et dissemblances entre ces deux pays. L’auteur discute tout d’abord de la comparabilité des données. Il cartographie ensuite ces données à l’échelle géographique la plus petite, puis examine les principales corrélations (ou les déterminants présumés) expliquant les variations du rapport de masculinité juvénile. Enfin, une analyse spatiale plus poussée, fondée sur un modèle géostatistique, montre les différentes caractéristiques spatiales du rapport de masculinité juvénile en Chine et en Inde à la fois aux niveaux macro et micro, ce qui autorise l’auteur à des conclusions préliminaires.

The sex ratio, as well as the juvenile sex ratio, of the Indian population has been diminishing almost regularly since 1901, particularly in some regions of the country, because of specific discriminatory sociocultural practices rooted in the context of the Indian patriarchy. To the infanticide of newborn girls has been added the sex-selective abortion of female embryos. Since the time India adopted new technologies to determine the sex of the foetus, nothing has really been done to arrest their progression, except the law of 1994 and its amendments. Another discriminatory behaviour is the negligence towards girls, which can be broken down in terms of care and alimentation.To measure female discrimination in South India we conducted a cartographic study at two levels in Tamil Nadu in order to map the abnormalities of the juvenile sex ratio and the sex ratio, which denote significant behaviour variations. The trends in sex ratio differentials in South India are first described. Then the variations and micro-spatiotemporal trends in Tamil Nadu are considered more closely. A third part is devoted to an investigation of the sex ratios in the districts of Salem and Dharmapuri from 1961 to 1991. En Inde, le rapport de masculinité, notamment chez les enfants, diminue de façon à peu près régulière depuis 1901, en particulier dans certaines régions. Cette tendance résulte de pratiques socioculturelles discriminant les filles, toujours bien ancrées dans la société indienne patriarcale. À la pratique traditionnelle de l’infanticide des bébés filles, sont venus récemment s’ajouter les avortements sélectifs selon le sexe. L’Inde dispose aujourd’hui de technologies modernes pour détecter le sexe du fœtus mais, outre la loi de 1994 et ses amendements successifs, rien n’a vraiment été fait pour stopper la progression de leur utilisation. Un autre comportement discriminatoire consiste à négliger les filles sur un plan sanitaire et alimentaire.Les auteurs mènent à bien une étude cartographique sur deux niveaux, afin de détecter les anomalies dans le rapport de masculinité juvénile et global. Dans un premier temps, ils décrivent les différentiels dans les rapports de masculinité et leurs tendances au sud de l’Inde. Puis ils s’attachent à l’analyse les variations spatio-temporelles au Tamil Nadu. Enfin, ils fournissent un analyse approfondie de la situation des rapports de masculinité dans les districts de Salem et de Dharmapuri de 1961 à 1991.

In this paper the authors examine levels and trends of estimated sex ratios at birth (SRB) and sex ratios of under 5-mortality risk in India, as well as the socio-economic correlates of the latter, using 1981 and 1991 census data. The issue of India's “missing women” has raised concern since the abnormal female-deficit population sex ratio was first noted in the 1871 census. Since then the ratio has grown almost steadily more masculine, despite small upswings in the female proportion in 1981 and 2001. Though India’s 2001 census shows a 6-point increase in the population sex ratio to 933 females per 1000 males (as opposed to 927 females per 1,000 males in 1991), this still shows a substantial female deficit. Recent research stresses the persistent female mortality disadvantage in infancy and childhood, a view also supported by projections and simulations.This research has two analytic aims. First, the authors map district-level data on estimated SRB and on observed child mortality (0q5) risk sex ratios from the Indian censuses of 1981 and 1991. Second, they conduct multivariate statistical analyses of socio-economic correlates of female disadvantage in death (female dominant child mortality sex ratio) for 1981 and 1991. Dans cet article, les auteurs étudient les niveaux et les tendances des rapports de masculinité infantiles et de la mortalité juvénile en Inde, de même que les facteurs socioéconomiques qui leur sont liés, en utilisant les données des recensements de 1981 et de 1991. La question des “femmes manquantes” a émergé de longue date en Inde, puisqu’un déficit de femmes a été pour la première fois relevé au recensement de 1871. Depuis lors, le ratio hommes/femmes dans la population a évolué en faveur des hommes, en dépit de quelques retournements ponctuels aux recensements de 1981 et de 2001. Bien que le recensement de 2001 montre un accroissement de 6 points du rapport de masculinité global par rapport au recensement de 1991 (933 et 927 femmes pour 1 000 hommes respectivement), cela ne remet pas en question le déficit de femmes. Les recherches récentes soulignent en outre la persistance d’une surmortalité féminine aux jeunes âges.Cette recherche comporte deux volets. Ses auteurs ont tout d’abord cartographié, à l’échelle des districts, les rapports de masculinité des naissances estimés et les quotients de mortalité entre les âges de 0 et 5 ans (0q5) aux recensements de 1981 et de 1991. Ils ont ensuite conduit une analyse statistique multivariée des déterminants socioéconomiques de la surmortalité féminine pour ces mêmes années.

Following the fertility decline over the past twenty-five years, sex ratios at birth have increased in Taiwan, reflecting the influence of various kinds of human interventions in the sex of the foetus. In this paper, the authors first discuss the fertility trends and the reasons why the sex ratio at birth is skewed. Then, they describe the trends of the sex ratio at birth in Taiwan as a whole and its patterns in various regions since 1990. They subsequently use micro-level data to explore the effects of demographic and social changes and the consequences of the unbalanced sex ratio at birth in families with respect to the values and attitudes toward raising children and parental investment in child health. Finally, they probe implications for possible policy interventions to enhance the well-being of children. Au fur et à mesure de la baisse de la fécondité qui s’est opérée à Taiwan au cours des vingt-cinq dernières années, le rapport de masculinité des naissances a augmenté rapidement à Taiwan, témoignant d’interventions humaines sur le sexe de l’enfant à naître. Dans cette étude, les auteurs présentent tout d’abord les tendances récentes de la fécondité, de même que les facteurs affectant la rapport de masculinité des naissances. Puis ils décrivent les tendances du rapport de masculinité des naissances au niveau national et régional depuis 1990.A partir de données micro, ils explorent ensuite les conséquences des changements démographiques et sociaux et celles du déséquilibre du rapport de masculinité des naissances sur les ménages, eu égard aux valeurs régissant les comportements des parents en matière d’éducation et de santé des enfants. Enfin, les auteurs énoncent les implications que pourraient avoir certaines décisions politiques sur le bien-être des enfants.

China has long been implementing “Nine-Year Compulsory Education” as the basic school education, of which the principle of equality stands first. To achieve this goal, gender issues, especially the girl’s right to basic schooling, should be ensured. Gender equality in basic education not only means that girls have the same opportunity to attend school as boys, but that both society and family should provide every girl and boy with the same access to educational facilities, which requires attitudes free of sex bias.The statistical data show a narrowing gap between boys and girls over the years, such as expressed in enrolment and dropout rates, but sometimes neglect the actual problems that impede the development of girls in the course of education, especially in rural areas. For instance, this study shows that most of the children who do not receive compulsory education are girls. In the impoverished rural areas, especially in western China, girls have a more limited access to school and a greater probability of dropping out. The girls in the floating population encounter even worse conditions in terms of education. Gender preference still exists in the attitude of parents and gives rise to actual inequality, even if the girl does have the opportunity to attend school. La Chine a instauré, selon un principe d’égalité, neuf années d’éducation obligatoire pour tous les enfants. Mais pour remplir cet objectif, le droit des filles à l’éducation doit être garanti. L’égalité des sexes dans l’accès à l’instruction de base signifie d’une part que les filles doivent bénéficier d’un accès à l’école égal à celui des garçons, mais aussi que la société et les familles leur offrent les mêmes chances d’y accéder.Les données statistiques montrent une réduction du fossé filles/garçons dans l’accès à l’école ces dernières années, en particulier en ce qui concerne les taux de scolarisation et les taux d’abandon. Mais ces statistiques négligent parfois certains problèmes qui font obstacle au bon déroulement de la scolarité des filles, surtout en zones rurales. Cette étude montre par exemple que la plupart des enfants qui ne suivent pas le cursus scolaire de neuf années sont des filles. Dans les régions rurales les plus pauvres, notamment dans l’ouest de la Chine, les filles ont un moindre accès à l’école et connaissent de plus fortes probabilité d’abandon scolaire que les garçons. Les filles dont les parents ont migré connaissent en outre des conditions d’éducation plus mauvaises encore que celles des garçons. La préférence pour les fils est toujours perceptible dans l’attitude des parents vis à vis de l’éducation, ce qui donne lieu à des discriminations scolaires des filles.

The provisional results of the Census of India 2001 showed a substantial decline in the sex ratio in the age group 0-6 years. This distressing state of affairs gave rise to grave concern across all sections of society. It set into motion serious debates and resulted in a series of actions on several fronts to curb the menace of female foeticide in certain parts of the country.The census of 2001 has revealed some interesting and worrying features with regard to sex ratios. The census counted 531 million males against 496 million females resulting in an overall sex ratio of 933 females per 1,000 males, which registers an improvement of 6 points on the 1991 sex ratio of 927 females for every 1,000 males. At the same time, it is a matter of great concern that the sex ratio of the population in the 0-6 age group declined from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001. The sex ratio in the age group 0-6 attempts to bring out the recent changes in Indian society in its attitude and outlook towards the girl child. The data on the child sex ratio provides a broad indicator of the ground realities as they exist in the fabric of society and, more importantly, is an indicator of the likely future trends of the sex ratio of the total population. Les résultats provisoires du recensement indien de 2001 montrent une progression substantielle du rapport de masculinité des 0-6 ans. Cet état de fait soulève de nombreux problèmes sociaux, qui ont donné lieu à des débats et ont débouché sur diverses actions, notamment dans le but de renverser la tendance du rapport de masculinité aux jeunes âges.Au recensement de 2001, il y avait 531 millions d’hommes et 496 millions de femmes, soit un rapport de masculinité global de 933 femmes pour 1 000 hommes, et une augmentation de 6 points par rapport à une masculinité de 927 enregistrée en 1991. Mais parallèlement, on a assisté à une baisse importante du rapport de masculinité chez les enfants âgés de 0 à 6 ans, passé de 945 en 1991 à 927 en 2001. Cette dernière tendance est révélatrice des changements récents qui s’opèrent dans la société indienne, et en particulier dans les comportements vis-à-vis des filles. À noter en outre que la baisse du rapport de masculinité des naissances aura pour effet, à terme, une nouvelle baisse du rapport de masculinité global, avec toutes les conséquences sociales que cela implique.

Background Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a public health concern with negative consequences on women’s health. It is a harmful practice which is recognized in international discourses on public health as a form of gender-based violence. Women are not only victims of this, but also perpetrators. The practice of FGM remains a social norm which is difficult to change because it is deeply rooted in tradition and is embedded in the patriarchal system. However, some women have managed to change their attitudes towards it and have spoken out against it. This study identifies and describes turning points that have been defined as significant and critical events in the lives of the women, and that have engendered changes in their attitudes towards the practice of FGM. Methods We have conducted an inductive qualitative study based on the life story approach, where we interviewed 15 women who have undergone FGM. During the interviews, we discussed and identified the turning points that gave the research participants the courage to change their position regarding FGM. The analysis drew on lifeline constructions and thematic analysis. Results Six common turning points relating to a change in attitude towards FGM were identified: turning points related to (i) encounters with health professionals, (ii) education, (iii) social interactions with other cultures and their own culture, (iv) experiences of motherhood, (v) repeated pain during sexual or reproductive activity, and (vi) witnessing the effects of some harmful consequences of FGM on loved ones. Conclusions The turning points identified challenged the understanding of what it means to be a ‘member’ of the community in a patriarchal system; a ‘normal woman’ according to the community; and what it means to be a ‘good mother’. Moreover, the turning points manifested in conjunction with issues centered on emotional responses and coming to terms with conflicts of loyalty, which we see as possible triggers behind the shift experienced by the women in our sample.

This article is written by the members of the Investigation Project “ Childhood and needs II: Infant Sexual Abuse”, of the Lujan National University . The goal is make an issue of sexual child abuse cases in the environment of the pandemic produce by the CODVID-19 and the social obligatory preventive isolation. We believe that the situation was becoming complex and serius, now, the inclusion of new variables turns it into a true crisis.That is the reason why we felt the need to write this article, to generate a debate and the possible tools to deal with the situation, taking into account that the majority of abuse against children and young people happen in their own homes, and they are carried by relatives or friends of the family. Such questions, reading by an specific theoretic framework that consider the gender inequalities and the patriarchal system are the principal factors of sexual abuse Fil: Aprile, Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Fil: Barcos, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Fil: Barros, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Fil: Carlis, María Fabiana. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. Fil: Di Vito, Analia. Universidad Nacional de Luján; Argentina. El siguiente artículo está escrito por integrantes del Proyecto de Investigación “Infancia y necesidades II: Abuso Sexual Infantil”, de la Universidad Nacional de Luján. El objetivo es problematizar las situaciones de Abuso Sexual Infantil en el contexto de la pandemia producida por el COVID-19 y en virtud del Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio. Consideramos que, si bien este tipo de situaciones venían resultando graves y complejas, la inclusión de nuevas variables las torna una verdadera crisis.Frente a esto nos vemos ante la necesidad de realizar este escrito, para generar debates y posibles herramientas para intervenir en estas situaciones, teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de los abusos contra niñxs y jóvenes suceden en el ámbito del hogar y son perpetrados por familiares o personas del entorno familiar. Dichas problematizaciones, enmarcadas desde un determinado marco teórico que considera las desigualdades de género y al sistema patriarcal factores potenciales de los abuso

This article aims to investigate about the constitution of females body respect to the phenomenon of cosmetic surgery, to fulfill this objective was proposed a qualitative research using information gathering by means of a scheme that is divided into six moments: the construction of gender identity, the sex/gender system, the patriarchy, the political body, discussion in relation to conceptual elements, the practice of cosmetic surgery and finally the conclusions. The gender is an inseparable social and historical construction of culture and is embodied by individual bodies. The patriarchal system is characterized for highlighting in the female figure the body image as a sexual symbol for others. Gender identity is constructed based on social and cultural relationships that determine the characteristics of the feminine and masculine in relation to the body schema, attitudes and behaviors that are expected in each gender through a historical process. Hence it becomes evident in our consumer society the need to go to cosmetic surgery to modify parts of the female body as a differentiating practice. The problem is that both the operated part and the woman herself, becomes an object of merchandise and exchange in order to have a place for herself in society El presente artículo tiene como objetivo indagar sobre la constitución del cuerpo femenino en relación al fenómeno contemporáneo de la cirugía estética. Para el cumplimiento de este propósito se plantea la realización de una investigación cualitativa, utilizando la recopilación de información por medio de un esquema dividido en seis apartados: la construcción de la identidad de género, el sistema sexo/género, el patriarcado, el cuerpo político, una discusión en relación a los elementos conceptuales y la práctica de la cirugía estética, y finalmente, las conclusiones. El género hace referencia a una construcción social e inherente a la cultura y es encarnado por cuerpos individuales. El sistema patriarcal se caracteriza por resaltar en la figura femenina la imagen corporal como símbolo sexual para los demás. La identidad de género se construye con base en las relaciones sociales y culturales que determinan las particularidades y diferencias de lo femenino y lo masculino en relación al esquema corporal, a las actitudes y comportamientos que son esperados en cada género a través de un proceso histórico. De ahí que se haga evidente en nuestra sociedad consumista la necesidad de acudir a la cirugía estética para modificar partes del cuerpo femenino como practica diferenciadora. El problema radica en que, tanto la parte operada como la mujer misma, se convierte en objeto de mercancía e intercambio con el fin de tener un lugar para sí misma en la sociedad

En el present estudi, ens centrem en l'anàlisi dels percentatges de custòdia compartida (CC) per realitzar una comparativa entre dues Comunitats En el presente estudio, nos centramos en el análisis de los porcentajes de custodia compartida (CC) para realizar una comparativa entre dos Comunidades In the current survey, we focus on the analysis of the joint custody percentages with the aim of carrying out a comparative study between two concrete

The study examined the constraints to accessing finance among women-owned small businesses in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality in the Eastern Region, Ghana. We employed largely qualitative methods using the case study approach. The purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 50 respondents. In-depth interview guide and focused group discussion were used to gather data from participants. The data were thematically analysed. The study revealed that there are constraints of poor market demand and lack of capital and credit. In furtherance, although collaterals exist for small businesses, they are being discriminated against women micro-entrepreneurs due to the patrilineal inheritance system of the area. Again, it was found that the financial institutions generally considered giving loans as risky as a result of lack of codified business strategy and plan, proper costing of business and informational asymmetries about business owners and their businesses. The study, therefore, recommends that the activities of women micro businesses in the private sector of the economy should be urgently recognised within the lending models and structures as they constitute a valuable area of economic growth. The National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI) through the Business Advisory Centre (BAC) should organise educational and training seminars regularly to educate women micro-entrepreneurs on business management to be able to negotiate effectively on the various landed properties in such a patriarchal system to reduce high start-up mortality of women micro businesses. The study further recommends to the National Identification Authority to take cogent action to fast-track the identification system of citizens as it remains one of the major factors to reduce loan risks and interest rates.

Durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX mexicano, la sociedad evidenciaba una desigualdad basada en el binomio dominación/subordinación entre los hombres y las mujeres como parte del sistema hegemónico patriarcal. Esta sociedad reproducía el sometimiento de las mujeres por medio de múltiples dispositivos de poder que naturalizaban la dominación de lo masculino sobre lo femenino y, en cierta forma, el uso de la violencia conyugal. A partir de homicidios contra mujeres se estudia cómo la sociedad y las instituciones judiciales permitían la violencia marital, hasta la muerte, como un elemento de control en una sociedad regida por valores patriarcales. During the first half of the Mexican nineteenth century, society evidenced an inequality based on the binomial domination / subordination between men and women as part of the patriarchal hegemonic system. This society reproduced the submission of women through multiple devices of power that naturalized the domination of the masculine over the feminine and, in a certain way, the use of conjugal violence. From homicides against women, it is studied how society and judicial institutions allowed marital violence, until death, as an element of control in a society governed by patriarchal values.