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Background: Scabies infections of the breast in lactating individuals are not well described, especially how maternal infection can impact human milk feeding of hospitalized infants in the intensive care setting. Methods: This case report presents a critically ill female infant with a complex surgical history whose mother had an active scabies infection around the breast postpartum and wished to provide expressed human milk. Results: In this case report, human milk was recommended despite maternal scabies infection. Conclusion: Given the limited information that is known about the risk of scabies transmission in human milk for critically ill infants, this case adds to the knowledge base and supports the call for further research.

The Varroa destructor mite is a parasitic threat to managed and feral honey bee colonies around the world. Beekeepers use miticides to eliminate Varroa in commercial hives, but these chemicals can diminish bee health and increase miticide resistance. In contrast, feral honey bees have developed multiple ways to counteract mites without chemical treatment. We compared mite levels, grooming habits, and mite-biting behavior between feral Africanized honey bees (genomically verified Apis mellifera scutellata hybrids) and managed Italian honey bees (A. mellifera ligustica). Surprisingly, there was no difference in mite infestation levels between scutellata-hybrids and managed bees over one year despite the regular use of miticides in managed colonies. We also found no differences in the social immunity responses of the two groups, as measured by their hygienic habits (through worker brood pin-kill assays), self-grooming, and mite-biting behavior. However, we provide the first report that both scutellata-hybrids and managed honey bees bite off mite chemosensory forelegs, which the mites use to locate brood cells for reproduction, to a significantly greater degree than other legs (a twofold greater reduction in foreleg length relative to the most anterior legs). Such biting may impair mite reproduction.

Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Scabies is a neglected skin disease that disproportionately affects people from resource poor and overcrowded countries. Global data on prevalence and risk factors are limited. This article aims to estimate the global burden of scabies and identifies the risks associated with it.Databases (PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Reviews) were accessed to identify studies of scabies prevalence published between 2000 and 2024. Results were pooled to estimate prevalence and identify factors, which explained between‐study heterogeneity. Odds ratios (ORs), risk of bias, subgroup analyses and meta‐regression were used to describe variation in effect size and heterogeneity based on country‐level demographic and economic variables.Seventy studies yielded a pooled prevalence of 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.60–14.7) with substantial heterogeneity I2=100%τ2=1.04$$ \left({I}^2=100\%;{\tau}^2=1.04\right) $$. Prevalence was highest in Oceania (17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–22.8) compared to other regions. Pooled risk factors for scabies showed significant associations for demographic and behavioural factors including contact history with household members with itch (OR 11.3; 95% CI 4.82–26.51; I2=96%$$ {I}^2=96\% $$; n = 7), lack of soap use (OR 3.41; 95% CI: 2.56–4.54; I2=44%$$ {I}^2=44\% $$; n = 7), bed‐sharing (OR 2.64; 95% CI: 1.50–4.63; I2=76%$$ {I}^2=76\% $$; n = 7), sharing of clothes (OR 2.52; 95% CI: 1.58–4.03; I2=85%$$ {I}^2=85\% $$; n = 7), infrequent bathing (OR 2.13; 95% CI: 1.41–3.22; I2=77%$$ {I}^2=77\% $$; n = 6), presence of pets (OR 1.76; 95% CI: 1.08–2.87; I2=84%$$ {I}^2=84\% $$; n = 4) and being a male (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.04–1.37; I2=83%$$ {I}^2=83\% $$; n = 22). Socioeconomic factors were not convincingly associated with scabies prevalence.Prevalence of scabies is associated with geographic location and behavioural factors, but not between‐country socioeconomic status. In addition to mass drug administration, risk factors are identified which may be included in health promotion programmes to reduce scabies prevalence and its sequelae in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the human body. As such, skin infections can have a significant impact on overall health, social wellbeing and self‐image. In 2019, we published a systematic review of the treatment, prevention and public health control of skin infections including impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies and tinea in resource‐limited settings where skin infections are endemic. This current review serves as an update to assess the evidence for treatment of these conditions as well as atopic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum and head lice in endemic settings. The data from this systematic review have supported an update to the Australian National Healthy Skin guidelines. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using two separate searches in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane and Web of Science. The first search was an update of the 2018 systematic review using the same search strategy for the same skin conditions to identify emerging literature from 2018 to 2022. The second search strategy used the same key terms but with the addition of atopic dermatitis, head lice and molluscum contagiosum from 1960 to 2022. Eligible studies included Indigenous peoples and populations in resource‐limited settings with a diagnosis of impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies, tinea capitis, atopic dermatitis, molluscum contagiosum or who presented with head lice. Studies conducted in high‐income countries were excluded. Articles were screened for inclusion independently by one author with a second group of reviewers independently double screening. Data extraction and an in‐depth quality assessment conducted by one author and checked by two others. Results: Of 1466 original articles identified, 68 studies were included and key findings outlined for impetigo, scabies, crusted scabies, atopic dermatitis, head lice and molluscum contagiosum. Recommendations for each condition based on the available evidence are provided. Conclusion: The importance of assessing literature relevant to the populations with heavy burden of skin infections is outlined in this systematic review. We have summarised updates to this literature, which may benefit in developing guidelines for skin infection management similar to the National Healthy Skin Guidelines for Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a case involving a 27-year-old woman, Simone, seeking preconception care as she plans to conceive for the second time.

Introduction: The Gram-positive actinobacterium Streptomyces scabies is the major causal agent of potato common scab. The main pathogenicity factor is thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin that causes atypical cell death, although other secondary metabolites have been described to play a role in S. scabies virulence. Despite this, many aspects of the interaction between S. scabies and its primary host Solanum tuberosum L. remain to be elucidated. Methods: Intracellular proteins of S. scabies EF-35 grown in the presence of in vitro produced tubers (microtubers) of the Russet Burbank and Yukon Gold potato cultivars were extracted and analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES MS/MS). Based on the results of proteomic analysis, iron quantification by ICP-MS and nitrite quantification using Griess reagent in growth media as well as RT-qPCR analysis of the siderophore pyochelin gene expression were performed in the presence and absence of microtubers. Hydrogen peroxide accumulation was also determined in the nutrient medium used for co-cultivation of bacteria and potato microtubers. Results: Potato microtubers caused an increase in the content of bacterial proteins involved in stress and defense, secondary metabolism, and cell differentiation, as well as secreted proteins. Co-cultivation with potato microtubers induced the accumulation of S. scabies proteins implicated in siderophore pyochelin biosynthesis, nitrite production and oxidative stress perception and response. The increase in the abundance of proteins related to pyochelin biosynthesis was consistent with a significant decrease in the iron content in the culture medium, as well as with induction of expression of pyochelin biosynthesis genes. Elevated nitrite/sulfite reductase protein levels were associated with increased nitrite excretion by S. scabies cells in the presence of host microtubers. The increase in the levels of proteins associated with signaling and oxidative stress response could have been caused by the accumulation of ROS, in particular hydrogen peroxide, detected in the studied system. Discussion: These findings show that interactions of S. scabies with living potato microtubers induce the production of secondary metabolites, defense responses, and protection from oxidative stress. This study suggests the importance of iron during host - S. scabies interactions, resulting in competition between pathogen and its host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, there has been an increase in scabies cases among young children in low- and middle-income countries. With the rise of online health information, platforms such as YouTube have become popular sources of disease-related content, but the accuracy of this information remains a concern. Aim: This study evaluates the reliability and quality of YouTube videos concerning scabies in children to address the lack of research in this area. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on April 1, 2024, reviewing the first 200 relevant YouTube videos with the search terms "scabies" and "scabies in children." Videos were assessed using modified DISCERN (mDISCERN), Global Quality Score (GQS), and Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) scoring systems. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman correlation analysis. Results: Out of 200 videos, 107 met the inclusion criteria. The average mDISCERN score was 2.17, GQS was 2.63, and JAMA was 2.05, indicating generally poor quality. Videos by patients had the highest quality scores, while those from academic institutions had the highest JAMA scores. Longer videos with higher view counts were associated with better quality. Conclusion: This study reveals that the majority of YouTube videos on scabies in children are of low quality. There is a need for healthcare professionals to produce more accurate and reliable content to improve the quality of information available on YouTube. Further research should focus on enhancing the quality of health information on digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies is one of public health concerns among communicable disease in Ethiopia, especially among disadvantaged and the poor. This current study aims to detect the spatiotemporal patterns of scabies in Tigray from 2018 to 2023 using scabies data aggregated at the zonal level. The study also examined the persistent patterns in the spatial variation of scabies incidence across the administrative regions during the study period. Method: We collected scabies data using a weekly disease surveillance reporting format of the country from 2018 to 2023 across all accessible district health facilities in Tigray region, Ethiopia. We conducted retrospective analyses using both purely spatial and spatiotemporal scan statistic approaches, employing a discrete Poisson probability model to identify statistically significant clusters of high scabies rates throughout the Tigray regional zones in Ethiopia. Our methodology involved the use of Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic software (SaTScan v10.1.3), R programming software version 4.3.1, and ArcGIS Pro for all analyses. Results: A total of 101,116 cases of scabies were reported from 2018 to 2023. Our study indicated a spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of scabies across Tigray region as well as its localization among geographically contiguous zones across space, except for the Western zone of Tigray where no data was collected. The detected statistically significant spatial clusters persisted mainly in the Central, Eastern and Northwestern zones of Tigray over the six years of the study period. The highest relative risk (RR) was recorded in year 2021 (. The central zone had the major clusters of scabies at district level from 2018 to 2023. The heterogeneous distribution of scabies across Tigray could be due to the spatial variations in the determinants of scabies (such as socioeconomic status, demographics, and material deprivation) across the region. Conclusion: An enormous burden of scabies was reported over a period of six years. The present study found localized clusters of high scabies rates at district and zonal levels in Tigray, Ethiopia, possibly due to differences in various determinants of scabies such as access to WASH services. The findings could help the government and health authorities to develop and implement scabies control strategies in Tigray, with a focus on high-risk districts and zones to ensure optimal resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies, an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has seen an increase in clinical diagnoses in the Netherlands since 2011. This study aimed to analyse PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples through partial genome sequencing and to link findings to patient epidemiological characteristics. Methods: Skin samples were collected from individuals in the Netherlands between January 2016 and January 2023. On the PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) sequencing was performed to assess genetic variability. Epidemiological information was collected through interviews. We examined associations between cox1 subtypes, epidemiological factors and treatment outcomes. Results: Sequencing results were obtained from 128 patients, with epidemiological information available for 55 (43%) of these patients. Fifteen distinct cox1 subtypes were identified. Subtype 01 was most prevalent (45%) and present across all age groups and social settings. The remaining subtypes were less common and not consistently found in all contexts. Five clusters were identified, each with identical cox1 subtypes. Comparative analysis with GenBank sequences revealed genetic similarities with strains from Australia, the USA and China, suggesting the global distribution and transmission of specific subtypes. A substantial proportion (73%) of patients with scabies required multiple treatments to eradicate the infestation, with no subtype-related differences. Conclusions: This is the first study linking S. scabiei sequencing results to patient epidemiological data. Several subtypes clustered in specific geographic regions and social contexts, underscoring localised transmission patterns. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to enhance our understanding of the transmission of this mite. This study provides valuable insights that will strengthen scabies control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Integrated approaches to mapping skin Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) may be cost-effective way to guide decisions on resource mobilization. Pilot studies have been carried out, but large-scale data covering multiple countries endemic for skin NTDs are lacking. Within the LAMP4YAWS project, we collected integrated data on the burden of multiple skin NTDs. Methods: From March 2021 to March 2023, integrated case searches for yaws alongside other skin conditions were performed in endemic health districts of yaws in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana. Integrated activities included training, social mobilization and active case detection. Initial screening involved a brief clinical examination of participants to determine if any skin conditions were suspected. Cases of skin NTDs were then referred to a health facility for appropriate management. Results: Overall 61,080 individuals screened, 11,387 (18.6%) had skin lesions. The majority of individuals (>90%) examined were children aged 15 years old and under. The proportion of serologically confirmed yaws cases was 8.6% (18/210) in Cameroon, 6.8% (84/1232) in Côte d'Ivoire, and 26.8% (440/1643) in Ghana. Other skin conditions based on clinical examination included: scabies, Buruli ulcer, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis (lymphoedema and hydrocele), tungiasis, and fungal infections. The most common conditions were scabies and superficial fungal infections. In Cameroon, scabies and superficial fungal infections accounted for 5.1% (214/4204) and 88.7% (3730/4204) respectively, 25.2% (1285/5095) and 50.4% (2567/5095) in Côte d'Ivoire. In Ghana, 20% (419/2090) of individuals had scabies but superficial fungal infections were not routinely recorded and were reported in only 1.3% (28/2090). Other skin NTDs were less common across all three countries. Conclusion: This study confirms that integrated screening allows simultaneous detection of multiple skin NTDs, maximising use of scarce resources. Author summary: Many Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) predominantly affect the skin and are referred to as skin NTDs. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a number of strategies for the control, eradication and elimination of skin NTDs and recognizes the importance of integrated approaches to mapping skin NTDs. We conducted a study adopting integrated screening for multiple skin NTDs and other skin conditions in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, and Ghana. This ran alongside a study focused on diagnostic tests for one specific skin NTD–yaws. The results showed that integrated screening is a feasible and cost-effective way to detect multiple skin NTDs in a single intervention. Of more than 60,000 individuals screened almost one in five had a skin lesion. Cases of yaws confirmed by blood tests were detected more frequently in Ghana compared to Côte d'Ivoire and Cameroon. The most common skin conditions were scabies and superficial fungal infections. Other skin NTDs such as Buruli ulcer, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis and tungiasis were less common. Integrated screening allowed detection of skin conditions and co-endemicity of skin NTDs and the data can guide decisions on resource mobilization to manage skin NTDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies disproportionately affects people in resource-poor areas. Clinical diagnosis risks misdiagnosis due to resemblance to other skin diseases, but laboratory confirmation improves accuracy. Scabies allow for secondary bacterial infections. Associated bacteria exacerbate scabies and antibiotic resistance. Ethiopian scabies diagnosis relies solely on clinical exams without confirming parasites or investigating secondary bacterial infections. This study aims to identify parasites via scraping, isolate secondary bacteria, and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 among scabies suspected patients who visited the dermatology clinic at Borumeda General Hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 422 study participants. Socio-demographic, hygiene, and clinical characteristics data were collected via face-to-face interviews and observation. Skin scrapings for parasitological investigations and swab samples for microbiological investigations were collected and transported for analysis and drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to assess risk factors. Result: Among 422 skin scraping samples, 156 (37.0%) cases of scabies were microscopically confirmed. Bed-sharing and having contact history were independent predictors of microscopically confirmed scabies. The prevalence of secondary bacterial infections among scabies-confirmed patients was 35.9% (56/156). The most prevalent bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Tetracycline for Gram-positive bacteria and ampicillin for Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest rate of resistance. In both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, multidrug resistance was also observed. Conclusion: This study found that over one-third of skin scrapings tested positive for scabies. Additionally, more than one-third of scabies cases were complicated by secondary bacterial infections. Improved scabies diagnosis and consideration of secondary bacterial infections are important for better controlling this neglected tropical disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Scabies and impetigo cause direct health effects and contribute to severe infectious and immune-mediated complications. Ivermectin-based mass drug administration can reduce scabies and impetigo prevalence in island settings with high prevalence, but the effectiveness in moderate-prevalence settings is not known. Methods We conducted a single-arm, before–after community intervention trial. Mass drug administration was offered to the entire population of 4 villages in Uttarakhand, India. The treatment consisted of 2 doses, given 7 days apart, of oral ivermectin (∼200 μg/kg), or topical 5% permethrin if ivermectin was contraindicated. The primary outcome was the prevalence of scabies at 12 months compared with baseline, as diagnosed using clinical assessment and the 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies criteria. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of impetigo at each time point. The trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001712190). Results In January 2020, 1211 participants were enrolled (100% of the estimated village population). Treatment coverage was high—1204 (99.4%) and 1177 (97.2%) received 1 and 2 doses, respectively. Scabies was diagnosed in 91 participants (7.5%) and impetigo in 15 (1.2%). In February 2021, 1190 (98.3% of baseline) participants re-enrolled, and of these 11 had scabies (0.9%; relative risk reduction, 87.7%; 95% CI, 77.1%–93.4%) and 5 had impetigo (0.4%; relative risk reduction, 66.1%; 95% CI, 7.0%–87.6%). Conclusions A single round of ivermectin-based mass drug administration substantially reduced the prevalence of scabies and impetigo in this setting with moderate scabies prevalence in northern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies is typically treated with scabicides like lindane, which poses a risk for acute neural toxicity. Lindane's prolonged use, particularly in agriculture, is linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This study aimed to evaluate whether scabies patients, particularly those treated with topical lindane, are at increased risk of developing PD. Methods: A nationwide population-based cohort study was conducted using data from Taiwan's National Health Research Institutes claims database from 2000 to 2018. The study included 27,173 patients with scabies, matched to a control group, with both groups followed for up to 18 years. The primary outcome was the incidence of newly diagnosed PD, and the hazard ratio (HR) for PD was calculated, focusing on those treated with topical lindane. Results: Among the 54,346 patients, 1639 (3.0%) were newly diagnosed with PD, with 993 (60.6%) from the scabies group and 646 (39.4%) from the control group. Scabies patients had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 1.46 (95% CI 1.32–1.63) for developing PD compared to controls. However, patients treated with topical lindane had a significantly lower aHR for PD at 0.15 (95% CI 0.12–0.19; p < 0.001), with a lower cumulative incidence of PD also observed in this group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Scabies patients are at a 1.46-fold increased risk of developing PD, but those treated with lindane exhibit a significantly lower risk, suggesting potential protective effects of lindane against PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our study was conducted to determine the impact of scabies in people living in collective living areas such as tent cities and container cities after the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and to show the effectiveness of oral ivermectin treatment on scabies cases because topical treatments could not be used in this period when access to water was limited. Methods: Among 233 patients diagnosed and treated with scabies in tent and container cities, 192 patients who met the criteria were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were given as number (n), percentage (%), mean, median, standard deviation (SD). In the comparison of categorical data, the chi-square test was applied; in the comparison of numerical data ANOVA analyses was applied. Results: A total of 192 scabies patients (82.4%), 47.9% (N:92) of whom were women, were included in the study. The frequency of scabies in the total population in tent cities and container cities was found to be at least 0.54%. The most common symptoms were pruritis (99.0%) and rash (97.9%). The most common sites of lesion involvement were the umbilicus (87.0.%), forearm (75.0%), and back (70.3%). After the first dose of ivermectin, 159 (82.8%) patients showed complete recovery, while 30 (15.6%) patients showed partial recovery. 3 (1.6%) patients showed no improvement. After the second dose of ivermectin, 173 (90.1%) patients showed complete recovery. There were two (1.0%) patients who did not show improvement after two doses. Due to the deterioration of urban infrastructure after devastating earthquakes, the irregularity of mass living areas, the lack of hygiene conditions, and the difficulty of accessing clean, usable water, oral ivermectin may be the first choice for treatment in terms of ease of use and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin infections cause significant health burden and affect underserved communities such as the indigenous Negrito communities disproportionately. There is only one study that has addressed skin infections among the Negrito communities, which is the smallest and most isolated indigenous tribe in Peninsular Malaysia, with approximately 6,500 individuals remaining in northern and central Peninsular Malaysia. This study, which aims to update the infection patterns of scabies and tinea among the Negrito communities, recruited 361 participants from eight villages representing all six Negrito subtribes. The results revealed an overall skin infection prevalence of 35.6%, with scabies (11.7%), tinea versicolor (11.3%), and tinea imbricata (7.5%) as major infections, with no co-infection. Notably, infection rates were significantly higher in resettled villages (55.2%) compared to inland villages (24.8%). Scabies and tinea versicolor were more prevalent in resettled villages (21.2% and 23.6%, respectively) than inland villages (6.4% and 4.7%, respectively), while tinea imbricata was more common in inland villages (9.4% vs 3.9%). Furthermore, there exist predisposition of scabies among Kensiu. High prevalence of tinea imbricata was observed among the inland Bateq while prevalence of tinea versicolor was high among the resettled Bateq. Risk analysis revealed specific associations: scabies with Kensiu subtribe (P = 0.002), high income (P = 0.001) and underweight individuals (P = 0.009); tinea versicolor with Bateq subtribe (P = 0.003), resettled villagers (P < 0.001), males (p = 0.040), and overweight/obese individuals (P = 0.015); and tinea imbricata with Bateq (P = 0.011) and smokers (P = 0.004). These findings highlight a complex interplay between environment and lifestyle in skin infection prevalence. Addressing these infections requires targeted interventions, including regular medical care in inland villages and socio-economic support for resettled communities, considering the distinct predispositions in different village types. Author summary: Skin infections (tinea and scabies) are significant health concerns among the indigenous Negrito communities in Peninsular Malaysia. Given that there was only one documented study among Negrito communities previously, the present study enrolled 361 participants from eight Negrito categorised into resettled or inland villages in Peninsular Malaysia to update the epidemiological status and risk factors. We found a high overall skin infection prevalence of 35.6%. Scabies, tinea versicolor, and tinea imbricata accounted for 11.7%, 11.3%, and 7.5%, respectively with no co-infection. Higher prevalence was observed among resettled villages (55.2%) compared to inland villages (24.8%). Risk factor analysis among these Negrito communities identified different predictors associated with each type of infection, generally linked to the type of village category. We highlighted that scabies and tinea versicolor were more common in resettled communities. However, rare infection like tinea imbricata, which require high treatment compliance, was more localized in inland villages. Village-specific measures including regular medical interventions in inland villages and socio-economic aid to resettled communities to address urban/semi-urban poverty are essential, considering the existing predisposition of skin infections in different types of villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scabies is a prevalent dermatological condition with significant public health implications. The recent rise in drug-resistant scabies presents new challenges for effective disease management and control. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Studies published from 2000 to August 2024 were considered, focusing on those reporting drug-resistant scabies and advancements in treatment approaches. Results: Clinical studies, in vitro investigations, and case reports show significant resistance of human scabies to permethrin. Main resistance mechanisms involve genetic mutations in the mites' voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and enhanced activity or expression of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST). Resistance to ivermectin and benzyle benzoate, although suggested by some authors, seems less obvious. The clinical evidence of widespread ivermectin resistance in human scabies infestations is lacking, despite indications of increased tolerance in laboratory settings and anecdotal reports of resistance in patients with crusted scabies. Benzyl benzoate resistance in scabies mites remains unconfirmed. Conclusions: Permethrin-resistant scabies is an escalating threat requiring new management strategies and updated guidelines. Infection control measures, alternative treatments, and ongoing research into new therapeutics are crucial to mitigate the impact of drug-resistant scabies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin diseases, such as scabies, present a significant global health concern, particularly among Indonesian boarding school students, resulting in complications, disruptions to daily life, and academic hindrances. To effectively address this issue, a health education approach utilizing Wayang videos was implemented, leveraging cultural elements for enhanced outcomes. Our research aimed to assess the impact of a Wayang educational video on scabies knowledge among Indonesian boarding school students. This study, conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, involved 447 students. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure knowledge levels. Our findings demonstrate a significant improvement in scabies knowledge among students following the Wayang video education intervention. The bivariate Wilcoxon test identified a significant difference (p<0.05) in average scores before and after the educational intervention. Knowledge scores increased from 76.75 in the pre-test to 83.09 in the post-test, marking an 8.27% improvement. This study underscores the efficacy of Wayang educational video in augmenting scabies knowledge among Indonesian boarding school students, with a particular emphasis on the impact of a video titled "Malin and the Mite". This innovative cultural approach holds promise as a potential model for analogous regions, contributing to scabies prevention and advancing public health objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the pattern of skin diseases in our population with respect to different age groups, gender and seasonal variations. Study Design: Observational Retrospective study. Setting: Department of Dermatology, Lahore General Hospital, a tertiary care referral hospital situated in second big city of Pakistan i.e Lahore. Period: July 2021 to June 2022. Methods: A total of 65284 patients presenting to skin OPD were studied. Demographic details were noted and diagnosis was made after detailed history, examination and appropriate investigations like scraping or smears. Data was analyzed for various age groups, gender distribution and effect of variables on diagnosis. Results: Out of 65284 patients, 38 %were male & 62% were female. Most of the patients (43%) were in age group of 21-40 years. Scabies was the most prevalent dermatosis and affected 27% of study population. Three most common dermatosis were tinea, scabies and acne. The maximum number of dermatosis was seen in the months of summer. Conclusion: Infectious diseases pose a major burden to skin health of most of the population suffering from dermatological problem. Fungal infections and scabies are treatable but very common diseases contributing in burden of dermatological disorder in population presenting to hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the occupational skin diseases, bird mite dermatitis (gamasoidosis) is an infrequent and under-reported condition. A report is presented of a group of workers employed in a habitat restoration centre who developed episodes of pruritus and skin rashes associated with bird mites. The mite bites resolved approximately two weeks after each episode, without specific medical intervention and despite ongoing work activities. A workplace health-risk assessment and microscopic analysis of 'swabs' of the work environment aided the identification of bird mite as the causative agent. The source of the bird mites was infested red-winged starlings nesting in the roof of the workplace facility. Incidents of gamasoidosis as described are considered occupational dermatoses since they were acquired in the workplace and the diagnosis was based on clinical--parasitological analysis. When diagnosing gamasoidosis, the clinical history and physical examination provide useful clues, but the clinical features of skin lesions of arthropod or other insect bites are very similar. Microscopic detection of the mite is confirmatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Scabies is one of public health concerns among communicable disease in Ethiopia, especially among disadvantaged and the poor. This current study aims to detect the spatiotemporal patterns of scabies in Tigray from 2018 to 2023 using scabies data aggregated at the zonal level. The study also examined the persistent patterns in the spatial variation of scabies incidence across the administrative regions during the study period. Method We collected scabies data using a weekly disease surveillance reporting format of the country from 2018 to 2023 across all accessible district health facilities in Tigray region, Ethiopia. We conducted retrospective analyses using both purely spatial and spatiotemporal scan statistic approaches, employing a discrete Poisson probability model to identify statistically significant clusters of high scabies rates throughout the Tigray regional zones in Ethiopia. Our methodology involved the use of Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic software (SaTScan v10.1.3), R programming software version 4.3.1, and ArcGIS Pro for all analyses. Results A total of 101,116 cases of scabies were reported from 2018 to 2023. Our study indicated a spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of scabies across Tigray region as well as its localization among geographically contiguous zones across space, except for the Western zone of Tigray where no data was collected. The detected statistically significant spatial clusters $$\:p-value

Abstract Background Scabies, an infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, has seen an increase in clinical diagnoses in the Netherlands since 2011. This study aimed to analyse PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples through partial genome sequencing and to link findings to patient epidemiological characteristics. Methods Skin samples were collected from individuals in the Netherlands between January 2016 and January 2023. On the PCR-positive S. scabiei skin samples, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) sequencing was performed to assess genetic variability. Epidemiological information was collected through interviews. We examined associations between cox1 subtypes, epidemiological factors and treatment outcomes. Results Sequencing results were obtained from 128 patients, with epidemiological information available for 55 (43%) of these patients. Fifteen distinct cox1 subtypes were identified. Subtype 01 was most prevalent (45%) and present across all age groups and social settings. The remaining subtypes were less common and not consistently found in all contexts. Five clusters were identified, each with identical cox1 subtypes. Comparative analysis with GenBank sequences revealed genetic similarities with strains from Australia, the USA and China, suggesting the global distribution and transmission of specific subtypes. A substantial proportion (73%) of patients with scabies required multiple treatments to eradicate the infestation, with no subtype-related differences. Conclusions This is the first study linking S. scabiei sequencing results to patient epidemiological data. Several subtypes clustered in specific geographic regions and social contexts, underscoring localised transmission patterns. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to enhance our understanding of the transmission of this mite. This study provides valuable insights that will strengthen scabies control efforts. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Scabies disproportionately affects people in resource-poor areas. Clinical diagnosis risks misdiagnosis due to resemblance to other skin diseases, but laboratory confirmation improves accuracy. Scabies allow for secondary bacterial infections. Associated bacteria exacerbate scabies and antibiotic resistance. Ethiopian scabies diagnosis relies solely on clinical exams without confirming parasites or investigating secondary bacterial infections. This study aims to identify parasites via scraping, isolate secondary bacteria, and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to July 2023 among scabies suspected patients who visited the dermatology clinic at Borumeda General Hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 422 study participants. Socio-demographic, hygiene, and clinical characteristics data were collected via face-to-face interviews and observation. Skin scrapings for parasitological investigations and swab samples for microbiological investigations were collected and transported for analysis and drug susceptibility testing. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to assess risk factors. Result Among 422 skin scraping samples, 156 (37.0%) cases of scabies were microscopically confirmed. Bed-sharing and having contact history were independent predictors of microscopically confirmed scabies. The prevalence of secondary bacterial infections among scabies-confirmed patients was 35.9% (56/156). The most prevalent bacterial species were Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Tetracycline for Gram-positive bacteria and ampicillin for Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest rate of resistance. In both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, multidrug resistance was also observed. Conclusion This study found that over one-third of skin scrapings tested positive for scabies. Additionally, more than one-third of scabies cases were complicated by secondary bacterial infections. Improved scabies diagnosis and consideration of secondary bacterial infections are important for better controlling this neglected tropical disease.

Introduction: Scabies affects 200–300 million individuals annually around the globe and it is a serious public health issue causing social stigmatisation in patients. With this background and its substantial impact on morbidity, this study was undertaken with the objective to find the demographic profile, clinical morphology and quality of life in patients suffering from scabies in urban slums of Ludhiana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, time-bound hospital-based study was carried out for a period of 2 months. A total of 173 patients with a diagnosis of scabies comprising all adults and children >5 years of age attending skin outpatient department were included in the study. The collected information was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS. Results: The mean age of the study population was 34.85 ± 17.48 years. The most affected age groups were 18–40 years (46.9%), followed by 41–60 years (26.0%) and 17.9% in children. The majority of patients had difficulty in working and feelings of embarrassment, and in three-fifths of patients, their sexual relationship was affected due to scabies. In children, more than half experienced teasing and feeling of embarrassment and their routine activities such as playing were affected. Conclusion: In the present study, scabies moderately affected the quality of life of the patients in the form of embarrassment and stigma associated with disease. As it is a contagious disease, early diagnosis and prompt treatment can be helpful in the prevention and control of disease.

Nodular scabies (NS) is a relatively common variant of classical scabies whose pathogenesis is unclear. It is clinically characterized by pruritic, firm nodules most commonly involving the genitalia followed by axilla and groin region. A clinical diagnosis of NS is often straightforward. NS may persist despite the administration of antiscabicidal drugs such as permethrin and ivermectin. Topical and intralesional corticosteroids form the mainstay of treatment. Postscabietic nodule is a complication that primarily occurs in patients with previous history of scabies that had been successfully treated.

Introduction: Scabies undermines quality of life through its highly disturbing disease symptoms, by distorting self-perception, and secondary to social stigma. Knowledge of its effect on quality of life in general and on specific aspects of day-to-day life is key to addressing the health needs of individual patients and to evaluating gains from community-based disease control interventions. Objectives: To measure the effect of scabies on the quality of life of people with the infestation. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a scabies outbreak-affected district in north-western Ethiopia. The study involved 381 households and 86 adults with scabies. We used the ten-item Cardiff Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) tool to collect data. Cronbach's alpha value was used to determine the internal consistency of the Amharic version of the scale. Overall and Dermatology Life Quality (DLQ) domain specific mean scores were calculated. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and scabies-related life quality impairment was tested using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Scabies moderately affected the quality of life of adults with scabies. The overall mean DLQI (mDLQI) score was 9.2 (SD = 7.6). 'Symptoms and feelings' and 'daily activity' DLQ domains had the highest mDLQI scores (3.5, SD = 1.9 and 2.2, SD = 2.5, respectively). 'Leisure activities' was the least affected domain 0.8 (SD = 1.1). In terms of severity, scabies had moderate or severe effect on DLQ of 54.7% of the participants and extremely severe effect was reported among 27% of the participants. However, no association was observed between sociodemographic characteristics and quality of life impairment. Conclusion: Quality of life was moderately impaired among people affected by scabies. Refocusing attention on management of disease symptoms, using standard scabies treatment, and providing psychosocial support to improve self-perception of people affected with scabies may help reduce quality of life impairment. Author summary: Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the outermost layer of the skin. Disease symptoms such as papular rash (mainly involving the crevices of the body), severe generalized itch and stigma attached to the infestation are believed to impair the quality of life of scabies patients. Despite the need for data, there is limited evidence about the relationship between scabies and quality of life. This study presents novel data on quality of life impairment associated with scabies and which aspects of patients' day-to-day lives are the most affected. This study was conducted in an outbreak-affected area of north-western Ethiopia where scabies had a moderate impact on the quality of life of the affected people. Disease symptoms and their psychosocial impact contributed the most to quality of life impairment. Participants in this study came from different sociodemographic backgrounds. Nonetheless, there were no major differences in DLQI scores by background characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The skin is a big, metabolically active organ that has a significant need for other nutrients and protein in its body. The study pointed high significant infection with fungal, scabies, alopecia, bacterial and wounds in the white color cats more than the others because it is represented the better color choice for the families then the orange and grey colors while the black color is the less in number of domestic cats. The aim of present study was investigated of some skin disease in cats in Basrah, Iraq. Methods: The present study includes two hindered animals of both sexes with different ages, colors, weights and sizes were studied clinically in Basrah veterinary hospital and the private veterinary clinics in Basrah. The study extended from October 2022 to March 2023 during the winter season. Clinical signs were reported carefully, and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases was confirmed by apparent lesions on the skin, the skin samples of the cases were collected for laboratory diagnosis in veterinary medicine college? Basrah University and Basrah veterinary hospital laboratories to confirmed diagnosis. Results: Clinical signs were reported carefully and the initial diagnosis of skin diseases. The two hindered sample cases were divided according to cases in Basrah veterinary hospital and Basrah private clinic: 60 Cases fungal infection, 40 cases scabies, 10 case alopecia, 50 cases of bacterial infection and 40 cases of wound. Conclusion: The present study shows the fungal diseases were common causes for skin diseases in Cats follow by Bacterial, Parasitic and Alopecia respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare, benign, vasoproliferative tumour. We report a 25-year-old female patient who reported in 2021 to a dermatology clinic in Rustaq, Oman, with multiple, grouped, erythematous dome-shaped papules and nodules of 6 months duration on the left temporo-occipital region. Biopsy findings were consistent with a diagnosis of ALHE with evidence of Demodex mite infestation in the sebaceous ducts. The patient demonstrated significant improvement following 7 weeks of treatment with multiple cryotherapy sessions and topical application of metronidazole gel. This case suggests that scalp demodicosis may represent a novel trigger for the development of ALHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to tackle the skin reactions frequently observed with topical application of ivermectin (IVM), a study was conducted to develop and optimize transethosomes (TESMs) loaded with IVM for scabies treatment. A three-factor, two-level (23) full factorial design was employed. Soyabean phosphatidylcholine concentration (A), ethanol concentration (B) and Span 60 amount (C) were studied as independent factors, while entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and drug release after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The skin sensitivity of the optimized formulation was evaluated by skin irritation test and histopathological examination. The EE% ranged from 88.55 ± 0.576% to 94.13 ± 0.305%, PS was from 318.033 ± 45.61 nm to 561.400 ± 45.17 nm, PDI was from 0.328 ± 0.139 to 0.671 ± 0.103, ZP was from −54.13 ± 1.09 mV to −60.50 ± 2.34 mV and Q6h was from 66.20 ± 0.30% to 93.46 ± 0.86%. The IVM-loaded transethosomal cream showed lower skin irritation and a more intact epidermal layer with intact keratinocyte, compared to the marketed cream which showed severe destruction of the keratin layer. Therefore, patient compliance can be improved by encapsulating IVM within TESMs to minimize its skin reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Although rare, crusted scabies can affect immunocompetent individuals with no identifiable risk factors. A high index of suspicion, regardless of an individual's immunological status or absence of traditional risk factors, should be maintained by health professionals to facilitate prompt referral to a dermatologist. Crusted scabies is an uncommon variant of human scabies characterized by extensive crusted and scaly hyperkeratotic papules, and plaques resulting from profound proliferation of mites in the skin. It is highly contagious and typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Reports of cases in healthy adults are rare. It is often resistant to routine treatment. We report a case of a 30‐year‐old immunocompetent male who presented to us with an extensive pruritic papular rash that started in the inter‐digital web spaces of his hands. Within 3 months from onset, the lesions progressed, and became hyperkeratotic, scaly, non‐pruritic, spreading to involve his entire body (sparing his face only). Crusty scabies was eventually diagnosed and treated by a dermatologist after months of misdiagnosis at peripheral facilities. Although rare, crusted scabies can affect immunocompetent individuals. A high index of suspicion is required, regardless of immunological status. Among immunocompetent individuals, a thorough search for traditional risk factors is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the skin with high prevalence in crowded spaces. In some instances, scabies becomes the underlying factor for complicated skin-borne opportunistic pathogens infections in both children and adults. Geographic area and socio-economic factors are determinants of the endemic pattern of this disease. Currently, the treatment of scabies has been under special attention. A combination of oral therapy with Ivermectin and sulfur-based ointments are the gold standard. However, caution is required in patients with kidney impairment. The renal involvement in children with scabies is mainly caused by acute glomerulonephritis. The severity of the nephritic syndrome can lead to other complications. Also, Ivermectin possesses a nephrotoxic effect. Severe hypertension can lead to neurological complications. The aim of our case report is to present two unusual complications in brothers with scabies. We report the cases of two brothers with scabies who presented with severe skin infection that developed acute post infectious glomerulonephritis (APIGN). In addition, one of the brothers presented with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The other one developed acute tubule-interstitial acute kidney injury following Ivermectin administration. The evolution of skin lesions was favorable, and kidney function returned to normal in both brothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist to report the findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and other grey literature databases were used to search and retrieve articles. The study included both published and unpublished research written in English languages for studies reporting the prevalence of human scabies among prisoners. This review has been registered on PROSPERO. The heterogeneity of the data was evaluated using the I2 statistic. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17 software, with a 95% confidence interval. The researchers also conducted publication bias and sensitivity analysis. Results: The review included 7 studies involving 1, 309,323 prisoners. All included studies involved cross-sectional study design. The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.16–19.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.44–40.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.77–3.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of human scabies is high among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who spent more time in prison shared clothing or beds, and had poor hygiene practices were more likely to develop human scabies. Thus, efforts should be made by policymakers and program administrators to decrease the prevalence of scabies in prisons. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with registration number CRD42024516064. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Crusted scabies is a severe skin infection resulting from hyper-infestation with the obligate parasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. In contrast to classic scabies, crusted scabies may involve as many as hundreds to millions of mites. Importantly, this condition is associated with a mortality rate of 60% in 5 years, and is more likely to develop in immunosuppressed hosts, presumably due to an impaired T-cell response against the mite. Case Report: We present a case of crusted scabies in a 13-year-old girl during her early post-liver transplant period receiving immunosuppression successfully treated with topical 5% permethrin. She had pruritic erythematous papules, confirmed as scabies through skin scraping. The challenge of misdiagnosis during the initial presentation is noteworthy, given atypical manifestations and more common differentials. To our knowledge, only 2 cases of crusted scabies in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients have been reported. Despite the absence of guidelines for pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients, urgent treatment is required due to the high mortality rates associated with crusted scabies. In our case, early treatment proved successful without any secondary bacterial infections or clinical evidence of relapse during a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: We report a case of scabies in a pediatric liver transplant recipient that was successfully treated. It is crucial to consider the diagnosis of scabies given the associated morbidity and the risk of secondary bacterial infections among other more common differentials. Notably, the response to standard anti-scabies treatment may lead to resolution without relapse in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent intractable chronic itch diseases worldwide. In recent years, new molecular-targeted drugs have emerged, but side effects and economic challenges remain. Therefore, since it is important for AD patients to have a wider range of treatment options, it is important to explore new therapeutic agents. Gabapentinoids, gabapentin and pregabalin, have been shown to be effective for the clinical treatment of several chronic itch. Recently, mirogabalin (MGB) was developed as a novel gabapentinoid. MGB is a drug for neuropathic pain and has a margin of safety between its side effects and the analgesic effect for animal experiments. Herein, we showed that MGB exhibited an antipruritic effect in a mouse model of AD using NC/Nga mice. Methods and results: The oral administration of MGB (10 mg/kg) inhibited spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice and its effect was dose dependently. Then, when MGB (10 mg/kg) was orally administrated to healthy mice, it did not affect motor function, including locomotor activity, wheel activity, and coordinated movement. Moreover, gabapentin (100 mg/kg) and pregabalin (30 mg/kg), inhibited spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice and decreased motor function in healthy mice. Furthermore, intracisternal injection of MGB (10 μg/site) significantly suppressed spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice. Discussion: In summary, our results suggest that MGB exerts an antipruritic effect via the spinal dorsal horn using NC/Nga mice. We hope that MGB is a candidate for a novel therapeutic agent for AD with relatively few side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. Objectives: This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. Methods: The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. Results: All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Two major earthquakes occurred in Türkiye on sixth February, 2023. Tens of thousands of homeless earthquake victims settled in dormitories across the country. Because this increases the risk of parasitic skin infections, we screened the earthquake victims who were placed in the student dormitory just in case of scabies and the pediculosis capitis epidemic. Here, we describe our screening and prevention strategies for parasitic skin epidemics. Materials and Methods: We visited all rooms in the student dormitory and performed scabies and pediculosis capitis screening on February 15th to 24th, 2023. All the earthquake victims were questioned regarding signs and symptoms of scabies and pediculosis. If a person had symptoms such as night itching, he/she was examined with a dermoscope to evaluate burrows and lice. When the diagnosis was confirmed, treatment was given to those who were in the room and had contact with the people in the room. The prevalence of scabies and pediculosis was assessed at 5 months after screening. Results: A total of 1,580 earthquake victims were screened, of which 167 (10.5%) cases of scabies and 67 (4.2%) cases of pediculosis capitis were detected during the screening. Only 42 new cases of scabies and 1 new case of pediculosis were detected among earthquake victims within 5 months after screening. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of parasitic skin infections, ranging from 10.5% to 2.8% for scabies and from 4.2% to 0.06%; respectively. Conclusion: We believe that screening and detecting cases of scabies and pediculosis capitis and their contacts at an early stage prevented a possible epidemic in our city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The epidemiology of scabies is poorly understood, particularly in regions with high disease burden. This lack of epidemiological data, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, hampers the control and preventative measures. This study is aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies and impetigo in the Nata and Sowa catchment areas of Tutume district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tutume District, targeting the settlements of Manxhotae, Malelejwe, Ndutshaa, and Tshwaane. Participants were randomly selected from households in the settlements. Data were collected using questionnaires, and participants were classified as having scabies typical lesions if they met criteria B and or C of International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) consensus criteria. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, with a 95% confidence interval for precision. Results: A total of 429 participants were enrolled across the four settlements. The overall prevalence of scabies was found to be 18.18% (95%CI 14.8–22.1). The highest prevalence of scabies was in Manxhotae at 27.1% (95%CI 21.2–34.0) and Ndutshaa at 23.4% (95%CI 13.4–37.3). Malelejwe and Tshwaane had lower prevalence of 10.4% (95%CI 6.2–16.8) and 3.4% (95%CI 0.8–12.7), respectively. Only five (5) cases of impetigo were identified. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age of 0–4 years, 5–18 years and a household member with an itch were strongly associated with scabies, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 7.9 (95%CI 2.4–25.6) p-value 0.001, 5.7(95%CI 2.7–11.7), p-value 0.001 and 14.3(95%CI 5.3–38.5) p-value 0.001 respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of scabies in the Nata catchment area was noted to be high. The risk factors included younger age, a household member with an itch, and less frequent bathing. Prospective studies are needed to explore household disease transmission dynamics and risk factors specific to the youth. Author summary: This study was carried out in the Nata catchment area in Tutume district, Botswana. It aimed to assess the burden, risk factors informing effective disease control programs. The survey involved interviews and skin examination by a health worker. Findings revealed a higher prevalence of scabies cases, while impetigo cases were less prevalent. These results highlight the need for community-wide interventions to mitigate the disease's impact. Identified risk factors include younger age, residing with an individual experiencing itchiness, and infrequent bathing. Overall, this study supports advocating for scabies as a neglected tropical disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is an underdiagnosed skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The infection causes severe itching and a skin rash but can be effectively treated using topical or systemic drugs. Scabies outbreaks are commonly reported in resource‐poor countries, including Ghana. Traditional healers play an important role in primary care in rural areas. The role of these traditional healers in the management of scabies has so far not been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the perceptions of traditional healers regarding the causation and management of scabies. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative approach was employed. Traditional healers in the Asante Akim North and Central districts in Ghana were approached with an interview request. Using a semi‐structured interview protocol, 15 traditional healers were interviewed. The results were coded and analysed, after which seven themes were extrapolated. Results: Scabies infections were frequently reported by traditional healers. Itching and skin rash were unanimously regarded as the major symptoms of scabies. The majority acknowledged the infectious nature of scabies, but no participant reported the causative organism. A dichotomous disease classification was noted, consisting of 'natural' and 'spiritual' variants each with a unique disease profile and management requirements, as reported by the traditional healers. All but two traditional healers reported to treat scabies using almost exclusively herbs and spiritual rituals. Conclusion: The majority of traditional healers were open to collaboration with allopathic healthcare providers. Collaboration could broaden the primary care network in rural areas, but mistrust and lack of transparency form potential barriers to collaboration. We, therefore, emphasise the need for additional efforts to investigate strategies for future collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of 5% Permethrin with the oral Ivermectin for management of scabies. Study Design: Quasi-experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, CMH, Abbotabad Pakistan, from Jun to Nov 2021. Methodology: Our study enroled 100 patients, aged 5-80 years, after informed consent. Demographic information and study variables were noted in a data colection tool. Al participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups i.e. Group A received Permethrin 5% twice with a one-week interval, whereas Group B received a single dose of oral Ivermectin. The evaluation was conducted at 2-4 week intervals. Results: From our sample of 100 participants, 57 were females and 43 were males; age ranged from 5 to 80 years. Group A of Permethrin-5% 43(86%) patients' symptoms improved than in Group B 24(48%) patients of oral Ivermectin. There was also a statisticaly significant relationship between Permethrin and Ivermectin (p-value<0.001). Conclusions: Permethrin is more effective than Ivermectin as first dose response. Permethrin is more compliant and safer for scabies patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies, an old parasitic disease with a worldwide presence, has witnessed a recent resurgence in many parts of the world even in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a study on this resurgence in the Italian province of Messina, Sicily, evaluating the general features of affected people to better understand the possible modes of transmission. Specifically, we considered all the scabies notifications made in the period 2003–2022. Then, we focused on those cases occurred in the three-years period 2020–2022 carrying out an active surveillance by calling patients and asking them questions about their recent habits and movements and their consequent chances of contracting the disease. In total, 935 cases of scabies were reported from 2003 to 2022, with a remarkable increase between 2020 and 2022, when 288 cases were reported. Of these patients, we were able to reach by phone 240 (83.3 %) and interview them. Students were the most affected group (24.1 %), followed by retirees (21.0 %) and healthcare workers (13.2 %). Unfortunately, concerning the possible mode of transmission, more than half (58.5 %) of patients were not able to understand the real source of their infection. When known, the most common ways of transmission were a familiar origin (10.7 %) followed by causes linked to health environments (nursing home stays and hospital admissions). Moreover, 66.9 % of all the reported cases were part of an outbreak. Larger outbreaks occurred in healthcare facilities for more than half of the cases (69.4 %), the majority of which (88.9 %) were in nursing homes. Our research confirms the resurgence of scabies in our territory similar to trends in other European countries. Some critical factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, probably played a key role in influencing this epidemiological trend and showed the importance of always monitoring the epidemiology of all notifiable diseases to enable prompt action by competent authorities to limit their spread to the community.

Background Our study was conducted to determine the impact of scabies in people living in collective living areas such as tent cities and container cities after the February 6 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes and to show the effectiveness of oral ivermectin treatment on scabies cases because topical treatments could not be used in this period when access to water was limited. Methods Among 233 patients diagnosed and treated with scabies in tent and container cities, 192 patients who met the criteria were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were given as number (n), percentage (%), mean, median, standard deviation (SD). In the comparison of categorical data, the chi-square test was applied; in the comparison of numerical data ANOVA analyses was applied. Results A total of 192 scabies patients (82.4%), 47.9% (N:92) of whom were women, were included in the study. The frequency of scabies in the total population in tent cities and container cities was found to be at least 0.54%. The most common symptoms were pruritis (99.0%) and rash (97.9%). The most common sites of lesion involvement were the umbilicus (87.0.%), forearm (75.0%), and back (70.3%). After the first dose of ivermectin, 159 (82.8%) patients showed complete recovery, while 30 (15.6%) patients showed partial recovery. 3 (1.6%) patients showed no improvement. After the second dose of ivermectin, 173 (90.1%) patients showed complete recovery. There were two (1.0%) patients who did not show improvement after two doses. Due to the deterioration of urban infrastructure after devastating earthquakes, the irregularity of mass living areas, the lack of hygiene conditions, and the difficulty of accessing clean, usable water, oral ivermectin may be the first choice for treatment in terms of ease of use and effectiveness.

Scabies are a global health problem that affects millions of people around the world, especially those living in densely populated and underprivileged areas. Rumak Village, located in a rural area, is no exception to this problem. Where people often live in crowded conditions, making the transmission of scabies easier. This study aims to analyze the determinants of scabies transmission. This study employed a cross-sectional design to examine the prevention behaviors employed by individuals in Rumak Village to avoid the transmission of scabies, totaling 483 families conducted from January to July 2023. Data collection was done using questionnaires, and data analysis was done using Chi-Square, with a p-value of 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. The results showed a significant association between hand washing practices, home environmental hygiene, sharing items, and bathing practices with the incidence of scabies in the community, with a p-value of 0.000. Families who do not regularly wash their hands, have less clean environmental conditions, often practice sharing personal items, and bathe 1 time/day have a risk of suffering from scabies in Rumak Village. Keywords: Determinants, prevalence, scabies