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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consequences of human activity on climate change are increasingly apparent. For example, they are causing ecological degradation and affecting human and animal health. Rightly so, it is considered as the most important challenge of this century. Researchers in psychology and mental health developed an interest in the direct and indirect effects of climate and ecological change on people's psychological wellbeing, which is referred to as a concept described as eco-anxiety or eco-distress. It is worth emphasizing that climate issues are taking a larger place in the school curriculum for youth in elementary, middle and high schools. Youth are thus increasingly aware of the major threat and understandably report legitimate concerns and worries. For some youth, eco-anxiety leads to greater involvement and activism, as can be seen by the international movement set out and led by youth activist Greta Thunberg. However, eco-anxiety can also lead to feelings of hopelessness and disengagement. Despite contributing the least to the climate and ecological crises, youth will be most affected by the impacts, and will carry the burden of the climate crisis throughout their lives. Researchers, educators and mental health professionals must therefore find ways to foster youth psychosocial wellbeing and resilience alongside ensuring that their voices are heard. To this end, it is vital that young people feel able to openly discuss climate change and associated issues alongside the distressing thoughts and feelings they engender. This can be supported by using various psychological approaches to develop effective interventions. Researchers and clinicians in child mental health could gain from drawing from research in positive psychology to develop such interventions. In this review and commentary, we will outline how eco-anxiety and child psychological wellbeing can be framed within a positive psychology framework, including the relevance of self-determined motivation. Insights from interventions based on positive psychology including exercises to foster hope, forgiveness and meaning making will also be discussed. We will highlight how such interventions can be adapted as powerful tools to foster child wellbeing and cope with their eco-anxiety.

systematic review and meta-analysis to assess associations between types of self-determined motivation in exercise with selected parameters of studies using Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaires (BREQs). Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we screened 244 studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus against criteria and selected 43 articles for qualitative synthesis. Of those, 40 studies reporting mean scores and standard deviations of six regulations of BREQs, representing self-determined motivation types, were selected for meta-analysis. The pooled mean scores were the highest in intrinsic regulation at 4.00 (95%CI: 2.92–5.09), followed by identified, integrated, introjected, external, and motivation regulations at 3.65 (95%CI: 3.06–4.24), 3.11 (95%CI: 2.68–3.55), 2.21 (95%CI: 1.88–2.53), 1.42 (95%CI: 0.93–1.92), and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.67–1.12), respectively. Findings indicated significant associations between longer exercise duration and introjected (β = 0.014, p = 0.027) and identified (β = 0.014, p = 0.021) regulations. An inverse relationship was found with a higher female participation rate (β=-0.047, p=0.042), while exercise settings in sports and fitness centers exhibited a stronger association with intrinsic motivations (β=2.700, p=0.039). No significant differences were observed among the versions of BREQs in measuring self-determined motivation. This investigation of context invariance utilizing the particular validated scale contributes to furthering comprehension of the instrument in sports and fitness settings. Additionally, it is essential to take into account sex and the exercise environment concerning self-determined motivation when predicting long-term exercise adherence. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2023-04-02-08 Full Text: PDF

Building upon self-determination theory, the objective of this research was to examine the predictive associations of preservice physical education (PE) teachers' basic psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness, and novelty) with their academic engagement via the quality of their motivation. A purposive sample of 920 pre-service PE teachers (569 men and 351 women; Mage = 24.73; SD = 5.34) participated in this cross-sectional research. The results from structural equation modeling revealed that autonomy, competence, and novelty satisfaction positively predicted autonomous motivation, and negatively predicted amotivation. While competence satisfaction positively predicted controlled motivation, novelty satisfaction did it negatively. Autonomous motivation and controlled motivation positively predicted academic engagement, while amotivation was negatively associated with it. This research underscores the importance of considering pre-service PE teachers' autonomy, competence, and, specially, novelty satisfaction in promoting their autonomous motivation and academic engagement in initial teacher education program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that endangers patients and their families' lives as well as the society. Over 80% of patients cannot be cured completely, one contributor to which is patients' lack of self-determined motivation for treatment. There are few studies on self-determined motivation for treatment among patients with schizophrenia in China. Self-determined motivation facilitates the development of positive emotions, behaviors and cognition, which also plays a vital role in the promotion health-related behaviors. We reviewed the latest advances in self-determined motivation towards rehabilitation treatment in schizophrenia patients, and gave a summary of the features and measurement methods regarding self-determined motivation, as well as its roles in predicting the effect of cognitive remediation, physical therapy and other types of rehabilitation treatment, and in maintaining treatment adherence. After that, we made suggestions on the problems to be solved. To improve treatment adherence and cure rate in schizophrenia patients, future studies may focus on developing appropriate interventions in accordance with the self-determined motivation of the patients.

The most important factors affecting students' mathematics achievement are affective-motivational factors. Grounded on self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and control-value theory, we examined the relationship between self-determined motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation and career motivation) and mathematics anxiety (cognitive and affective components) with mathematics achievement. The authors examined the proposed relations using cross-sectional data of senior two (grade eight) students in Northern Rwanda. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the subscales adapted from the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ and SMQ-II) confirmed a two-factor structure for mathematics anxiety and a two-factor structure for self-determined motivation. The adapted subscales showed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the adapted subscales can be used to assess intrinsic motivation, career motivation, and mathematics anxiety among Rwandan students in senior two. Based on the findings, mathematics anxiety is a two-dimensional construct comprising both cognitive and affective components, and these components differ in their relationship with mathematics achievement. Cognitive mathematics anxiety was negatively related to mathematics achievement more than affective mathematics anxiety; intrinsic motivation and career motivation were positively related to mathematics achievement. These findings suggest that teachers should promote more self-determined motivation among senior two students to improve their mathematics achievement. Additional longitudinal research is needed to determine whether the observed differential relationship patterns between mathematics anxiety components and mathematics achievement persist over time.

Objective: To understand the psychological antecedents or personal factors that lead to weight control behaviours that can help to develop more effective prevention strategies.Design: The present correlational study has a non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional design. A model was tested considering types of motivation (autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation) as mediators in the relationship between the Grit personality and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours, with self-control as a moderator in the aforementioned indirect effects.Setting: Monterrey (Nuevo León, México).Participants: A representative sample of 1219 adults (men = 599; women = 620) aged 18-65 years (M = 29·37, sd = 11·83).Results: Findings supported the mediator role of the types of motivation. Specifically, Grit showed a positive indirect effect on healthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Conversely, Grit showed a negative indirect effect on unhealthy weight control behaviours through autonomous motivation. Furthermore, findings supported the moderator role of self-control in the relationship between amotivation and healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviours.Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the key role of Grit in the adoption of healthy or unhealthy control behaviours, as well as the role of autonomous motivation in the development of healthy behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent climate crises have taken the taken the world by storm. Ongoing environmental degradation has raised several questions about human activities that would be effective to protect the ecosystem. Following the climate catastrophe, now a day's businesses are transitioning towards green marketing practices focusing on pro-environmental behaviors of consumers i.e., green purchases, recycling behavior and conservation of energy. This study emphasizes the recycling domain of pro-environmental behaviors. According to a study Pakistan is the 5th most vulnerable country to get affected from climate related crisis. This could only be curtailed if consumers favor 'sustainable consumption' for the use and reuse of products. In this regard this study proposes a comprehensive framework that would investigate what are the motivational drivers that have an impact on 'Consumer Recycling Intention of Pakistani household'. For this purpose, in-depth analysis of recycling motivation and Intention has been conducted for the identification of key motivational factors and drivers that may shape their intentions to recycle in their routine life. Quantitative data has been collected from 303 respondents through structured online questionnaire and was analyzed using SMART PLS(SEM). Findings reveal the significant impact of Basic Psychological needs and Extrinsic Regulations on Extrinsic and Intrinsic motivational factors respectively. Whereas these regulations proved to be significant drivers of self-determined motivation towards recycling Intention. Based on empirical evidence, study has proposed a model, it includes suggested motivational initiatives that businesses may incorporate into their marketing practices and Policy makers may enact laws while keeping determinants of the model in consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Despite the importance attributed to athletes' motivation in sports performance and well-being; no measures of motivation toward sport were found in the Romanian sport context. Objective. Grounded in self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt and to gather validity and reliability evidence supporting the use of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) in the Romanian sport domain. Method. The participants were 596 Romanian professional athletes (age: M D22:91, SD D 5:84; sports experience: M D 11:14, SD D 5:03), who 273 practiced individual sports and 323 team sports. They completed an online questionnaire survey assessing their perception of behavioral regulation, resilience and burnout in sport. Results. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor correlated model, which was invariant across age and sport. Correlations among latent factors configured a simplex structure, underpinning the self-determination continuum. Average variance extracted values from .50 to .70 endorsed convergent validity. Scores for heterotraitmonotrait ratio of correlations as high as .88, as well as 95% confidence intervals of each interfactor correlation that did not include 1.00 supported discriminant validity. Values over .70 for Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega and Raykov's coefficients showed a good level of reliability for each factor. Linear regression analysis revealed that while intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation and identified regulation positively predicted resilience, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation positively predicted burnout. Conclusions. The BRSQ is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the six types of behavioral regulation in the Romanian sport context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background On the basis of the integration constructs from self-determination theory (SDT) and achievement goal theory (AGT), this study aims to investigate the relationship among classroom motivational climate from four perspectives (i.e. autonomy support, relatedness support, task-involving climate and ego-involving climate), three psychological needs (i.e. autonomy, competence and relatedness), self-determined motivation and physical activity (PA) in secondary physical education (PE). Methods Participants consisted of 1186 Chinese students aged 11 to 16 years from three secondary schools in Shanghai. Accelerometers were utilized to measure moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Questionnaires were used to measure SDT variables (i.e. classroom motivational climate, perceived competence, autonomy, relatedness and self-determined motivation). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was adopted to analyse the hypothesised relationship. Results SEM analysis revealed that task-involving climate and autonomy support were positively associated with autonomy, relatedness and competence. Relatedness support was positively related with autonomy and relatedness, whereas ego-involving climate was only associated with competence. The three psychological needs positively affected self-determined motivation, and self-determined motivation positively affected the MVPA time of secondary school students in PE lessons. Conclusion These findings support a model of motivation that integrates SDT and AGT, provides new insight into understanding MVPA in Chinese PE, and establishes a solid basis for intervention research.

Background Despite the importance attributed to athletes’ motivation in sports performance and well-being; no measures of motivation toward sport were found in the Romanian sport context. Objective Grounded in self-determination theory, this research aimed to adapt and to gather validity and reliability evidence supporting the use of the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ) in the Romanian sport domain. Method The participants were 596 Romanian professional athletes (age: M = 22.91, SD = 5.84; sports experience: M = 11.14, SD = 5.03), who 273 practiced individual sports and 323 team sports. They completed an online questionnaire survey assessing their perception of behavioral regulation, resilience and burnout in sport. Results Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor correlated model, which was invariant across age and sport. Correlations among latent factors configured a simplex structure, underpinning the self-determination continuum. Average variance extracted values from .50 to .70 endorsed convergent validity. Scores for heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations as high as .88, as well as 95% confidence intervals of each interfactor correlation that did not include 1.00 supported discriminant validity. Values over .70 for Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega and Raykov’s coefficients showed a good level of reliability for each factor. Linear regression analysis revealed that while intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation and identified regulation positively predicted resilience, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation positively predicted burnout. Conclusions The BRSQ is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the six types of behavioral regulation in the Romanian sport context.

Background: Generation Z is accustomed to using social media to expose themselves to others. Due to the characteristics of this generation, the intention to continue exercise differs depending on the satisfaction with one’s body image. Methods: This study analyzed (a) the effect of Generation Z’s self-determined motivation to exercise on their exercise adherence intention and (b) the moderating effect of satisfaction with body image and gender between self-determined motivation and exercise adherence intention. Data from 451 Generation Z (born during 1995–2010) university students in Republic of Korea were analyzed on self-determined motivation and exercise adherence intention by structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The effect of self-determined motivation on exercise adherence intention showed that external regulation had a significant negative effect on exercise adherence intention. In contrast, identified regulation and intrinsic motivation had a significant positive effect on exercise adherence intention. Moreover, this study compared the differences between the four classified groups according to the gap between perceived and ideal body images, level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the body image, and gender. The comparison results indicated that external regulation had a significant negative effect on exercise adherence intention in all groups. In the group of men who were satisfied with their body image, intrinsic motivation had a positive effect on their exercise adherence intention. Conclusions: Based on the analysis results, Generation Z’s exercise adherence intention was more affected by internal satisfaction rather than external motivations. It is significance lies in the fact that it focused on Generation Z, who will be the future leading consumers.

Background: Devising a program to increase physical activity (PA)/exercise behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can meet with limited effectiveness in real-world settings because of the variety of barriers to PA/exercise that individuals need to overcome. An alternative approach is to explore whether targeting motivation as a facilitator may be effective to increase PA/exercise. This study aimed to understand attitudes toward perceived barriers to PA/exercise by examining individual levels of motivation, grounded on self-determination theory, in patients with T2DM. Methods: This study used an integrated approach combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. Sixteen patients with T2DM were grouped (n = 8 for each group) into either a higher self-motivation (HSM) or lower self-motivation (LSM) group via the Relative Autonomy Index. Thematic and deductive analysis were used to identify attitudes based on ten preconceived barrier themes: apathy, dislike, no priority, lack of support, health problems, lack of knowledge, unfavorable environment, tiredness, lack of time, and financial constraints. Quantitative analysis was to assess statistical differences in the volume of PA/exercise across the two groups, and a mixed-methods analysis was employed to highlight unique cases. Results: Patients in the HSM group expressed positive attitudes toward barriers to PA/exercise, while patients in the LSM group expressed a greater degree of hindrance. Although regular PA/exercise is necessary for T2DM management, patients with LSM considered PA/exercise a lesser priority displaying negative attitudes such as apathy and dislike. Conversely, patients with HSM placed greater emphasis on the benefits of PA/exercise regardless of apathy and dislike. Lack of time and health problems were commonly reported in both groups. The volume of PA/exercise corresponded to motivation levels, but there were some unique cases which arose from active commuting habits and severe health problems. Conclusion: These findings provide insights on how attitudes to perceived barriers to PA/exercise differ by levels of motivation. One insight was that examining motivation should be an essential consideration when designing practical strategies to overcome PA/exercise barriers in patients with T2DM. Lack of time and health problems exist regardless of motivation levels. Future research requires a tailored approach to managing barriers to PA/exercise in patients with T2DM.

Background : Devising a program to increase physical activity (PA)/exercise behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can meet with limited effectiveness in real-world settings because of the variety of barriers to PA/exercise that individuals need to overcome. An alternative approach is to explore whether targeting motivation as a facilitator may be effective to increase PA/exercise. This study aimed to understand attitudes toward perceived barriers to PA/exercise by examining individual levels of motivation, grounded on self-determination theory, in patients with T2DM. Methods : This study used an integrated approach combining qualitative and quantitative analysis. Sixteen patients with T2DM were grouped (n = 8 for each group) into either a higher self-motivation (HSM) or lower self-motivation (LSM) group via the Relative Autonomy Index. Thematic and deductive analysis were used to identify attitudes based on ten preconceived barrier themes: apathy, dislike, no priority, lack of support, health problems, lack of knowledge, unfavorable environment, tiredness, lack of time, and financial constraints. Quantitative analysis was to assess statistical differences in the volume of PA/exercise across the two groups, and a mixed-methods analysis was employed to highlight unique cases. Results : Patients in the HSM group expressed positive attitudes toward barriers to PA/exercise, while patients in the LSM group expressed a greater degree of hindrance. Although regular PA/exercise is necessary for T2DM management, patients with LSM considered PA/exercise a lesser priority displaying negative attitudes such as apathy and dislike. Conversely, patients with HSM placed greater emphasis on the benefits of PA/exercise regardless of apathy and dislike. Lack of time and health problems were commonly reported in both groups. The volume of PA/exercise corresponded to motivation levels, but there were some unique cases which arose from active commuting habits and severe health problems. Conclusion : These findings provide insights on how attitudes to perceived barriers to PA/exercise differ by levels of motivation. One insight was that examining motivation should be an essential consideration when designing practical strategies to overcome PA/exercise barriers in patients with T2DM. Lack of time and health problems exist regardless of motivation levels. Future research requires a tailored approach to managing barriers to PA/exercise in patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had as purpose the description of the Perceived Performance in Sport Questionnaire process, which aims to assess the performance perception of young athletes in competition sports and prove its criteria validity. The total sample comprised 470 federated athletes, of which 362 were male and 108 female, aged from 13 to 20 years old. To test the instrument, content validation (by experts) was applied as well as the exploratory factorial analysis and the internal consistency (reliability), the temporal stability, the confirmatory factor analysis and linear regression. The results showed that the questionnaire had monofactorial structure, satisfactory internal consistency (α=.88) and test/re-test reliability (r=.94; p

Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever o processo de validação do Questionário de Perceção de Rendimento no desporto (QPRD), instrumento que pretende aferir sobre a perceção de rendimento de jovens atletas no desporto de competição e comprovar a sua validade de critério. A amostra total foi composta por 470 atletas portugueses federados, dos quais 362 pertenciam ao sexo masculino e 108 ao sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 20 anos. Para testar o instrumento recorreu-se à validação do conteúdo (por parte de especialistas) e às análises fatorial exploratória, de consistência interna, de estabilidade temporal, fatorial confirmatória e à regressão linear. Os resultados evidenciaram que o questionário apresenta uma estrutura monofatorial, uma consistência interna (α=.88) e fidedignidade teste-reteste bastante satisfatórios (r=.94; p

Abstract Background There is a recognised need for targeted community-wide mental health strategies and interventions aimed specifically at prevention and early intervention in promoting mental health. Young males are a high need group who hold particularly negative attitudes towards mental health services, and these views are detrimental for early intervention and help-seeking. Organised sports provide a promising context to deliver community-wide mental health strategies and interventions to adolescent males. The aim of the Ahead of the Game program is to test the effectiveness of a multi-component, community-sport based program targeting prevention, promotion and early intervention for mental health among adolescent males. Methods The Ahead of the Game program will be implemented within a sample drawn from community sporting clubs and evaluated using a sample drawn from a matched control community. Four programs are proposed, including two targeting adolescents, one for parents, and one for sports coaches. One adolescent program aims to increase mental health literacy, intentions to seek and/or provide help for mental health, and to decrease stigmatising attitudes. The second adolescent program aims to increase resilience. The goal of the parent program is to increase parental mental health literacy and confidence to provide help. The coach program is intended to increase coaches’ supportive behaviours (e.g., autonomy supportive behaviours), and in turn facilitate high-quality motivation and wellbeing among adolescents. Programs will be complemented by a messaging campaign aimed at adolescents to enhance mental health literacy. The effects of the program on adolescent males’ psychological distress and wellbeing will also be explored. Discussion Organised sports represent a potentially engaging avenue to promote mental health and prevent the onset of mental health problems among adolescent males. The community-based design, with samples drawn from an intervention and a matched control community, enables evaluation of adolescent males’ incremental mental health literacy, help-seeking intentions, stigmatising attitudes, motivation, and resilience impacts from the multi-level, multi-component Ahead of the Game program. Notable risks to the study include self-selection bias, the non-randomised design, and the translational nature of the program. However, strengths include extensive community input, as well as the multi-level and multi-component design. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000709347. Date registered 17 May 2017. Retrospectively registered.

Adults (more than 18 years old) are likely to reproduce the habits that they acquired during childhood and adolescence (from 6 to 16 years old). For that reason, teachers and parents have the responsibility to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Even though every school subject should promote healthy activities, Physical Education (PE) is the most important subject to foster well-being habits associated to healthy lifestyle during sport practice and other kinds of active tasks. Indeed, there are many factors that influence the acquisition of healthy habits that should be taken into account when programs and activities are implemented in both educational and extracurricular context. In this sense, psychological and social factors are of utmost importance to achieve optimal experiences for an active and healthy lifestyle. However, due to the myriad of studies analyzing different factors in different contexts, there could be confusion when programs and pedagogical strategies are applied in educational or extracurricular contexts. The objective of this investigation is to analyse the state of art of the psychosocial factors which influence the engagement in physical activities and sport practice. The keywords used in this review were mainly: “Self-Determination Theory,” “(intrinsic) motivation,” “Psychological need satisfaction,” “physical activity and sport engagement,” “Elementary Education,” “Secondary Education,” “Physical Education.” In addition, the Boolean data type “and,” “or,” and “not” were also used. The articles were selected according to the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed original research published in international journals indexed in JCR or SJR, (b) published in English or Spanish, (c) about psychosocial factors which influence the physical activity and sport engagement, (d) in educational or extracurricular context. Research articles selected were found through Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, SportDiscus (EBSCO-host), ERIC, PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo databases. It was observed that physical activities and sport practice engagement are closely related to psychological factors. In particularly, intrinsic motivation was able to determine the active participation in any activity, including physical activity and sport practice during the implementation of Small-Sided Games and other kinds of pedagogical strategies (e.g., Pedagogical Models). Motivation was also closely related to flow state. Finally, these variables should be considered in order to organize effective programs to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in Physical Education classes.

This study attempts to analyze the relationship between two key psychological variables associated with performance in sports – Self-Determined Motivation and Competitive Anxiety – through Bayesian Networks (BN) analysis. We analyzed 674 university students that are athletes from 44 universities that competed at the University Games in Mexico, with an average age of 21 years (SD = 2.07) and with a mean of 8.61 years’ (SD = 5.15) experience in sports. Methods: Regarding the data analysis, firstly, classification using the CHAID algorithm was carried out to determine the dependence links between variables; Secondly, a BN was developed to reduce the uncertainty in the relationships between the two key psychological variables. The validation of the BN revealed AUC values ranging from 0.5 to 0.92. Subsequently, various instantiations were performed with hypothetical values applied to the “bottom” variables. Results showed two probability trees that have extrinsic motivation and amotivation at the top, while the anxiety/activation due to worries about performance was at the bottom of the probabilities. The instantiations carried out support the existence of these probabilistic relationships, demonstrating their scarce influence on anxiety about competition generated by the intrinsic motivation, and the complex probabilistic effect of introjected and identified regulation regarding the appearance of anxiety due to worry about performance.

Adults (more than 18 years old) are likely to reproduce the habits that they acquired during childhood and adolescence (from 6 to 16 years old). For that reason, teachers and parents have the responsibility to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Even though every school subject should promote healthy activities, Physical Education (PE) is the most important subject to foster well-being habits associated to healthy lifestyle during sport practice and other kinds of active tasks. Indeed, there are many factors that influence the acquisition of healthy habits that should be taken into account when programs and activities are implemented in both educational and extracurricular context. In this sense, psychological and social factors are of utmost importance to achieve optimal experiences for an active and healthy lifestyle. However, due to the myriad of studies analyzing different factors in different contexts, there could be confusion when programs and pedagogical strategies are applied in educational or extracurricular contexts. The objective of this investigation is to analyse the state of art of the psychosocial factors which influence the engagement in physical activities and sport practice. The keywords used in this review were mainly: "Self-Determination Theory," "(intrinsic) motivation," "Psychological need satisfaction," "physical activity and sport engagement," "Elementary Education," "Secondary Education," "Physical Education." In addition, the Boolean data type "and," "or," and "not" were also used. The articles were selected according to the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed original research published in international journals indexed in JCR or SJR, (b) published in English or Spanish, (c) about psychosocial factors which influence the physical activity and sport engagement, (d) in educational or extracurricular context. Research articles selected were found through Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, SportDiscus (EBSCO-host), ERIC, PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo databases. It was observed that physical activities and sport practice engagement are closely related to psychological factors. In particularly, intrinsic motivation was able to determine the active participation in any activity, including physical activity and sport practice during the implementation of Small-Sided Games and other kinds of pedagogical strategies (e.g., Pedagogical Models). Motivation was also closely related to flow state. Finally, these variables should be considered in order to organize effective programs to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in Physical Education classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Numerosos estudios evidencian que los niveles de actividad física disminuyen en la adolescencia, siendo más pronunciado este descenso entre el género femenino. Por ello, y siguiendo la teoría de la autodeterminación, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la influencia del género en variables motivacionales y consecuencias afectivas y cognitivas a lo largo de diferentes unidades didácticas de Educación Física. En el estudio participaron 66 alumnos (30 varones y 36 mujeres) entre los 15 y 17 años (M edad = 15.29; DT = 0.71). Al finalizar cada unidad didáctica se midieron distintas variables motivacionales situacionales: las necesidades psicológicas básicas (BPNES), la motivación autodeterminada (EMSI), las consecuencias afectivas de diversión y aburrimiento (SSI-EF) y la predisposición hacia la práctica del contenido (PEPS). Los resultados del análisis inter-grupo señalan que las chicas presentan una menor percepción de competencia que los chicos en fútbol sala (p

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar si el apoyo de la autonomía, las necesidades psicológicas básicas y la motivación intrínseca predicen el motivo de práctica hacia la mejora o mantenimiento de la salud. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 602 practicantes de actividades dirigidas con ritmo coreografiados (zumba, aeróbic, step, fight box, batuka, danza contemporánea, flamenco, sevillanas y bailes latinos), a los que se midió el apoyo de autonomía, las necesidades psicológicas básicas, la motivación intrínseca y el motivo salud. Tras el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple por pasos, la salud fue predicha positivamente por el soporte de autonomía del técnico, la satisfacción de los mediadores psicológicos y la motivación intrínseca. Se discuten los resultados en relación al diseño de programas de intervención en busca de estilos de vida más saludables. Abstract The aim of this study was to test if health being the reason of sport practice can be predicted by the support of autonomy, basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation. A total of 602 practitioners participated in activities aimed at choreographed rhythm (zumba, aerobics, step, box fight, batuka, contemporary dance, flamenco, sevillanas and Latin dances) where the factors support of autonomy, basic psychological needs, intrinsic motivation and health as the reason, were measured. After the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the factor health was positively predicted by the technical support of autonomy, the satisfaction of psychological mediators and the intrinsic motivation. The results are discussed in relation to the design of intervention programs in search of healthier life styles.

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The relationship between perceptions of organizational politics (POPs) and self-determined work motivation has yet to be understood rigorously. Drawing on self-determination theory, affective events theory, and emotion-associated theories, we propose (1) that organizational politics is a crucial factor affecting self-determined motivation in organizations and (2) that work mood (e.g. anxiety and depression) is a psychological mediator affected by POPs and affecting self-determined motivation. We tested the model by using a Taiwanese sample of considerable variability in gender, hierarchical level, and tenure. Analysis results indicate that POPs diminish intrinsic motivation, autonomous extrinsic motivation, and controlled extrinsic motivation, but increase amotivation. Anxiety is a partial mediator in the POPseintrinsic motivation, POPseautonomous extrinsic motivation, and POPsecontrolled extrinsic motivation relationships, but anxiety does not mediate the relationship between POPs and amotivation. In contrast, depression is a partial mediator in the POPseintrinsic motivation and POPseamotivation relationships, and it is a complete mediator in the POPseautonomous extrinsic motivation and POPs econtrolled extrinsic motivation relationships. Given that work motivation is an important determinant of employee work behaviors; our results specify a possible link between POPs and employee outcomes. The distinct mediating roles of anxiety and depression in the POPs-work motivation relationships imply that different types of political behavior might induce distinctive work moods that produce divergent organizational outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Based on self-determination theory (SDT), the goal of this study was to analyze the relation between satisfaction of basic psychological needs, types of motivation to exercise, and social physique anxiety (SPA). Participants in the study were 398 secondary education students, aged between 12 and 19 years, who completed questionnaires that measured the variables of interest. The results of multiple mediation analysis revealed that satisfaction of the need for competence negatively predicted SPA, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of integrated, identified, and external regulations. Introjected regulation also positively predicted SPA. Gender and body mass index (BMI) affected the relationships analyzed and were also shown to predict SPA. The results of this study further our understanding of the motivational process that explains SPA in adolescents within an exercise context, showing the positive influence of perceived competence and types of self-determined motivation to reduce SPA.

Background Injury prevention is an important issue for police officers, but the effectiveness of prevention initiatives is dependent on officers' motivation toward, and adherence to, recommended health and safety guidelines. Aims To understand effects of police officers' motivation to prevent occupational injury on beliefs about safety and adherence to injury prevention behaviours. Methods Full-time police officers completed a survey comprising validated psychometric scales to assess autonomous, controlled and amotivated forms of motivation (Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire), behavioural adherence (Self-reported Treatment Adherence Scale) and beliefs (Safety Attitude Questionnaire) with respect to injury prevention behaviours. Results There were 207 participants; response rate was 87%. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that autonomous motivation was positively related to behavioural adherence, commitment to safety and prioritizing injury prevention. Controlled motivation was a positive predictor of safety communication barriers. Amotivation was positively associated with fatalism regarding injury prevention, safety violation and worry. Conclusions These findings are consistent with the tenets of self-determination theory in that autonomous motivation was a positive predictor of adaptive safety beliefs and adherence to injury prevention behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Framed on a Self-Determination Theory perspective, the purpose of this study was to explore the predictive capacity of coaches' interpersonal controlling style on the competitive anxiety of young athletes, considering the mediating effect of the athletes' controlled motivation on this relationship. The sample consisted of 1166 athletes, aged between 9 and 18, who ranked their perceptions of coaches' controlling style, as well as the reasons for participating in sport and their competitive anxiety before or during competition. The structural models assessing both the direct effect of the controlling style on the anxiety and the complete mediated effect of the controlled motivation on this relationship revealed good fit indices. However, a significant difference of the chi-square was obtained when comparing these models to the partial mediation model, providing evidence of this last model to be more adequate to describe the relationship between coaches' controlling style and athletes' competitive anxiety. Positive significant effects of coach controlling style on the three forms of competitive anxiety were found (βCS-SA = 0.21, p < 0.001; βCS-W = 0.14, p < 0.001; βCS-CD = 0.30, p < 0.001) indicating that coach controlling style could be an antecedent for athletes' anxiety in a direct way. Although this style also predicts athletes' motivation to participate, this indirect path seems to predict competitive anxiety in a less clear way. We discuss our results facing them up to Vallerand's hierarchical model postulates, focusing on the relevant influence of coaches on the young athletes' experience in the sport context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation toward physical exercise (MPE) and trait self-control (TSC) were identified as key predictors of subjective wellbeing (SWB). However, there has not been any research designed to examine the mediating role of TSC in the relationship between MPE and SWB. The present study utilizes self-determination theory, control-process theory of self-regulation, and theory of multiple pathways of TSC in order to examine whether TSC mediates the relationships of autonomous MPE (A-MPE), controlled MPE (C-MPE), and impersonal MPE (NO-MPE) with SWB using structural equation modeling (XLSTAT PLS). Three hundred seventeen adult American individuals (Mage = 32.97, SDage = 11.30), who reported to be regular exercisers, voluntarily answered questionnaires assessing MPE, TSC, and SWB. Correlational analyses revealed positive relationships between A-MPE, TSC, and SWB, and negative relationships of C-MPE and NO-MPE with TSC and SWB. Mediation analyses revealed that TSC mediated the relationships of A-MPE (partial mediation) and C-MPE (full mediation) with SWB, but did not mediate the relationship between NO-MPE and SWB. The estimates of the quality of the hypothesized model were acceptable (outer model GoF = .935; absolute GoF = .330; relative GoF = .942; inner model GoF = 1.008; R2 = 36.947%). Finally, this study supports the view that MPE can influence SWB through TSC, and incites to pursue the examination of the relationships between self-determined motivation, self-regulation mechanisms, and health-related outcomes.

ResumenA través del presente estudio se pretendió valorar la relación existente entre el clima motivacional percibido por los jugadores y la motivación autodeterminada, y cómo éstos niveles de autodeterminación se relacionaban con la implicación mostrada por los jóvenes deportistas. Para ello, utilizamos una muestra compuesta por 97 jugadores de fútbol, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 16 años, que completaron diversos cuestionarios encaminados a valorar las diferentes variables del estudio. Los resultados mostraron cómo el clima motivacional que implica a la tarea se relacionaba con los niveles altos de autodeterminación, así como con la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas. Igualmente, comprobamos cómo la motivación autodeterminada se relacionaba positivamente con la implicación adecuada en el deporte. Como conclusión, destacamos la importancia por parte del entrenador de fomentar en el contexto deportivo un clima que implique a la tarea, con el objetivo de promover motivos de práctica intrínsecos a la propia actividad, lo que provocará una implicación más adecuada por parte de los deportistas.AbstractThis study aims to examine the relationships between motivational climate perceived by players and self-determined motivation, and how these self-determination levels are related with youth athletes’ involvement. For instance, we have used a sample formed by 97 football players, ranging in age from 12 to 16 years old that completed questionnaires to assess different variables of the research. Results showed that mastery climate was associated with higher self-determination levels, as well as satisfaction of the psychological basic needs. Moreover, we demonstrated that self-determined motivation was positively related with an appropriate involvement in the sport. Finally, we emphasize the importance by coach to promote a mastery climate with the purpose to get greater intrinsic motives for practice, which leds to a more adequate involvement by athletes.

The most important factors affecting students' mathematics achievement are affective-motivational factors. Grounded on self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and control-value theory, we examined the relationship between self-determined motivation (i.e., intrinsic motivation and career motivation) and mathematics anxiety (cognitive and affective components) with mathematics achievement. The authors examined the proposed relations using cross-sectional data of senior two (grade eight) students in Northern Rwanda. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the subscales adapted from the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ and SMQ-II) confirmed a two-factor structure for mathematics anxiety and a two-factor structure for self-determined motivation. The adapted subscales showed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the adapted subscales can be used to assess intrinsic motivation, career motivation, and mathematics anxiety among Rwandan students in senior two. Based on the findings, mathematics anxiety is a two-dimensional construct comprising both cognitive and affective components, and these components differ in their relationship with mathematics achievement. Cognitive mathematics anxiety was negatively related to mathematics achievement more than affective mathematics anxiety; intrinsic motivation and career motivation were positively related to mathematics achievement. These findings suggest that teachers should promote more self-determined motivation among senior two students to improve their mathematics achievement. Additional longitudinal research is needed to determine whether the observed differential relationship patterns between mathematics anxiety components and mathematics achievement persist over time., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Emmanuel Iyamuremye reports financial support was provided by University of Rwanda African Centre of Excellence for Innovative Teaching and Learning Mathematics and Science. Emmanuel Iyamuremye reports a relationship with University of Rwanda African Centre of Excellence for Innovative Teaching and Learning Mathematics and Science that includes: funding grants., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Motivation toward physical exercise (MPE) and trait self-control (TSC) were identified as key predictors of subjective wellbeing (SWB). However, there has not been any research designed to examine the mediating role of TSC in the relationship between MPE and SWB. The present study utilizes self-determination theory, control-process theory of self-regulation, and theory of multiple pathways of TSC in order to examine whether TSC mediates the relationships of autonomous MPE (A-MPE), controlled MPE (C-MPE), and impersonal MPE (NO-MPE) with SWB using structural equation modeling (XLSTAT PLS). Three hundred seventeen adult American individuals (Mage = 32.97, SDage = 11.30), who reported to be regular exercisers, voluntarily answered questionnaires assessing MPE, TSC, and SWB. Correlational analyses revealed positive relationships between A-MPE, TSC, and SWB, and negative relationships of C-MPE and NO-MPE with TSC and SWB. Mediation analyses revealed that TSC mediated the relationships of A-MPE (partial mediation) and C-MPE (full mediation) with SWB, but did not mediate the relationship between NO-MPE and SWB. The estimates of the quality of the hypothesized model were acceptable (outer model GoF = 0.935; absolute GoF = 0.330; relative GoF = 0.942; inner model GoF D 1.008; R² = 36.947%). Finally, this study supports the view that MPE can influence SWB through TSC, and incites to pursue the examination of the relationships between self-determined motivation, self-regulation mechanisms, and health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the links between L2 linguistic knowledge, L2 listening strategy use, self-determined motivation, and L2 listening anxiety relative to L2 listening proficiency. Prior theoretical and empirical work suggests that these variables are interrelated in complex ways, and this hypothesis is tested here using structural equation modeling with a sample of 300 high school foreign language learners at the lower end of the proficiency spectrum. Our results indicate that intrinsic motivation yielded the strongest impact on L2 listening proficiency, and separately predicted greater self-regulated learning behavior, which in turn predicted lower levels of listening anxiety. L2 listening strategy use was additionally associated with higher levels of L2 linguistic knowledge, but did not directly predict higher L2 listening success. It was only through the mediation of L2 linguistic knowledge that L2 listening strategy use was linked to low L2 listening anxiety and higher overall L2 listening proficiency. These results are discussed, and we suggest that while L2 listening strategy use may be a key factor in reducing L2 listening anxiety, encouraging listening strategy use below a certain level of L2 linguistic knowledge may be of limited effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]