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The non-fluent/agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome primarily defined by the presence of apraxia of speech (AoS) and/or expressive agrammatism. In addition, many patients exhibit dysarthria and/or receptive agrammatism. This leads to substantial phenotypic variation within the speech-language domain across individuals and time, in terms of both the specific combination of symptoms as well as their severity. How to resolve such phenotypic heterogeneity in nfvPPA is a matter of debate. 'Splitting' views propose separate clinical entities: 'primary progressive apraxia of speech' when AoS occurs in the absence of expressive agrammatism, 'progressive agrammatic aphasia' (PAA) in the opposite case, and 'AOS + PAA' when mixed motor speech and language symptoms are clearly present. While therapeutic interventions typically vary depending on the predominant symptom (e.g. AoS versus expressive agrammatism), the existence of behavioural, anatomical and pathological overlap across these phenotypes argues against drawing such clear-cut boundaries. In the current study, we contribute to this debate by mapping behaviour to brain in a large, prospective cohort of well characterized patients with nfvPPA (n = 104). We sought to advance scientific understanding of nfvPPA and the neural basis of speech-language by uncovering where in the brain the degree of MRI-based atrophy is associated with inter-patient variability in the presence and severity of AoS, dysarthria, expressive agrammatism or receptive agrammatism. Our cross-sectional examination of brain-behaviour relationships revealed three main observations. First, we found that the neural correlates of AoS and expressive agrammatism in nfvPPA lie side by side in the left posterior inferior frontal lobe, explaining their behavioural dissociation/association in previous reports. Second, we identified a 'left-right' and 'ventral-dorsal' neuroanatomical distinction between AoS versus dysarthria, highlighting (i) that dysarthria, but not AoS, is significantly influenced by tissue loss in right-hemisphere motor-speech regions; and (ii) that, within the left hemisphere, dysarthria and AoS map onto dorsally versus ventrally located motor-speech regions, respectively. Third, we confirmed that, within the large-scale grammar network, left frontal tissue loss is preferentially involved in expressive agrammatism and left temporal tissue loss in receptive agrammatism. Our findings thus contribute to define the function and location of the epicentres within the large-scale neural networks vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes in nfvPPA. We propose that nfvPPA be redefined as an umbrella term subsuming a spectrum of speech and/or language phenotypes that are closely linked by the underlying neuroanatomy and neuropathology.

The need to identify and study phraseological units was only recognised relatively recently. They are characterised by an asymmetry between the expression aspect and the content aspect: being combinations of words in the formal sense, phraseological units are semantic wholes. In effect, there is a complex network of interdependencies between the grammatical, semantic, and functional properties of their elements, as well as of the entire units, which renders them theoretically interesting and distinct from lexemes. They are important in communication but can be difficult to speakers: in order to use them well, one has to know their internal syntactic arrangement, the degree of their discontinuity in utterances, their variability, contextual adaptability and influence on context, as well as their functions in actual use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business process modeling is used to model business processes using Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), which is a widely accepted standard for process modeling. BPMN elements are visually represented by the existing model, but the expressiveness of elements in terms of communication between the participants of the business process is a problem reported in modeling literature. Business processes use collaboration models to gain increasing importance in software development, describing their behavior and interaction. Recent years have seen the presentation of various approaches to ensure communication between business process pools. Despite the widespread adoption of BPMN for business process modeling, existing collaboration models often suffer from significant limitations in accurately capturing complex collaborative business processes. The existing approaches do not ensure proper structure and syntax for collaboration elements. The flow of information among multiple pools causes ambiguity in the developed business process. A Collaborative Business Process Model (CBPM) is proposed to address this issue, based on modeling rules that ensure proper syntax and structure of the models. The proposed CBPM also guarantees that the model is a better approach for participant interaction. This approach contributes to improving the communication mechanism between the participants of collaborative business processes. Moreover, we formally analyze and verify the working of CBPM by specifying the model in Z specification language. Performance evaluation regarding the flow of messages through test case coverage criteria indicates that the model is capable of ensuring successful communication among the multiple participants of business processes.

This article examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence on the archival heritage digitization processes, specifically regarding the manuscripts’ automatic transcription, their correction, and normalization. It highlights how digitality has compelled scholars to redefine Archive and History field and has facilitated the accessibility of analogue sources through digitization and integration into big data. The study focuses on two AI systems, namely Transkribus and ChatGPT, which enable efficient analysis and transcription of digitized sources. The article presents a test of ChatGPT, which was utilized to normalize the text of 366 letters stored in the “Correspondence” section of the Biscari Archive (Catania). Although the AI exhibited some limitations that resulted in inaccuracies, the corrected texts met expectations. Overall, the article concludes that digitization and AI can significantly enhance archival and historical research by allowing the analysis of vast amounts of data and the application of computational linguistic tools.

This study investigates the language styles used in advertisements for Harper’s Bazaar magazine advertisements. The objective of the current study is to identify the stylistic features of magazine advertisements, particularly the stylistics features to provide valuable insights into how advertisers leverage linguistic and visual techniques to connect with their target audience and convey the essence of their brands. Understanding these stylistic strategies is not only valuable for advertisers and marketers but also for readers and consumers who engage with the content, making it an enriching exploration of the synergy between language, style, and fashion in the context of a prestigious British fashion magazine. The study was descriptive-qualitative and used documentation as the instrument. The data was taken from the September 2019 and April 2020 issues of "Harper's Bazaar Magazine which consisted of 28 advertisements. Content analysis was employed to analyze the language styles of advertisements. The results reveal that noun and noun phrases are the most frequently used in Harper’s Bazaar magazine. It also found figurative language, straightforward language, and emotive terms to accomplish their goals. This study contributes to the understanding of language styles in advertising and provides insights into the role of language in promoting products and shaping consumer behavior.

The results of the preparation of strengthened syntactic carbon materials that can be used for industrial-grade heat insulation in conditions of heightened pressures and temperatures are presented. Strengthened syntactic carbon material is obtained by mixing hollow carbon microspheres, pre-treated with vanadium (III) chloride catalyst, with a phenol-formaldehyde binder with the addition of fine polydimethylsilane, molding the composition at low pressure, soaking the mold at 150°C for 2 h, followed by heat treatment in an inert environment at 375°C and final carbonization in combination with carbidization when the temperature rises at a rate of 100 K/h to 900°C. The physicomechanical and thermophysical characteristics were studied. Syntactic material can be used for the manufacture of heat-insulation products operating at high temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the bilingual children's and adults' code-switching (CS) dependency treebanks, this paper investigates the syntactic features and pragmatic functions of the Chinese-English bilingual children's CS and compares them with bilingual adults'. It is mainly found that (1) As to the bilingual children, the mixed sentences present the longest mean sentence length (MSL), followed by those of the dominant language and the weak language. Similarly, Chinese-English adults' mixed sentences present longer MSL than monolingual Chinese and English; (2) Subjects, objects, adverbials, and attributives are four major syntactic functions. Regarding bilingual children's CS, objects are the most frequently switched dependency relations and subjects are the least. Differently, as to bilingual adults, attributives are most frequently switched, and subjects are the least. (3) Nouns, pronouns, determiners, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions are the top word classes involved in four major syntactic relations; (4) The adverbial dependency relations present the longest mean dependency distance (MDD), and the attributives present the shortest for both bilingual children and adults; (5) The major causes that make different MDDs are the CS peripherality, the distributions of top word classes and adjacent dependency relations; (6) Six major pragmatic functions are performed by bilingual children and adults: filling lexical gaps, emphasis or expressing the intense feelings, explaining, giving "orders" or requirements, quotation, reiteration. The results syntactically and pragmatically suggest that there exist great similarities between bilingual children's and adults' code-switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper “Idioms in journalistic style” addresses structural, syntactic, and conceptual analysis of 51 idiom detected in the text of daily newspapers “Dnevni avaz” and “Oslobođenje”. Analysis revealed phraseological syntagms as the most common form of idiom on the structural level and verb idioms as the most common according to the syntactic criterion. Conceptual analysis revealed the prevalence of idioms that depict human behaviour and interpersonal relations, which is explained by the fact that the object of journalistic research are social matters. Idioms make a significant part of lexic layer of journalistic style since they are used to present certain problematic expressively and vividly, but they are also a mean of critique and humor. Often, idioms from conversational style enter newspaper text to attract attention since readers are familiar with them and can relate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores syntactic and lexical complexity in argumentative essays written by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Humans (HS). First year Tswana second language (L2) learners of English in a South African University wrote the HS argumentative essays. The AI essays have been generated by ChatGPT-3.5 on the same topics. Using a multidimensional perspective to genre analysis, this study examines differences in the essays using linguistic measures of syntactic and lexical complexity. Even though not all researchers agree on the nature of linguistic differences, the extant literature links features such as syntactic and lexical complexity to writing style and quality. However, little is known about this variation in content generated by ChatGPT when compared to writing by university students studying English as a second language (L2). Findings from this study show differences in the use of complexity features between AI-generated-generated content (AIGC) and human-generated content (HGC). AIGC was found to be using more sophisticated and varied vocabulary. HGC was found to use more function words and less diverse vocabulary. The use of content words was comparable with HGC using a lot more content words than AIGC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the gap noted in the Algerian official syllabus of the translation unit, and though both teachers and students are aware of the importance of translation errors, no lecture is dedicated to this concept. Hence, the present investigation attempts to testify the efficiency of collaborative work in teaching translation errors to M.A. students and thereby apply the theoretical background in real situations. It aims to train students to detect and correct errors, improve the final product, and minimise the different types of errors. The paper adopts a qualitative quantitative-mixed method to scrutinise the phenomenon under investigation. Whereas the theoretical part draws on Delisle's (1999) model of translation errors, the practical part relies on data collected via questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The paper's data were obtained from M.A. students' documents at Mascara University (Algeria) to examine the efficiency of collaborative work as a method of teaching translation errors. The study finds out that the error rate was reduced by 24% after adopting collaborative work, including the three types of texts (general, medical, and literary). The study also concludes that collaborative work enhances three central competencies competitiveness, autonomy, and motivation; hence, they acquire certain translation maturity and critical thinking.

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the causative phenomenon in Koshli. The paper investigates the causative construction on the basis of its form and the function. Moreover, it presents the classification of causative construction on the basis of linguistic analysis. In other words, in this paper we present the morphology, syntax and the semantics of the causative verbs in the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an inescapable fact that we see that proverbs, which are paremiological minimums, are constantly undergoing modifications, and of course this fact reveals the necessity of studying the variability in proverbs. The variation of proverbs as relatively complex structural units compared to words is particularly relevant. Variability in paremiological units has the opportunity to show itself in many cases. So, the word in its structural composition can be used in many variants. The variability of paremic expressions may be related to the replacement of one lexeme by another, the change of the word order in the component composition, the necessity or optionality of their use. The processing of different variants of paremiological units is the most important source of expressiveness and expressiveness used to influence the recipient. They give speech dynamism and lively speech intonation. In the course of the research, we included in the analysis the lexical, morphological, structural-syntactic types of variability in the field of paremic units. The most used types of variation in proverbs are lexical, followed by morphological and syntactic variation. Variability at the syntactic level in proverbs is more fully represented, especially in the structure of syntactic units such as word combinations and sentences. New aesthetic and artistic qualities appear in the variants created during the changes in the structure of proverbs. As a result, the author's speech becomes more emotional and its impact increases many times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akofena is the property of Universite Felix Houphouet Boigny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social media is a widely used platform that provides a huge amount of user-generated content that can be processed to extract information about users’ emotions. This has numerous benefits, such as understanding how individuals feel about certain news or events. It can be challenging to categorize emotions from text created on social media, especially when trying to identify several different emotions from a short text length, as in a multi-label classification problem. Most previous work on emotion classification has focused on deep neural networks such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Recurrent Neural Networks. However, none of these networks have used semantic and syntactic knowledge to classify multiple emotions from a text. In this study, semantic and syntactic aware graph attention networks were proposed to classify emotions from a text with multiple labels. We integrated semantic information in the graph attention network in the form of Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation and syntactic information in the form of dependency trees. Our extensive experimental results showed that our two models, UCCA-GAT (accuracy = 71.2) and Dep-GAT (accuracy = 68.7), were able to outperform the state-of-the-art performance on both the challenging SemEval-2018 E-c: Detecting Emotions (multi-label classification) English dataset (accuracy = 58.8) and GoEmotions dataset (accuracy = 65.9).

Abstract Home has always been an important topic in research. In each region, houses change over time under different economic, social, cultural, climatic, and other conditions. Although these gradual changes have occurred to improve the spatial conditions of houses, it has led to a decline in the environmental quality and sometimes their technical efficiency. It is possible to redefine contemporary housing by spatially analyzing houses and discovering genotypes in a particular climate. This study uses space syntax algorithms in the syntactic plugin in Grasshopper to conduct various analyses and combine them with visual analysis extracted from Depth Map. House genotypes are discovered by factor analysis in SPSS. The case study is the coastal and historical city of Bushehr in the south of Iran. The sample size is 45 houses from three historical periods selected by non-random purposeful sampling. The results indicate that the houses in Bushehr have four genotypes, each of which has positive characteristics that can be generalized to contemporary housing architecture.

Recent developments, begun by the ascending spiral of the anticipated endless prospects of ChatGPT, promote artificial intelligence (AI) as an indispensable tool and commodity whose time has come. Yet the sinister specter of a technology that has hidden and unmanageable attributes that might be harmful to society looms in the background, as well as the likelihood that it will never deliver on the purported promise of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Currently, the prospects for the development of AI and AGI are more a matter of opinion than based on a consistent methodological approach. Thus, there is a need to take a step back to develop a general framework from which to evaluate current AI efforts, which also permits the determination of the limits to its future prospects as AGI. To gain insight into the development of a general framework, a key question needs to be resolved: what is the connection between human intelligence and machine intelligence? This is the question that needs a response because humans are at the center of AI creation and realize that, without an understanding of how we become what we become, we have no chance of finding a solution. This work proposes info-autopoiesis, the self-referential, recursive, and interactive process of self-production of information, as the needed general framework. Info-autopoiesis shows how the key ingredient of information is fundamental to an insightful resolution to this crucial question and allows predictions as to the present and future of AGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah).

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Analyzing sentence patterns turns into more essential in song lyrics as there are regularly misinterpretation of words when they are arranged into sentences in song lyrics. People or learners are difficult to put the words in a sentence that makes grammatical and logical sense, although the learners already know the meaning of many words. This research was aimed to analyze the types of phrase, clause and describe the sentence patterns in Agnez Mo's song lyrics through tree diagram. This research employed qualitative research. The data of this research is the four lyrics of Agnez Mo's songs, they are: Long as I get paid, Coke bottle, Damn I love you and Overdose. In analyzing the data, the research used theory of Miles and Huberman; data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing/verification. The result of the research shows that found types of phrase, clause and sentence patterns. In phrase, there are five types; noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase and preposition phrase that found in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. In clause found there are two types; independent clause and dependent clause, which is in the dependent clause also found of each kind; noun clause, adverb clause and adjective clause in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. Moreover, there are twenty-nine sentence patterns that used in Agnez Mo's song lyrics. The researcher concludes that there are types of phrases, clauses and sentence patterns which should be known in the syntax. Hence, the researcher hopes that the reader or learner can get knowledge from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of sentiment analysis that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most of them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring the types of these dependencies, which carry important information, as dependencies with different types have different effects. In addition, they neglected the correlations between dependency types and part-of-speech (POS) labels, which are helpful for utilizing dependency imformation. To address such limitations and the deficiency of insufficient syntactic and semantic feature mining, we propose a novel model containing three modules, which aims to leverage dependency trees more reasonably by distinguishing different dependencies and extracting beneficial syntactic and semantic features to further enhance model performance. To enrich word embeddings, we design a syntactic feature encoder (SynFE). In particular, we design Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network (DPGCN) to weight different dependencies by a graph attention mechanism we proposed. Additionally, to capture aspect-oriented semantic information, we design a semantic feature extractor (SemFE). Extensive experiments on five popular benchmark databases validate that our model can better employ dependency information and effectively extract favorable syntactic and semantic features to achieve new state-of-the-art performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Info-autopoiesis or the self-referenced, recursive, interactive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and/or relational needs relies on Bateson's difference which makes a difference. Living beings, as active manipulators/observers of their environment, derive meaning from the sensorially detected motion of matter and/or energy in the Universe. The process of info-autopoiesis in humans is found to be triadic in nature and incorporates the simultaneity of a quantitative/objective perspective with a qualitative/subjective perspective. In this process of meaningful engagement with the environment, humans create and transform endogenous semantic information into countless expressions of exogeneous syntactic information, which is synonymous with ordered material structure and artificial creation. Other humans can interpret exogeneous syntactic information and uniquely transform it into semantic information that can take multifarious forms. This asymmetrical process is the basis to postulate the central dogma of information that states 'info-autopoiesis results in endogenous semantic information that irreversibly becomes exogeneous syntactic information'. In other words, once the artificial, syntactic world, including machines, created by humans comes into being it can only be interpreted by others, i.e., it does not necessarily convey the same intended meaning to all. Additionally, these artificial creations only recognize, extract, create, transmit, preserve, store, and utilize syntactic information, unable to transform syntactic information into semantic information. In other words, our resourceful capacity for syntactic creation does not allow for creation of artificial beings with comparable capabilities as us for meaning making. It suggests that our dreams for sentient artificial general intelligence and superintelligence are misguided and parallel the central dogma of molecular biology which states that 'once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to discover the mistakes in understanding and using Arabic grammatical rules, especially in the syntactic review of the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf category in the Arabic education student thesis (PBA). The research object is only limited to the discussion chapter, which results from the author's ideas and expressions as outlined in Arabic writing. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with content analysis, which aims to examine, describe and evaluate the language errors of S1 PBA students at Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University for 2020-2021. The results show that the most errors at the as-shîfah wa al-maushûf occur in the mudzakkar wa mu'annats rule than the rule nakirah wa ma'rifah. Factors that cause errors occur due to a lack of mastery of language and writing rules and the absence of intensive writing practice. The solution offered is to train to write intensively and explore the knowledge needed to support the writing skills (mahârah al-kitâbah). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to address the syntactic problems that Saudi students confront when translating. The significance of the study is to detect syntactic issues among Saudi Arabian undergraduate students. The question is addressed in the study: what are the syntactic problems that Saudi students confront when translating? The researcher used a descriptive analytical method. The sample of twenty undergraduate students, selected from the boys' section, were males and in the second level, enrolled in the second semester of 2018, at the College of Arts and Sciences, majoring in English in Beljurshi, Al Baha University, and this study used a validated test of written Arabic text as a tool to collect information about the research problem. The data was examined, and the students' syntactic problems were detected and categorized as omission and addition in the study. The study finding reveals that omission received a score of 103 out of a total of 50.7, while additions received a score of 99 out of a total of 49 percent. There are 202 syntactic problems in total. Discussion indicates that grammar norms are not being followed by the students, a lack of familiarity with the two languages' rules, interference between the two languages is the most common cause of errors, and students failed to notice there are some distinctions between English and Arabic. The study recommends pursuing research in additional areas connected to syntactic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important findings of Formalists is deviation from norm which is the basis ofdiscussions of stylistics and linguistics. They introduced literary language as deviated fromstandard language, studied the style likewise. In the early twentieth century, they took animportant step in departure from the established criteria; and they created the twoterminologies of defamiliarization and embossment. Quran, the eternal miracle of the Prophetof Islam (PBUH), although not a literary text, but it is a miracle in terms of verbal, linguisticand rhetorical aspects which requires deep and unique investigation. Implementing analytical methods, authors of the present research seek to introduce briefly the deviation from norm,defamiliarization and embossment , and then explore a variety of syntactic and semanticembossment in some verses of Holy Qur'an in the twenty-seventh chapter. The survey is made to understand that the use of figures of speech, metaphor, simile in Quran, which arethe integral parts of it, give certain meanings to Qur'an, and enables the readers to have multiple interpretations. Repetition is one of the most prominent aspects in this chapter.

This study discusses the semantic change of Arabic nouns in the Al-Qur'an: the form, process, and social impact. The theory used in this research is socio-semantic, which is a combination of sociology and semantics. When the absorption form is analyzed, a comparison of the original form with the absorption form is used. In this research, some Arabic nouns in Al-Qur'an that have semantic change are found, such as isim ma'rifah, nākirah, mudzakkar, muannats, masdār, mufrād, mutsanna ,jama’ etc. Semantic change occurs due to the linguistic factors surrounding them, including phonetic, syntactic and morphological; or non-linguist factors including the history of language, aspects of social culture, aspects of science and technology, aspects of foreign languages, aspects of differences in the usage, and aspects of psychological. The change of its meaning has a positive impact on people's mindsets and understanding of the study of Al-Qur'an in a comprehensive and integrated way. Then, every word is not only understood by its literal meaning, but also its multi-meaning.

Indonesian is the word order of SVO. The limitative expression in Indonesian generally functions as an adverb in the sentence. Adverbs to express limitative expression in Indonesian are classified in some variations. In this paper, the researcher clarified the structure and meaning of limitative expression saja in Indonesian. Referring to the term used by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000) and Chaer (2009), saja appears to the right of nouns and verbs. Sneddon (2006) uses the word ‘limiter’ to show the meaning of saja. The research methodology used descriptive using actual data. Data analysis was conducted using theory, as stated by Alwi (1998), Sneddon (2000, 2006), and Chaer (2009). When translated into Japanese, the meaning of saja can be converted into various particles. The definition of each of the particles that express the limitation is considered based on the theory of Sawada (2007), Numata (2009), and Nitta (2009). The results of the research are, saja can be classified into five categories; there are uniqueness, multiplicity, continuity, the minimum limit, and extremity. In Japanese, each meaning can be translated into toritatejoshi dake, bakari, and sae.

Previous studies used BA and BEI structures as stimuli to infer that syntax-first models seemed not applicable in Chinese. However, there were inconsistent results of both within same structures and between different structures. Since sentence structures of stimuli were non-canonical as well as lacking wide representativeness in Chinese, we examined the processing mechanism of a more representative structure in Chinese, QING (QING + NP1 + V + NP2) structure in the current study. Four conditions, including correct sentences (CORRECT), semantic-violated sentences (SEMANTIC), syntactic-violated sentences (SYNTACTIC), and combined violated sentences (COMBINED), were composed by manipulating the V between NP1 and NP2. Results with respect to three types of violation were as follows. In the initial phrase (100–300 ms), there existed an interaction between SEMANTIC consistency and the SYNTACTIC category. In the intermediate phrase (300–500 ms), the interaction continued with similar negative waves evoked by three types of violated sentences. In the final phrase (500–700 ms), both SYNTACTIC or COMBINED evoked obvious negative waves. The current research of Qing structure provided new evidence for the processing mechanism of Chinese sentence patterns. Specifically, we found that the interactive model rather than the syntax-first model may apply to the processing of this specific structure of Chinese sentences and compared the results with those reported in previous studies that examined other types of sentence structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies used BA and BEI structures as stimuli to infer that syntax-first models seemed not applicable in Chinese. However, there were inconsistent results of both within same structures and between different structures. Since sentence structures of stimuli were non-canonical as well as lacking wide representativeness in Chinese, we examined the processing mechanism of a more representative structure in Chinese, QING (QING + NP1 + V + NP2) structure in the current study. Four conditions, including correct sentences (CORRECT), semantic-violated sentences (SEMANTIC), syntactic-violated sentences (SYNTACTIC), and combined violated sentences (COMBINED), were composed by manipulating the V between NP1 and NP2. Results with respect to three types of violation were as follows. In the initial phrase (100–300 ms), there existed an interaction between SEMANTIC consistency and the SYNTACTIC category. In the intermediate phrase (300–500 ms), the interaction continued with similar negative waves evoked by three types of violated sentences. In the final phrase (500–700 ms), both SYNTACTIC or COMBINED evoked obvious negative waves. The current research of Qing structure provided new evidence for the processing mechanism of Chinese sentence patterns. Specifically, we found that the interactive model rather than the syntax-first model may apply to the processing of this specific structure of Chinese sentences and compared the results with those reported in previous studies that examined other types of sentence structures.

There are still many Indonesian language teacher candidates who have not mastered syntax. This article describes the results of Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) activities carried out in the Indonesian language education study program STKIP Siliwangi (now IKIP Siliwangi) with the aim of regular students, fifth semester who are taking a syntax course. The learning method used is discovery learning plus because in its implementation it integrates the use of mind mapping methods in the learning steps of discovery learning methods. From the results of data analysis shows that the application of discovery learning methods plus through LSLC can improve student learning outcomes in syntactic courses. Improved learning outcomes can be seen from the recap percentage, in the first cycle students who were able to answer questions were 52.19%, cycle 2 59.06%, and cycle 3 were 86.56%. In addition, the four abilities of students who were the focus of this program's observations also increased.Masih banyak calon guru bahasa Indonesia yang belum menguasai sintaksis. Artikel ini mendeskripsikan hasil kegiatan Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) yang dilaksanakan pada program studi pendidikan bahasa Indonesia STKIP Siliwangi (sekarang IKIP Siliwangi) dengan sasaran mahasiswa reguler, semester lima yang sedang menempuh mata kuliah sintaksis. Metode pembelajaran yang digunakan adalah discovery learning plus karena dalam pengimplementasiannya mengintegrasikan penggunaan metode mind mapping dalam langkah-langkah pembelajaran metode discovery learning. Dari hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa penerapan metode discovery learning plus melalui LSLC dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mahasiswa dalam mata kuliah sintaksis. Peningkatan hasil belajar dapat dilihat dari rekap persentase, pada siklus 1 mahasiswa yang mampu menjawab soal sebesar 52,19%, siklus 2 59,06%, dan siklus 3 sebesar 86,56%. Selain itu, empat kemampuan mahasiswa yang menjadi fokus pengamatan program ini, juga mengalami peningkatan.

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained task of sentiment analysis that presents great benefits to real-word applications. Recently, the methods utilizing graph neural networks over dependency trees are popular, but most of them merely considered if there exist dependencies between words, ignoring the types of these dependencies, which carry important information, as dependencies with different types have different effects. In addition, they neglected the correlations between dependency types and part-of-speech (POS) labels, which are helpful for utilizing dependency imformation. To address such limitations and the deficiency of insufficient syntactic and semantic feature mining, we propose a novel model containing three modules, which aims to leverage dependency trees more reasonably by distinguishing different dependencies and extracting beneficial syntactic and semantic features to further enhance model performance. To enrich word embeddings, we design a syntactic feature encoder (SynFE). In particular, we design Dependency-POS Weighted Graph Convolutional Network (DPGCN) to weight different dependencies by a graph attention mechanism we proposed. Additionally, to capture aspect-oriented semantic information, we design a semantic feature extractor (SemFE). Extensive experiments on five popular benchmark databases validate that our model can better employ dependency information and effectively extract favorable syntactic and semantic features to achieve new state-of-the-art performance.

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Info-autopoiesis or the self-referenced, recursive, interactive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and/or relational needs relies on Bateson’s difference which makes a difference. Living beings, as active manipulators/observers of their environment, derive meaning from the sensorially detected motion of matter and/or energy in the Universe. The process of info-autopoiesis in humans is found to be triadic in nature and incorporates the simultaneity of a quantitative/objective perspective with a qualitative/subjective perspective. In this process of meaningful engagement with the environment, humans create and transform endogenous semantic information into countless expressions of exogeneous syntactic information, which is synonymous with ordered material structure and artificial creation. Other humans can interpret exogeneous syntactic information and uniquely transform it into semantic information that can take multifarious forms. This asymmetrical process is the basis to postulate the central dogma of information that states ‘info-autopoiesis results in endogenous semantic information that irreversibly becomes exogeneous syntactic information’. In other words, once the artificial, syntactic world, including machines, created by humans comes into being it can only be interpreted by others, i.e., it does not necessarily convey the same intended meaning to all. Additionally, these artificial creations only recognize, extract, create, transmit, preserve, store, and utilize syntactic information, unable to transform syntactic information into semantic information. In other words, our resourceful capacity for syntactic creation does not allow for creation of artificial beings with comparable capabilities as us for meaning making. It suggests that our dreams for sentient artificial general intelligence and superintelligence are misguided and parallel the central dogma of molecular biology which states that ‘once (sequential) information has passed into protein it cannot get out again’.

This research analyzed syntactic patterns and differences of syntactic patterns of some verses (ayah) in the English translation of verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language, which have 38 ayah, using tree diagrams theory to be able drawing and seeing hierarchical syntax structure of the verses. The researcher used the English translation of the verses by Sahih International and Abdullah Yusuf. Researcher finally found forty syntactic patterns in the translations of verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language as follows: there are five syntactic patterns of sentence, nine syntactic pattern of noun phrase, thirteen syntactic patterns of verb phrase, one syntactic pattern of adjective phrase, five syntactic patterns of preposition phrase, and seven syntactic patterns of complement phrase. Furthermore, the researcher found eleven differences of syntactic patters from the thirty-eight verses of Al-Qur’an related to skills in language translated by Sahih International and Abdullah Yusuf Ali. They are; the strategy of the translation, the forms of sentences, the forms of phrase, the forms of word classes, the forms of tense, the styles of grammar, the positions of the phrases, the selections of words, the additions of phrase, the additions of word classes, and the number of word classes.

Digital information and communication technologies have been a powerful force for change since the middle of the 20th century. Their Promethean reach demands laying bare their hidden tentacles to maximize benefit and minimize harm to living-beings-in-their-environment, requiring an unambiguous and practical definition of information to show that the interactions of living beings with their environment are constitutive of information generation, information exchange, information relations, and life. The purpose of this paper is to discover the connection between info-autopoiesis, based on Bateson’s difference which makes a difference, the self-referenced, recursive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and social needs; and digitalisation, viewed as both the ability to encode information in multifarious but equivalent forms to allow for embodied syntactic occurrence, and as the means to artificially generate information that is beyond the reach of its originators.

This paper is a literature survey about applications of textual analysis. It aims to provide brief description about the common textual analysis applications. The paper talks about the dictionary which is mostly, one of the main components for textual analysis applications. The paper highlights a number of related examples that were proved in previous published papers. Common features for the related examples are illustrated. And their results are discussed. It will be shown that “morphological and syntactic analysis” is a proved approach. Also, it will be shown that text similarity based on “morphological and syntactic analysis” approach has more accurate results than text similarity based on semantic approach

This article focuses on the study of failure parts in French language’s oral discourse. We understand failures in the discourse as all the utterances that indicate an issue to formulate one’s message, such as the difficulty to find the proper lexical word at the intended time or the difficulty to utter proper phrases from a grammatical point of view at the intended time. We will see that the solution is often based on a reformulation which aims at giving the interlocutor an explanation of the word or an example, or more specifically a phrase that uses the antonym and highlights the contrast with the expected word. For the aim of this study, we extracted utterances in the speeches of young people, basing our corpus on two distinct groups of young French native speakers. The first group is made up of three speakers raised in the suburb area of Meaux. The second group is composed of eight native speakers raised in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. The difference between those two groups tends to be only social and economic (higher education level, better economical situations). By this way, we try to fend off other distinctions that would also explain differences in the discourse : for instance there is no geographical gap between the groups that could explain the comparison (Meaux and Paris are 50 km away). We segregated these « failures » of discourse in several categories, described how the speakers get around and overcome their difficulties, but our final goal is the comparison of these strategies and solutions, to say whether they are different or not, according to the social class of speakers. We will modestly bring a partial answer to the question whether our discourse reflects our social class (or not), and how so.

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Information is not a fundamental quantity of the Universe. However, in denying the fundamental nature of information, we assert its importance for living beings in their environment. Living beings use their sensory organs to discover the non-living and those living in their environment. Through their sensory organs, they discover the bountifulness of matter and/or energy as expressions of their environmental spatial/temporal motion/change, as information or differences which make a difference. This paper begins the discovery of a phenomenology of information, or the fundamental study of information as an expression of how ‘we experience things; thus, the meanings things have in our experience.’ This brings to the forefront the process of info-autopoiesis, or the self-referenced, recursive process of information self-production that engages all living beings in their efforts to satisfy their physiological and social needs. Elucidating how living beings interact with their environment and how these interactions are constitutive of information generation, information exchange, information relations and life. Information cannot be the primary element that allows living beings their unique existence.

Defamiliarization is one of the achievements of the Russian school of formalism that implies the alienation of the ordinary norm of the language. In the early twentieth century, a new and independent knowledge was created which dealt with the alienation of norms and defamiliarization. The Holy Qur'an, as the ever-lasting miracle of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH), has many literary beauties and is a perfect example of speech at the height of eloquence and rhetoric usage. In this sense, a precise and complete understanding of this divine book can be developed by referring to the various interpretations and translations of scholars in the field of Quranic sciences. In this study, in order to explain the literary miracle of the Holy Quran, we made an effort to study the theory of defamiliarization from the syntactic and rhetorical point of view and describe the examined aspects by a descriptive-analytical method in the holy Surah An-Naba. The result of the research shows that the constructive elements such as known and unknown phrases and the use of precedency and delays, omissions, references, attention, repetition and parenthetical phrases are among the post-modern samples of highlighting in these holy verses.

There are different methodologies for identification of fuzzy duplicate records in the process of data cleaning for data warehouse and data mining. The methodologies for duplicate record identification can be classified into three groups: blocking methods, windowing methods, and semantic methods. The article specifically focuses on semantic methods and describes Semantic-Syntactic Method for fuzzy duplicate record identification. Based on the conducted testing, comparative analysis is presented of the results obtained through the Semantic-Syntactic Method and two other standard methods over a selected data set. In the end, the article presents conclusions with regard to the quality and efficiency of the Semantic-Syntactic Method, as well as suggestions for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of West African Languages is the property of Council of the West African Linguistic Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to explore a case of most overused 'teddy bear' in the Serbian component of the ICLE corpus (version 3), the lexeme thing, which appears about four times more frequently in the Serbian subcorpus than in the reference native corpus used in the study (LOCNESS). The research follows the quantitative-qualitative design, thus combining the applicable software tools with the qualitative analysis. The results clearly indicate that Serbian learners of English are in favour of exploiting the lexeme thing in various roles. Firstly, if the thing 'teddy bear' is used on its own, it can denote a number of concepts the meaning of which may be recovered from the context: life in general, ideas, physical objects, achievements. This role of the thing 'teddy bear' is the result of the cognitive strategy of generalisation. Secondly, if the thing 'teddy bear' is pre- and/or postmodified, the structural head is less dominant than its modifiers. In actual fact, modifiers direct NP functions in the four distinct directions: the organisational function, the propositional function, the attitudinal function estimating relative importance, and the attitudinal function of evaluation. The organisational function is used in a modified (essentially syntactic) manner by Serbian EFL learners: it serves the student writer more than the putative reader. The propositional function, where modifiers are semantically dominant, also uses the syntactic potential of thing, to form complex phrases instead of simple ones. Both attitudinal functions, of relative importance and evaluation, exploit superlatives, expressing no real comparison at all, but emphasizing, or inflating student writers' arguments. Further research should be carried out to explore reasons for such diversified and frequent use of the thing 'teddy bear' in Serbian EFL writing, L1 transfer certainly ranking high among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)